Effect of alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C) genotype on vitamin A restriction and marbling in Korean native steers

Dong Qiao Peng,정우석,이재성,김원섭,조용호,김민정,오영근,백열창,황성구,이홍구 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.8

Objective: This work was to find the correlation of alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (ADH1C) genotype with vitamin A reduction and carcass traits during the vitamin A restriction period. Methods: In study 1, 60 Korean native steers were fed a diet (890 IU/kg) with 8,000 IU and 0 IU of supplemental premix vitamin A/kg of dry matter (DM) for control and treatment group, respectively. The levels of serum vitamin A were analyzed through high preparative performance liquid chromatography, and the ADH1C genotype was analyzed based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP; 78.1% TT type, 21.9% TC type); however, CC type was not found. Then, the interaction between ADH1C and carcass traits on the vitamin A restriction was investigated in study 2. A total of 136 Korean native steers were fed a diet that included 930 IU/kg vitamin A of DM. Results: Serum vitamin A in treatment was reduced to 112.4 IU/dL in steers with TT type of ADH1C, while for steers with TC type the concentration of serum vitamin A was dropped to 79.5 IU/dL (p<0.1) in study 1. This showed that TC type had the potential to lower serum vitamin A concentration during vitamin A restriction compared to TT type. In study 2 we found that eye muscle area, marbling and carcass weight in Korean native steers with TC type were higher than in steers with TT type (p<0.05). Conclusion: The interaction between vitamin A restriction and TC type of ADH1C gene could have the potential of increasing the marbling in Korean native steers. These results indicated that steers with TC type of the ADH1C gene were more sensitive to the change of serum vitamin A than TT types. Furthermore, this finding has the potential to enable a higher marbling score under the condition of vitamin A restriction in Korean native steers.

한우 거세우의 사회 행동에 공간 허용이 미치는 영향

한지훈,전중환,김동주,장홍희,구자민,김영기,이스캇,김은정,이희천,이효종,연성찬,Han, Ji-hoon,Jeon, Jung-hwan,Kim, Dong-joo,Chang, Hong-hee,Koo, Ja-min,Kim, Young-ki,Lee, Scott-s,Kim, Eun-jung,Lee, Hee-chun,Lee, Hyo-jong,Yeon, Seong-chan 대한수의학회 2005 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.45 No.2

This study was carried out to find out how space allowance affect the social behavior of Korean native cattle (Bos taurus coreanae) steers. Twelve Korean native cattle (Bos taurus coreanae) steers were used as subjects, each of which was 30-month-old and observation period was from June to July 2003. Five (T1) and seven (T2) steers were allotted to two pens of $5m{\times}10m$ in a building with slate roof and open sides respectively. They were fed at 09:00 h and 16:00 h, twice a day. The behaviors of steers were recorded from 06:00 h to 17:00 h, using two color CCD cameras (Samsung SDC-411, Korea), one B/W CCD cameras (Samsung SBC-340, Korea), one multiplexer (Samsung SDM-081, Korea) and a time lapse VCR (Samsung SRV-30, Korea). The behaviors of each steer were recorded every 2 min using an instantaneous point sampling method. While the mean percentage of time budget in WA of T1 was lower than that of T2 (p<0.05), the mean percentage of time budget in SF of T1 was higher than that of T2 (p<0.05). When it gets hot, steers in T1 rested from 10:00 h to 14:00 h when it gets cool, showing 40~80% of LD rate while steers in T2 rested from 12:00 h, when it very hot to 17:00 h, showing 20~50% of LD rate, which is relatively low. Steers in T1 were fed from 06:00 h to 08:00 h when it was cool and from 16:00 h to 18:00 h, showing 20~45% of EA rate while steers in T2 were fed from 08:00 h to 14:00 h when it was hot, showing 25~50% of EA rate. In conclusion, it turned out that the number of steers affected their social behavior, and T1 was better environment than T2 in terms of welfare.

Sera Taken from Aged Korean Native Steers Increase Adipocyte Differentiation

최창원 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2011 농업생명과학연구 Vol.45 No.2

The current study was conducted to investigate effects of sera taken from Hanwoo at different age on adipocyte differentiation. Sera were taken from Korean native (Hanwoo) steers at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, respectively and supplemented to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes after the cells reached confluence and maintained 10 days thereafter. For the first 2 days (48 h), cells were induced to differentiate by addition of differentiation factors, methylisobutylxanthine, daxamethasone, and insulin. After the differentiation, the cells were incubated without differentiation factors except insulin. The cells lost their fibroblastic shape and showed round-up appearances after 10 days incubation with FBS and the sera of Hanwoo steers. Big lipid droplets appeared in the cells cultured with FBS and the sera taken from Hanwoo at 18 and 24 months of age. After 18 months of age, GPDH activity was statistically higher than 6 and/or 12 months of age (P < 0.05). Based on morphology and Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, Hanwoo steers expressed aged-dependent adipogenic activities, indicating that aged sera may result in high adipocyte differentiation. It is concluded that the 18 months of age may be ‘threshold’ to express major adipogenic activities. This may strongly support previous field studies reporting considerable increase in fat contents of Hanwoo carcass at over 18 months of age.

Changes in Serum Metabolites and Growth Characteristics of Korean Native Steers Fed Alcohol-fermented Feeds

Lin, G.Z.,Kim, B.W.,Kim, C.H.,Kim, H.S.,Sung, K.I.,Ohh, S.J.,Hong, B.J.,Shin, J.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.5

This study was carried out to assess whether feeding of alcohol-fermented feeds (AFF) affects the nutritional metabolism and growth characteristics of Korean native steers. Ten steers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The dietary treatments were AFF (50% commercial beef cattle feed+30% alcohol-fermented soybean curd dregs+20% rice straw) and control (80% commercial beef cattle feed+20% rice straw). The change of serum metabolites and growth characteristics were measured every two months during the whole twelve months experimental period and the relationships between serum metabolites and growth characteristics were simultaneously analyzed. Four hours after feeding AFF, serum alcohol concentration reached its peak with a significantly higher value than that after control feeding (11.9 and 4.9 mg/dl, respectively). Serum glucose and inorganic phosphorus (IP) concentrations (63.1 and 8.4 mg/dl, respectively) of steers fed AFF were higher than those (56.6 and 7.0 mg/dl) fed the control diet. In both treatments, the serum glucose concentration rapidly increased when body weight (BW) of the steer reached about 600kg, while IP concentrations were rapidly diminished at that BW. Lower concentrations of both blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol were observed in steers fed AFF up to 450 kg of BW. The IP concentration was correlated with concentrations of BUN, cholesterol and glucose in AFF fed cattle but not in the cattle fed control diets. Average daily gain was higher in steers fed AFF than steers fed control, particularly during the growing stage of cattle. These findings indicated a capability of AFF to improve BW gain of Korean native steers by decreased protein degradation as well as increased fat synthesis.

Soluble Non-ammonia Nitrogen in Ruminal and Omasal Digesta of Korean Native Steers Supplemented with Soluble Proteins

Choi, Chang-Weon,Kim, K.H.,Chang, S.S.,Choi, N.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.9

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of soluble protein supplements on concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD) of Korean native steers, and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN concentration in RD and OD. Three ruminally cannulated Korean native steers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of rice straw and corn-based concentrate (control), and that supplemented (kg/d DM basis) with intact casein (0.24; IC) or acid hydrolyzed casein (0.46; AHC). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 2.0 h intervals after a morning feeding. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Concentrations of free AA and total SNAN in RD were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in OD. Although free AA concentration was relatively high, mean peptide was quantitatively the most important fraction of total SNAN in both RD and OD, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis of Korean native steers. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration in OD for the soluble protein supplemented diets during the feeding cycle peaked 2 h post-feeding and decreased thereafter whereas that for the control was relatively constant during the entire feeding cycle. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration was rather similar between RD and OD.

Functional study of Villin 2 protein expressed in Longissimus dorsi muscle of Korean native cattle in different growth stages

( Yong Cheng Jin ),( Jeng A Han ),( Cheng Xiong Xu ),( Sang Kee Kang ),( Sang Hun Kim ),( Kang Suk Seo ),( Du Hak Yoon ),( Yun Jaie Choi ),( Hong Gu Lee ) 생화학분자생물학회 2012 BMB Reports Vol.45 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate protein profiles related to the induction of adipogenesis within the bovine longissimus dorsi muscle (BLDM) by proteomic analysis. We analyzed BLDM proteins at different growth stages to clarify the physiological mechanisms of marbled muscle development in 20 head of Korean native cattle (11 month: 10 head, 17 month: 10 head). BLDM proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and image analysis. Villin 2 was specifically identified by mass spectrometry and a protein search engine. Villin 2 protein expression in BLDM decreased during the fat development stage in test steers. In a Western blot cell culture study of spontaneously immortal bovine muscle fibroblasts, the abundance of Villin 2 was shown to be down-regulated during differentiation into muscle. In 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Villin 2 was decreased during differentiation into adipocytes. The results suggest that Villin 2 may be related to the induction of transdifferentiation and adipogenesis in bovine longissimus dorsi muscle. [BMB reports 2012; 45(2): 102-107].

Effect of Oral Administration of Intact Casein on Gastrointestinal Hormone Secretion and Pancreatic α-Amylase Activity in Korean Native Steer

Lee, S.B.,Choi, C.W.,Jin, Y.C.,Wang, T.,Lee, K.H.,Ku, M.B.,Hwang, J.H.,Kim, K.H.,Vega, R.S.A.,Lee, H.G. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.5

Three Korean native steers ($779{\pm}24$ kg) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to investigate the influence of oral administration of soluble proteins, intact casein (IC) and acid hydrolyzed casein (AHC), on gastro-intestinal hormone (GIH) secretion in the blood and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum. Oral treatment consisted of a basic diet (control), IC (C+100% protein), or AHC (C+80% amino acid, 20% peptide) for 21 d. Blood and duodenum samples were collected for measurement of serum GI hormones, and pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was determined at 900, 1030, 1330, 1630, and 1930 h after feeding on d 21 of treatment. The levels of serum cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin in the IC treatment group were higher compared to the other treatment groups (p<0.05). In addition to the changes in CCK and secretin levels upon IC treatment, the pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase activity in the duodenum was higher in the IC group compared to the control diet group (p<0.05). The response of serum ghrelin to IC and AHC treatment was in accordance with the response of serum secretin. The level of peptide fragments flowing in the duodenum was higher in the IC treatment group than the other treatment groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that an increase in duodenal CCK and secretin upon IC oral administration increased pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase secretion. In addition, ghrelin may be associated with GI hormone secretion in Korean native steers.

Sera Taken from Aged Korean Native Steers Increase Adipocyte Differentiation

Chang-Weon Choi 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2011 농업생명과학연구 Vol.45 No.2

The current study was conducted to investigate effects of sera taken from Hanwoo at different age on adipocyte differentiation. Sera were taken from Korean native (Hanwoo) steers at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, respectively and supplemented to 3T3-L1 preadipocytes after the cells reached confluence and maintained 10 days thereafter. For the first 2 days (48 h), cells were induced to differentiate by addition of differentiation factors, methylisobutylxanthine, daxamethasone, and insulin. After the differentiation, the cells were incubated without differentiation factors except insulin. The cells lost their fibroblastic shape and showed round-up appearances after 10 days incubation with FBS and the sera of Hanwoo steers. Big lipid droplets appeared in the cells cultured with FBS and the sera taken from Hanwoo at 18 and 24 months of age. After 18 months of age, GPDH activity was statistically higher than 6 and/or 12 months of age (P < 0.05). Based on morphology and Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, Hanwoo steers expressed aged-dependent adipogenic activities, indicating that aged sera may result in high adipocyte differentiation. It is concluded that the 18 months of age may be ‘threshold’ to express major adipogenic activities. This may strongly support previous field studies reporting considerable increase in fat contents of Hanwoo carcass at over 18 months of age.

농산 혼합 부산물 첨가급여가 송아지 질병 및 거세 한우 성장 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향

이상무(Sang Moo Lee) 한국초지조사료학회 2008 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.28 No.1

본 실험은 농산부산물인 감껍질, 맥강, 발효미강 및 활성탄을 혼합하여 만든 첨가 사료가 거세 한우의 질병, 성장 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 시험한 결과, 송아지 설사는 무처리구(Control)가 가장 발병율이 높았던 반면 첨가량이 가장 높은 T3구(5% 첨가구)가 가장 낮은 발병율을 보였다. 호흡기 질병 발병율은 3% 첨가구(T2)에 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 호흡기와 설사 동시 발생율은 Control구가 가장 높게 나타났다. 일당 증체량은 T2(0.76㎏) > T1(0.7㎏), T3(0.70) > Control구(0.67㎏) 순으로 높게 나타났다. 등지방 두께는 T2 > T3 > Control > T1구 순으로 등심단면적은 T3 > T1 > Control > T2 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 육량등급은 1% 첨가구(T1)가 2.3은 가장 높게 나타났다. 지방색, 조직감, 성숙도에서는 상호 처리간 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 근내지방 및 육질 등급은 T2구에서 각각 5.0 및 3.5로서 가장 높게 나타났다. 특히 육색은 농산부산물 사료 첨가량이 증가할수록 높게 나타났다. 위의 결과로 볼 때 농산부산물 혼합 사료는 질병발생 억제, 육량증가 및 육질개선에 다양한 용도로 사용 가능한 것으로 사료된다. This study was carried out investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of agricultural by-product feed (persimmon-pell + barley bran + fermented rice bran + activated carbon) on calves disease, growth and carcass characteristics of Korean native steer. A total of twenty Korean native steer were allocated into four feeding group and assigned to four dietary treatments: Control (normal concentrate as a basal diet), T1 (1% addition of by-product feeds), T2 (3% addition of by-product feeds) and T3 (5% addition of by-product feeds). The calf diarrhea was the highest at Control, while T3 was the lowest. The breath disease was the lowest at T2, occurrence with diarrhea and breath disease was the highest at Control. The daily gain was orderly ranked as T2(0.76㎏) > T1(0.7㎏), T3(0.70㎏) > Control(0.67㎏). The back fat thickness was orderly ranked as T2 > T3 > Control > T1, eye muscle area was orderly ranked as T3 > T1 > Control > T2. Grade of meat quantity was the highest at T1(2.3), but fat color, firmness and maturity tends to have a similar result. The marbling score and quality grade of T2 were the highest at 5.0 and 3.5, respectively. Based on the study, agricultural by-product feeds are able to many used for various purposes at disease reduce, increment of meat quantity and improvement of quality grade.

한우 반추위내 바이오캡슐 생체정보와 도체성적간 연관분석

하재정,이윤미,김병기,정대진,이준구,김대현,권우성,이윤석,양가영,김유삼,김나경,하쿠에엠디아지줄,김종주 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2021 농업생명과학연구 Vol.55 No.1

국제적으로 최근의 세계적인 축산 ICT 개발 추세는 음성, 맥박, 저작수, 호흡수, CCTV 영상인식 등 보다 다양하고 다중적ㆍ통합적인 센서기술을 접목하여 분만, 상해, 질병 감염, 발정, 반추 및 저작 등 가축의 중요한 생명ㆍ생산 활동을 판단하고 조기에 발견하는 연구들이 시도되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 ICT 기술을 활용하여 농가 생산성 향상 방안의 일환으로 체류형 바이오캡슐 내 pH, 반추위 체온 및 활동성 센서를 활용한 생체정보를 수집하였고 도축등급과의 상관관계 여부를 파악하고자 수행하였다. 시험방법으로는 26개월령의 한우 거세우 10두를 공시하여 5개월간 바이오캡슐 자료들을 수집하였고 이후 도축하여 등급판정성적과의 연관성 여부를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 육량 등급과 관련이 있는 등심단면적, 등지방두께, 도체중과 생체형질인 반추위 pH, 체온 그리고 활동성과는 모두 정(+)의 상관을 보였다. 육질등급과 관련 있는 근내지방도 및 성숙도는 생체형질인 체온에서는 정(+)의 상관을, pH 및 활동성과는 부(-)의 상관을 나타낸 반면에, 조직감에 대하여 체온은 부(-)의 상관을, pH 및 활동성과 는 정(+)의 상관을 보였다. 특히, 활동성과 근내지방도간의 상관계수가 –0.65로 통계적 유의성을 보였는데 (p<0.05), 이러한 결과는 소의 활동성이 낮으면 근내지방도는 높아진다는 것을 제시하여 준다. 반면에 pH와 도체중 간의 상관계수는 0.50으로 나타나 정(+)의 상관을 보였다. 이는 반추위의 pH가 낮아지면 체중도 작아진다는 것으로 분석된다. 본 연구 결과를 확대하여 계절 및 시간대별 생체정보가 도축성적에 미치는 요인에 대하여 추가적인 분석이 필요하며, 이를 근거로 한우 생산성 향상을 위한 생체정보를 활용할 수 있는 정보를 제공해 줄 것으로 판단된다. Recent trends in livestock production system via ICT technology include multiple and integrated sensor technologies such as voice, pulse, number of mastication and respiration, CCTV image recognition, etc. in order to study delivery labor, injury, disease infection, estrus, rumen, and authoring, so as to better evaluate and detect major life-producing activities of livestock at early stage. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate correlation between carcass quality traits and biometric information in ruminant stomach such as pH, rumen body temperature, and activity sensors using a residence-type bio-capsule, which is a kind of ICT technology to improve farm productivity. Ten Korean native steers were chosen at 26 months of age and the bio-capsule data were collected for five months. The steers were slaughtered to obtain carcass quality records and statistical tests were performed to find any association of the carcass traits with those of bio-capsule traits. There were positive correlations between eye muscle area, back-fat thickness, and carcass weight with rumen pH, body temperature and activity. Intramuscular fat and maturity showed positive correlations with body temperature and negative correlations with pH and activity. Conversely, texture had a negative (positive) correlation with body temperature (pH and activity). In particular, the correlation coefficient between activity and intramuscular fat was –0.65, with statistical significanse (p <0.05), suggesting that intramuscular fat increases as cow activity becomes low. The correlation coefficient between rumen pH and carcass weight was 0.50, a positive (+) correlation, suggesting that the lower the pH of the rumen, the smaller the body weight becomes. However, further study is needed to determine other factors affecting the carcass quality, or season and times on day and night to better characterize the relationships between carcass quality and bio-capsule traits in ruminant stomach, which may be helpful to improve carcass quality in Korean native steers.