알칼리함침필터-헤드스페이스-GC/FID를 이용한 휘발성 지방산 분석법에서 염석효과의 고찰

채희영,정탁교,김만구,하정협 한국냄새환경학회 2008 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.7 No.4

In this study, the most effective salting-out effect has been examined in terms of application of various inorganic salts(NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaHSO₃) using Alkali impregnated filter-Headspace-GC/FID. Five various VFAs(propionic acid(99.5%), i-butyric acid(99%), butyric acid(99%), i-valeric acid(99%), valeric acid(99%)) have been used. VFAs have been analyzed by adding 30%, 70%, 100%, 150%, 200% of different inorganic salts with HS-GC/FID. The efficiency of salting-out effect was obtained from the values of peak area in chromatogram. The most effective salting-out effect for applired inorganic salts was observed at 100% saturation. It was confirmed NaHSO₃ for salting-out effect was the best among inorganic salts. In addition, NaHSO₃ showed more efficiency of salting-out effect than NaCl as molecular weight of VFAs increases. 이 연구에서는 알칼리함침필터-헤드스페이스-GC/FID를 이용한 대기 중 휘발성 지방산 분석방법에 다양한 무기염(NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaHSO₃들)을 적용하여 가장 효율적인 염석효과를 알아보았다. 염석효과를 알아보기 위한 지방산은 propionic acid(99.5%), i-butyric acid(99.0%), butyric acid(99.0%), i-valeric acid(99.0%), valeric acid(99.0%)를 사용하였다. 각 무기염은 물에 대한 포화량의 30%, 70%, 100%, 150%, 200%씩 가하여 헤드스페이스-GC/FID를 이용하여 분석하였다. 크로마토그램의 Peak Area값으로 각 무기염에 대한 지방산 물질의 염석효과 효율을 알 수 있었다. 적용한 무기염들은 포화상태일 때(100%) 가장 큰 염석효과를 나타냈고, 그 중 NaHSO₃가 가장 효과적이었다. NaHSO₃는 일반적으로 염석효과에 사용하는 NaCl보다 휘발성지방산의 분자량이 클수록 더 높은 염석효과 효율을 나타냈다.

알칼리함침필터-헤드스페이스-GC/FID를 이용한 휘발성 지방산 분석법에서 염석효과의 고찰

채희영,정탁교,하정협,김만구 한국냄새환경학회 2008 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.7 No.4

In this study, the most effective salting-out effect has been examined in terms of application of various inorganic salts (NaCl, Na₂S0₄, NaHSO₃) using Alkali impregnated filter-Headspace-GC/FID. Five various VFAs (propionic acid (99.5%), r-butyric acid (99%), butyric acid (99%), i-valerie acid (99%), valerie acid (99%)) have been used. VFAs have been analyzed by adding 30%, 70%, 100%, 150%, 200% of different inorganic salts with HS-GC/FID. The efficiency of salting-out effect was obtained from the values of peak area in chromatogram. The most effective salting-out effect for applired inorganic salts was observed at 100% saturation. It was confirmed NaHSO₃ for salting-out effect was the best among inorganic salts. In addition, NaHSO₃ showed more efficiency of salting-out effect than NaCl as molecular weight of VFAs increases.

천일염 살포가 토양 화학성과 마늘(Allium sativum L.)의 무기성분 함량에 미치는 영향

김명숙,김유학,강성수,윤홍배,공효영,이상범,Kim, Myung-Sook,Kim, Yoo-Hak,Kang, Seong-Soo,Yun, Hong-Bae,Gong, Hyo-Young,Lee, Sang-Beom 한국유기농업학회 2012 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

Farming using natural salts for supply of nutrients to crops is increasing recently. It is necessary to evaluate the salt accumulation in soil and the effects on crop growth by treatment of natural salt. This study was conducted at the organic cultivation fields which garlics were planted. The treatments were no natural salts (control) and plots applied 100~600 $kg\;ha^{-1}$ with natural salts. Soil samples were taken from the 0 to 25 cm depth at 12 and 107 day (harvest time) after natural salts application. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Exch.$-Na^+$) and Cl- were increased by application of natural salts. But, pH and exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$) had not significantly differences among treatments. In 300 $kg\;ha^{-1}$ plots of natural salt, the level of EC, Exch.$-Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ in top soil (0-5 cm) was were increased more 0.3, 3.7, and 12.7 times than control plot, respectively. EC, Exch.$-Na^+$, and $Cl^-$ were highest in the top 5 cm of soil and decreased with depth at 12 days after natural salts application, but were decreased in the plower layer (0-15cm) at the harvest time because they were leached with natural rain. An increasing the application level of natural salt resulted in increasing of sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, and percentage of soil dispersion. The concentration of nutrient uptake such as total nitrogen (T-N), chloride (Cl) in garlic had significant difference between control and plots applied with natural salts The content of T-N of garlic in plots with natural salt application was lower than control plot, but Cl is higher than control plot. 천일염의 농업적 활용은 관행농업에서 뿐만 아니라 친환경농산물 생산을 위해 농업인들 사이에서 증가하는 추세이다. 그러나 다량의 천일염을 지속적으로 살포할 경우 토양에 염류가 집적될 소지가 크고, 이로 인해 작물의 생육장해가 초래될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 천일염을 토양에 살포하였을 때의 토양 이화학성과 마늘의 무기성분 함량과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 천일염을 살포하는 양이 증가할수록 토양의 전기전도도, 치환성 나트륨, 염소이온, 황산이온은 표토에서 높아졌다. 그러나, 수확기에는 천일염의 성분이 강우에 의해 심토로 용탈되어 작물이 생육하는 근권에서는 전기전도도, 치환성 나트륨, 염소이온, 황산이온은 감소하였고, 염소이온은 다른 성분보다 더욱 빠르게 심토로 용탈되었다. 토양의 나트륨 흡착비, 치환성 나트륨 백분율, 토양 분산율은 천일염이 투입량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향이었다. 천일염을 토양에 살포하였을 때 마늘의 무기성분 중에 질소, 칼슘, 마그네슘, 미량원소인 철, 망간, 아연 등의 함량은 줄어들었고, 바닷물에 많은 성분인 염소 성분의 흡수는 증가하였으나, 마늘의 수량에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다.

X선 회절법에 의한 전남지역 천일염의 결정학적 특성

정병조(Byung-Jo Jeong),김용(Yong Kim),김창대(Chang-Dae Kim),현승철(Seung-Cheol Hyun),함경식(Gyung-Sik Ham) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.9

본 연구는 천일염 결정 내에 함유된 무기물들의 화합물 결정 상태를 비파괴적인 방법인 XRD 방법으로 규명할 수 있는지를 조사하기 위하여, 전남 서남해안의 12개 지역 염전에서 채취한 12종의 천일염들에 대하여 X선 회절선을 측정하고, 이 X선 회절선 스펙트럼을 EDX 측정 결과와 JCPDS 데이터와의 비교?분석을 통하여 천일염 결정 내에 함유된 무기물들의 화합물 결정 상태를 처음으로 확인하였다. 특히 아직까지 알려져 있지 않았던 무기질 화합물 결정들이 천일염에 함유되어 있음을 밝혀냈는데, 신안 증도와 신의의 천일염에서 Na₂S, 신안 비금의 천일염에서 KMgCl₃, 신안 도초에서 Ca(ClO₃)₂, 해남 송지에서 CaAl₄O?, 고흥에서 CaSiO₃, CaCl₂, 해남 토판 소금에서 NaKCl 등이 관측되었다. 또한 XRD 측정 결과는 천일염의 결정구조가 소금의 입방구조인 NaCl구조를 그대로 유지함을 보였으며, 격자상수도 정제염이나 시약염에 비해 거의 변화가 없는 비슷한 값을 보였다. 그러나 FE-SEM으로부터 조사한 천일염의 외형적 결정 구조는 정제염과 시약염에서 보이는 소금 NaCl의 결정구조인 정육면체의 결정 형태와는 달리 이들이 적층되어 이루어진 결정 형태의 특징을 보였다. 또한 결정 입자의 크기에 있어서도 정제염이나 시약염보다 수백 배에 이르는 특징을 보였다. Identification of various inorganic compound crystals contained in solar salts, which are produced from 12 areas of Jeonnam, was firstly made by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The analysis of the XRD spectra was carried out on the basis of Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) data and the results of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) measurements. In particular, the analysis of the XRD spectra supported that each solar salt contains Na₂S (Shinan Jeungdo and Sinui), KMgCl₃ (Shinan Bigeum), Ca(ClO₃)₂ (Shinan Docho), CaAl₄O? (Haenam Songji), CaSiO₃ and CaCl₂ (Goheung) as inorganic compound crystals, which have not been reported for the solar salts. Also, the XRD results indicated that the solar salts maintain a cubic NaCl crystal structure without any change of lattice parameters etc. However, it was shown in the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) images that an external form of the solar salts has a lamination layer shape of a cubic structure, which is different from a simple cubic form for the purified salts and the reagent NaCl.

Microstructure of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia suberba) Cuticle

Yuanhuai Peng,Wei Ji,Hongwu Ji 한국해양과학기술원 2022 Ocean science journal Vol.57 No.2

In this study, the microstructure of Antarctic krill cuticle was deeply investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The krill cuticles were treated with clean water, dilute hydrochloric acid solution and dilute sodium hydroxide solution to remove the adhesive substances, inorganic salts and protein, respectively. The organic substances were removed by sintering the cuticle in a muffle furnace to obtain the inorganic salts. The resulting cuticle of Antarctic krill was then observed under SEM and it was found that the cuticle has a hierarchical structure in which the α-crystal chitin fibers, with chitin spheres, extended from the pore canals, thus shaping layers; multiple stacked layers formed the three-dimensional structure; the inorganic salts were sparsely distributed in the cuticle; protein was wrapped around the surfaces of the chitin fiber bundles and the crystals of inorganic salts. These structural investigations revealed the interrelation among the main components of Antarctic krill cuticle. This study and following studies will be helpful in understanding the relationship between the forms of fluorine in Antarctic krill cuticle and its structural changes during postmortem storage.

Effects of Seed-Soaked GA₃ and Inorganic Salts on Mesocotyl and Coleoptile Elongation in Rice

Taeg Su Nam,Byun Woo Lee 韓國作物學會 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.1

The elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile plays important roles in the seedling emergence and stand establishment of dry direct-seeded rice. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of seed-presoaking treatments of GA3 and some inorganic salts on the mesocotyl, and coleoptile elongation of rice. Seed-soaked GA3 promoted the elongation of mesocotyl, but little effect on the coleoptile elongation. The stimulation effects of GA3 were found to be enhanced by addition of CaCl2 However, the sole treatment of CaCl2 showed no stimulating effect on the mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation. Mesocotyl elongation was most prominent in the combined treatments of 50ppm GA3 with 100 mM CaCl2 . The synergistic effects of GA3 and CaCl2 on mesocotyl elongation varied with varietal groups. The stimulating effects of GA3 were enhanced significantly by the addition of CaCl2 in japonica varieties, Dongjinbyeo, Ilpumbyeo and Milyang 95, and tall indica variety, Labelle, but not in semidwarf Tongil type varieties, Tongilbyeo, Milyang 23, and Nampungbyeo, and semi-dwarf indica, Short Labelle. The promoting effects of GA3 on the mesocotyl elongation were decreased in proportion to the lowered osmotic potential by PEG 6000 on the contrary to CaCl2 This implies that the synergistic effects of CaCl2 with GA3 on mesocotyl elongation was not caused by osmotic potential lowered by CaCl2 addition but by the salt itself. Salts such as Ca(NO3 )2 , MgCl2 BaCl2 , NaCl, KCl and KNO3 showed the synergistic effects with GA3 on mesocotyl elongation as well. The degree of synergistic effects showed no differences among salts tested, implying that there is no specificity of ions constituting the salts.

Effects of Seed-Soaked $GA_3$ and Inorganic Salts on Mesocotyl and Coleoptile Elongation in Rice

Nam, Taeg-Su,Lee, Byun-Woo The Korean Society of Crop Science 2000 Korean journal of crop science Vol.45 No.1

The elongation of mesocotyl and coleoptile plays important roles in the seedling emergence and stand establishment of dry direct-seeded rice. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the effects of seed-presoaking treatments of GA$_3$ and some inorganic salts on the mesocotyl, and coleoptile elongation of rice. Seed-soaked GA$_3$ promoted the elongation of mesocotyl, but little effect on the coleoptile elongation. The stimulation effects of GA$_3$ were found to be enhanced by addition of CaCl$_2$ However, the sole treatment of CaCl$_2$ showed no stimulating effect on the mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation. Mesocotyl elongation was most prominent in the combined treatments of 50ppm GA$_3$ with 100 mM CaCl$_2$. The synergistic effects of GA$_3$ and CaCl$_2$ on mesocotyl elongation varied with varietal groups. The stimulating effects of GA$_3$ were enhanced significantly by the addition of CaCl$_2$ in japonica varieties, Dongjinbyeo, Ilpumbyeo and Milyang 95, and tall indica variety, Labelle, but not in semidwarf Tongil type varieties, Tongilbyeo, Milyang 23, and Nampungbyeo, and semi-dwarf indica, Short Labelle. The promoting effects of GA$_3$ on the mesocotyl elongation were decreased in proportion to the lowered osmotic potential by PEG 6000 on the contrary to CaCl$_2$ This implies that the synergistic effects of CaCl$_2$ with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation was not caused by osmotic potential lowered by CaCl$_2$ addition but by the salt itself. Salts such as Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$, MgCl$_2$ BaCl$_2$, NaCl, KCl and KNO$_3$ showed the synergistic effects with GA$_3$ on mesocotyl elongation as well. The degree of synergistic effects showed no differences among salts tested, implying that there is no specificity of ions constituting the salts.

Salt-assisted synthesis of mesostructured cellular foams consisting of small primary particles with enhanced hydrothermal stability

Choi, Y.,Lee, J.,Kim, J. Elsevier 2015 Microporous and mesoporous materials Vol.212 No.-

Mesoporous silica materials have attracted considerable attention as adsorbents, catalyst supports, and drug delivery carriers due to their large surface area, high pore volume, and controllable pore size. To increase the adsorption or mass transport properties, large pore sized mesoporous silica is highly desired. Here, we demonstrate a new green synthetic route for obtaining salt-assisted mesostructured cellular foams (S-MCFs) using a triblock copolymer as a single structure-directing agent by addition of inorganic salt without using a hydrophobic pore expander. The S-MCF was composed of ~27 nm cellular pores and 10 nm windows and had distinct pore walls and a cellular structure. S-MCFs showed an enhanced hydrothermal stability compared to other mesocellular silica. In addition, the primary particle size of the S-MCF was 100-300 nm, which is much smaller than that of previously reported mesostructured cellular foams (MCFs) and mesocellular silica foam (MSU-F). The adsorption study using a model protein revealed that small primary particle size in S-MCF is beneficial for mass transfer in a short period of time. Therefore, S-MCF may serve as a potential platform for higher mass transport or adsorption of large molecules with good stability.

Salting-out extraction systems of ethanol and water induced by high-solubility inorganic electrolytes

Shaoqu Xie,Wenli Song,Conghua Yi,Xueqing Qiu 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.56 No.-

The salting-out extraction systems of ethanol and water induced by the high-solubility inorganicelectrolytes were investigated at 25 C. More than 99.90% of ethanol was salted out into the organicphase. The salt content of the organic phase is only about 0.01 wt%, which is negligible for the applicationof the ethanol–salt salting-out extraction. More than 90% of water can be retained in the aqueous phase. Itis concluded that the salting-out effects of four salting-out agents on the aqueous solution of ethanol areordered in the sequence: K4P2O7> K3PO4> K2HPO4> K2CO3.

천일염 살포가 토양 화학성과 마늘(Allium sativum L.)의 무기성분 함량에 미치는 영향

김명숙,김유학,강성수,윤홍배,공효영,이상범 한국유기농업학회 2012 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.20 No.2

Farming using natural salts for supply of nutrients to crops is increasing recently. It is necessary to evaluate the salt accumulation in soil and the effects on crop growth by treatment of natural salt. This study was conducted at the organic cultivation fields which garlics were planted. The treatments were no natural salts (control) and plots applied 100~600 kg ha-1 with natural salts. Soil samples were taken from the 0 to 25 cm depth at 12 and 107 day (harvest time) after natural salts application. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Exch.-Na+) and Cl- were increased by application of natural salts. But, pH and exchangeable cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) had not significantly differences among treatments. In 300 kg ha-1 plots of natural salt, the level of EC, Exch.-Na+ and Cl- in top soil (0-5 cm) was were increased more 0.3, 3.7, and 12.7 times than control plot, respectively. EC, Exch.-Na+, and Cl- were highest in the top 5 cm of soil and decreased with depth at 12 days after natural salts application, but were decreased in the plower layer (0-15cm) at the harvest time because they were leached with natural rain. An increasing the application level of natural salt resulted in increasing of sodium adsorption ratio, exchangeable sodium percentage, and percentage of soil dispersion. The concentration of nutrient uptake such as total nitrogen (T-N), chloride (Cl) in garlic had significant difference between control and plots applied with natural salts The content of T-N of garlic in plots with natural salt application was lower than control plot, but Cl is higher than control plot.