문화도시와 로컬 거버넌스: 패러다임 전환은 진행 중인가?

이선향 ( Lee Sunhyang ) 한국사회역사학회 2021 담론 201 Vol.24 No.2

문화도시 정책이 정부의 지원을 통해, 다시 말하면 사회적 자원의 재분배를 통해 사회구성원의 직접적인 삶의 환경을 바꾸는 문제가 된다면, 문화도시 정책의 정치과정에 대한 정치적 관점의 분석이 중요하다. 문화도시의 정치적 목표는 무엇인가? 문화도시를 위한 목표와 방향은 무엇인가? 무엇을 위한 정부사업이고, 그 영향은 어떻게 나타나고 있는가? 시민의 문화권이 실현되고, 시민이 문화활동의 주체로 살아가는 사회적 공간이 문화도시라고 한다면, 즉 단지 유명한 관광도시의 수준을 넘어 ‘과거와 현재, 여기’ 사는 사람들의 역사가 쌓여 문화를 만들어내는 도시가 문화도시라면, 그것은 문화권의 구현, 문화민주주의, 그리고 시민사회의 활성화를 통해 추진되어야 한다. 중앙정부의 정책 지원에 의존해온 한국의 문화도시는 20여 년의 추진 과정에도 불구하고, 아직 갈 길이 멀다. 20여 년 동안 다양한 노력과 변화가 이루어졌고, 문화도시를 통한 로컬거버넌스의 패러다임 전환에 대한 기대가 높아지고 있는 것도 사실이다. 그러나 아직 패러다임 전환의 단계에 도달했다고는 보기 어렵다. 그먼 길 가기를 위한 인식 전환과 방향잡기가 우선적 과제이다. It is important to stick to the political perspective of the political process of cultural city policy, if the cultural city policy is implemented through government financial support, in other words, if the cultural city is a matter of changing the living environment of members of society directly through the redistribution of social resources. What are the political goals and directions for the cultural city? What is the cultural city policy for and how is its impact? If a cultural city is to create a social space where citizens’ cultural rights are realized and citizens live as subjects of cultural activities, to go beyond the level of a famous tourist city, and to seek to become a city that creates culture by accumulating the history of the people who live in the past, present and here, it should be promoted through the realization of cultural rights, cultural democracy, and the revitalization of civil society. The cultural city in Korea, which has been dependent on the central government’s policy support, still has a long way to go, despite the 20 years implementation process. Various efforts and changes have been made in relation to the cultural city over the past 20 years. It is also true that expectations for a paradigm shift in local governance through a cultural city are rising. However, it is difficult to say that we have reached the stage of paradigm shift yet. In order to go that long way, the priority task is to reflect the viewpoint and direction for efficient implementation of the cultural city.

신문화도시 부산의 문화산업 특화와 문화컨텐츠 개발

윤영득(Yoon Young-deak),윤소희(Yoon So-hee) 한국문화산업학회 2009 문화산업연구 Vol.9 No.1

The concept of cultural city, which emphasizes physical environment, does not understand the specific characteristics of Korea, where cultural basic environment and urban cultural contents have been destroyed. Therefore cultural city needs to be changed to the new cultural city, the city affluent with diverse cultural contents enjoyable by citizen. Then what kinds of strategy coping with this new cultural city exists? It can be summarized as followings: i) The formation of urban cultural contents: finding and transferring of cultural value. ii) The mobilization of urban cultural contents: the combination with time, the combination with space. iii) The diffusion of urban cultural contents: the fusion of culture and urban planning, the formation of creative region combined with IT, the education through culture. Based upon these concepts, this paper discusses the background and the strategy of new cultural city and the direction of specialization of cultural industry in Pusan. It also suggests the direction of development of cultural contents in Pusan. The concept of cultural city, which emphasizes physical environment, does not understand the specific characteristics of Korea, where cultural basic environment and urban cultural contents have been destroyed. Therefore cultural city needs to be changed to the new cultural city, the city affluent with diverse cultural contents enjoyable by citizen. Then what kinds of strategy coping with this new cultural city exists? It can be summarized as followings: i) The formation of urban cultural contents: finding and transferring of cultural value. ii) The mobilization of urban cultural contents: the combination with time, the combination with space. iii) The diffusion of urban cultural contents: the fusion of culture and urban planning, the formation of creative region combined with IT, the education through culture. Based upon these concepts, this paper discusses the background and the strategy of new cultural city and the direction of specialization of cultural industry in Pusan. It also suggests the direction of development of cultural contents in Pusan.

城市文化与文化城市

王?(WANG Tao),金昌?(KIM Chang-Kyong) 동북아시아문화학회 2016 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2016 No.7

The city is very important in modern people"s life. The development of the city can not be separated from the culture, cultural city is more temperament and charm. City culture has regional and unique characteristics, based on the development of the cultural industry, is the foundation of urban sustainable development and power. The development of cultural industry, we must continue to explore, dynamic diversity, integration and innovation, for this point, South Korea and Busan experience is worth learning from. Busan Experience & Busan mode is the experience and the pattern which make culture and the cultural industry as the leading city development,and means that consider of Busan city evolution, to grasp the city cultural context、 structure、characteristics, and promote the pluralism, integration and innovation of city cultural industry. South Korea and Busan"s cultural consciousness and the nature of the cultural industry"s continued creativity, not only related withe the city"s cultural "field" and other mechanisms, but also related with the "pattern" particularity of Korean society and family structure.

문화도시 정책의 주요 쟁점과 함의 도출에 관한 연구

정지은,윤소민 한국문화산업학회 2024 문화산업연구 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구에서는 문화도시 정책의 주요 변화과정과 함의를 살펴보고, 본 내용을 바탕으로 1~4차에 선정된 법정 문화도시 사례들의 특징을 살펴보았다. 이를 통해문화도시의 지속 발전을 위한 다양한 방안들을 모색하였으며, 이와 관련된 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 1~4차 법정 문화도시 사업은 ‘장소’, ‘콘텐츠’, ‘인력및 추진기반 구축’ 사업들을 중심으로, 지역만의 도시브랜드 창출 및 도시 활성화를 구축하였다. 둘째, ‘대한민국 문화도시’에서는 ‘지역’이라는 키워드를 중심으로, ‘문화’와 ‘연대’를 강조하였다. 셋째, ’대한민국 문화도시‘의 지속적인 발전을 위해서는 이전 사업과 연계성을 갖추어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 중장기적인 관점에서 ’대한민국 문화도시‘에 대한 체계적인 지원이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 문화도시 정책의 주요 변화들을 살펴보는 유용한 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 향후 문화도시 관련 후속 연구의 방향성을 제시하면 다음과 같다. ’대한민국 문화도시‘가 지정되고, 사업이 진행됨에 따라 각 권역별 ’대한민국 문화도시‘ 사례들을 깊이 있게 분석하는 연구가 이루어질 수 있을 것이다. 또한 이전 ’법정 문화도시‘와 ’대한민국 문화도시‘ 사업 및 사례를 비교하는 연구도 필요하다. 이를 통해 문화도시 정책과 관련된 미시적, 거시적 관점의 다양한 연구들이 이루어지길 기대한다. In this study, we scrutinized the principal evolutionary trajectories and ramifications of cultural city policies, subsequently delving into the distinctive features of the designated Legal Cultural Cities across phases 1 through 4. Through this inquiry, we endeavored to explore diverse strategies for fostering the sustained advancement of cultural cities. Summarizing our findings, we delineate the following. Firstly, the initiatives undertaken in phases 1 through 4 of the Legal Cultural City projectswere centered around the establishment of urban brands and the revitalization of urban areas, focusing on 'Hardware', 'Software', 'Humanware', and the development of governance structures. Secondly, the 'Korean Cultural City' initiative underscored the significance of 'region' while accentuating the values of 'culture' and 'solidarity'. Thirdly, to ensure the continual progress of the 'Korean Cultural City', it is imperative to establish coherence with preceding endeavors. Lastly, a systematic framework for supporting the 'Korean Cultural City' on a medium to long-term basis is essential. This study is poised to furnish a pertinent repository of knowledge concerning the pivotal shifts in cultural city policies. Moreover, based on our research, we proffer the following avenues for prospective inquiries into cultural cities. As the 'Korean Cultural City' initiative unfolds and projects materialize, comprehensive analyses of the regional instances of 'Korean Cultural City' can be undertaken. Additionally, comparative studies examining past initiatives such as 'Legal Cultural City' projects in comparison to the 'Korean Cultural City' endeavors are warranted. Through these endeavors, we anticipate the emergence of a diverse array of scholarly investigations into cultural city policies frombothmicro andmacro perspectives.

도시 아이덴티티에 나타난 문화적 요소의 시각 표현방법에 관한 연구 -글로벌 상위 10개 도시 및 중국 내 상위 10개 도시를 중심으로-

사단단,박진숙 한국기초조형학회 2018 기초조형학연구 Vol.19 No.1

Cultural elements play an important role in improving city identity, and they are effective means of city promotion. Thus, the objective of this study is to research the rules of delivering meanings of form and sculpture regarding the application of relevant cultural elements to city brand marks and visual expression methods of each cultural element, targeting top ten cities of global brand value and top ten cities of China recently introducing the city identity. For this, Chapter2 examined the concept, contents, and necessity of city identity. Also, through preceding researches, it drew the fact that city culture would include natural, historial, and modern cultural elements. In order to discover the method of using these cultural elements for city brand mark, the visual expression method was analyzed. Formative expression methods include analogy, repetition, continuity, emphasis, simplification, and isomorphism, and communicative expression methods include metaphor, synecdoche, simile, and omission. Chapter3 researched expression methods of the formative and delivering meanings of each cultural element through the research object. The result showed, in city brand marks, natural cultural elements were used largely based on the formative expression methods, 'simplification', 'repetition' and 'analogy', and communicative expression method of 'simile'. Historical cultural elements were used largely based on formative methods of 'analogy', 'simplification', 'isomorphism' and communicative expression method of 'simile'. Modern cultural elements were used largely based on formative expression methods, 'emphasis', 'analogy', 'isomorphism', and communicative expression method of 'metaphor'. Also, the global city brand mark simply or modernly designed the city name (and abbreviate) or city slogan by expressing it into standardized letters or combining simple figures while the city brand mark of China showed the images filled with abundant contents by applying the country (national) characteristics, city characteristics, city landscape image, and national inherent cultural symbols. 문화요소들은 도시 아이덴티티를 제고할 때 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있으며 효과적인 도시 홍보수단이다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서 글로벌 브랜드 가치 상위 10개 도시와 최근 도시 아이덴티티가 도입된 중국 내 상위 10개 도시를 대상으로 해당 문화요소들이 도시 브랜드마크에서 시각적인 표현방법에는 어떻게 응용되고, 그 형태와 조형의 의미전달 규칙을 고찰하는 것을 연구목적으로 정한다. 이를 위해서 제2장에서 도시 아이덴티티의 개념, 구성내용, 필요성에 관하여 살펴보고 선행연구를 통해서 도시문화에는 자연적, 역사적 및 현대적 문화요소가 있다는 것을 도출하였다. 이런 문화요소들이 도시 브랜드마크에서 활용하는 방식을 발견하기 위해 시각 표현방법을 분석하였다. 조형적인 표현방법에는 유사, 반복, 연속, 강조, 단순화와 동구(同構) 방식이 있으며, 의미전달 표현방법에는 은유, 제유, 직유와 생략방식이 있다. 제3장에서 연구 대상을 통한 각 문화요소의 조형적 표현방법, 의미전달 표현방법을 조사하였다. 그 결과 도시 브랜드마크에서 자연적 문화요소의 조형적 표현방법으로는 '단순화', '유사'와 '반복'을 많이 사용하고, 의미전달 표현방법으로는 '직유'를 많이 사용하는 것으로 분석되었다. 역사적인 문화요소에는 '유사', '단순화'와 '동구(同構)'의 조형적 표현방법을 많이 응용하고, 의미전달 표현방법으로는 '직유'를 많이 사용하는 것으로 조사되었다. 현대적인 문화요소에는 '강조', '유사', '단순화'와 '동구(同構)'의 조형적 표현방법을 많이 응용하고, 의미전달 표현방법으로는 '은유'를 많이 응용한다는 결과를 발견해내었다. 또한 글로벌 도시 브랜드마크는 도시 명칭(또는 이니셜)이나 도시 슬로건을 정형화된 문자로 응용해서 표현하거나 간단한 도형을 결합해서 심플하고 모던하게 디자인한 반면에, 중국 도시브랜드마크는 국가(또는 민족)특성, 도시 특성, 도시 풍경이미지, 국가 고유의 문화상징물 등을 적용하여 풍부한 내용을 가진 이미지로 나타내고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다.

국내 도시 이미지를 구축하는 도시 공간 문화콘텐츠 영향요인에 관한 연구

최여진,김주연,오병찬,이현성 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.5

(Background and Purpose) Cities are increasingly moving away from standardization toward sustainable living. Public perception of a city through spatial experience can enhance the image of a country, while a city’s identity is being built in various ways to secure appropriate value and competitiveness. A major factor is cultural value, and it is expressed in urban spaces as cultural contents using local cultural resources. The purpose of this study is to establish the types of cultural content and to derive influencing factors in order to be used as a city building plan. In addition, it examines the current state of use of cultural contents, and examines the significance and value of culture. Considering its expandability and impact, we intend to use it to build an effective city by applying cultural contents. (Method) The concept and type of cultural content are classified through prior studies of cultural resources, the essential prototype of cultural content. Theoretical consideration took into account influencing factors of cultural content by extracting characteristics and elements of each type of cultural content. The types of influencing factors derived were verified by interviewing 17 public design-related field workers and government officials. Through the current status of cultural content being utilized, the necessity and value of these contents are identified in the city. An analysis of the factors reveals a correlation between the influencing factors and the urban image. Areas that attempt to build urban images by applying cultural content were selected as targets. (Results) Cultural content types were classified as physical type elements and non-physical intangible elements. We extracted the influencing factors identified into 18 cultural content factors that have been verified by experts. The results of the case analysis showed that the impact factors of cultural content and the city's target image were correlated. Each city has a different proportion of the types of influencing factors according to the image it pursues, and the extent of the types of association compared to other factors. (Conclusions) The study identified the possibility of including culture in a sustainable city plan, with urban identity building becoming more active through factors influencing cultural content. When the intention of showcasing the city through cultural content is established, the image of the city will be widely recognized as it enhances cultural awareness. Through this study, it is possible to identify an effective approach and application plan for cultural content. We look forward to future studies on the in-depth correlation between urban image and cultural content based on this research. (연구 배경 및 목적) 도시는 획일화에서 벗어나 지속가능한 도시를 구축하는 움직임이 보여진다. 공간 경험을 통한 대중들의 도시 인식은 한 국가를 대표하는 이미지로 이어질 수 있으며, 이에 맞는 가치와 경쟁력을 갖추기 위해 다양한 방법으로 도시 정체성이 구축되고 있다. 그 중 도시의 문화적 가치가 대두되며 지역의 문화자원을 이용한 문화콘텐츠로 도시 공간에 표현되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 문화콘텐츠가 도시 구축 방안으로 활용되기 위한 유형별 정립과 영향요인을 도출하는데 목적이 있다. 또한 문화콘텐츠가 활용되고 있는 현황에 대해 살펴보며, 문화의 필요성과 가치에 대해 고찰한다. 그 확장성과 파급력을 알고 문화콘텐츠를 적용한 효과적인 도시 구축에 이용하고자 한다. (연구방법) 문화콘텐츠의 본질적 원형인 문화자원에 대한 선행연구를 통해 문화콘텐츠 개념과 유형을 분류한다. 영향요인은 문화콘텐츠 유형별 특징과 요소를 추출하여 문화콘텐츠에 대한 이론적 고찰을 할 수 있었다. 도출된 유형별 영향요인은 17명의 공공디자인 관련 현업 종사자, 공무원을 대상으로 인터뷰 설문을 통해 유의함을 검증하였다. 문화콘텐츠가 활용되고 있는 현황을 통해 도시에서 문화콘텐츠의 필요성과 가치를 파악한다. 사례분석은 영향요인을 대입한 분석을 통해 영향요인과 도시이미지의 상관관계를 밝힌다. 문화콘텐츠가 적용되어 도시 이미지 구축을 시도하는 지역을 대상지로 선정하였다. (결과) 문화콘텐츠 유형은 물리적 유형 요소, 비물리적 무형 요소로 분류했다. 유형에 대한 추출한 영향요인을 전문가들의 검증을 통해 유의성을 확인한 18개의 문화콘텐츠 영향요인으로 추출할 수 있었다. 사례분석으로 살펴본 결과는 문화콘텐츠의 영향요인과 도시가 목표로 하는 지향 이미지와 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 도시마다 추구하는 이미지에 맞춰 영향요인 유형의 비중이 다르게 나타나며, 연관 유형의 비중은 다른 요인에 비해 두드러지게 나타났다. (결론) 지속가능한 도시의 방안으로 문화의 가능성을 파악 하였으며, 문화콘텐츠 영향요인을 통한 도시 정체성 구축이 더욱 활발해질 것이다. 문화콘텐츠를 통한 도시의 전달 의도가 구축 되었을 때, 도시를 향유하며 문화의 체험을 하며 문화 의식을 높이므로 도시만의 이미지가 사람들의 뇌리에 깊게 인식될 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 문화콘텐츠의 효율적인 접근방향과 적용방안을 모색할 수 있다. 추후 본 연구를 기반으로 도시 이미지와 문화콘텐츠의 심층적 상관관계 연구를 기대한다.

삼척시의 역사문화예술 자원 활용 방안

최도식 강원사학회 2024 江原史學 Vol.0 No.42

전국 각 지자체는 지역의 역사문화 사업을 활발히 펼치고 있다. 그 가운데 지역역사 인물, 건축물 등을 통한 콘텐츠가 역사문화 사업에 활용되고 있다. 이에 본고는삼척시의 문화도시 이미지를 개선하고 관광 자원으로써 활용 가능한 역사문화예술자원 콘텐츠의 활용 방안을 제안했다. 삼척시의 문화자원 활용은 주로 지리적인 환경적 요소에 초점이 맞추어져 있다. 역사문화자원 활용은 죽서루, 이사부사자공원, 수로부인헌화공원, 해신당공원 등몇몇 자원에 국한되어 있다. 삼척시의 역사문화자원 콘텐츠 활용은 미미하기에 두가지 측면에서 활용 방안을 제시했다. 첫 번째 역사문화자원 활용 방안은 목조각 거리 조성이다. 관광 유형에는 지역분산형 관광과 도심 밀집형 관광이 있다. 지금까지 삼척시의 관광 개발은 분산형관광이었다. 그런데 필자는 도심 밀집형 관광 개발을 제안했다. 도심 밀집형 관광을구현하려면 대학로 일대에 관광 요소를 개발하고 콘텐츠를 재창조해야 한다. 실례로이사부가 우산국 정벌에 활용한 목조각 사자상과 해신당 설화를 배경으로 한 목조각남근상은 삼척만의 특색 있는 역사문화 콘텐츠다. 목조각 거리는 이사부의 사자상, 해신당의 남근상 등과 세계 목조각(나무깎기) 대회를 개최해 동물상, 인물상, 생활상등 다양한 소재의 생활 밀착형 테마 목조각을 거리로 조성해야 한다. 더 나아가목조각은 목공예품으로 상품화될 수 있고, 생활 밀착형 목공예 체험 프로그램 등 도심 체험형 관광으로 이어질 수 있다. 두 번째 제안은 ‘삼척 근대산업역사・문학관’ 건립과 죽서루 뱃놀이 체험 프로그램 개발이다. 죽서루에서 대학로로 이어지는 도심 투어는 중간 정류의 기능을 담당할 기념비적 장소가 필요하다. 삼척시의 경우 그 대표적 플랫폼 중 하나가 역사 인물 이승휴 콘텐츠다. 삼척은 이승휴가 『제왕운기』를 찬술한 도시이니 만큼 ‘이승휴 제왕운기 상설관’을 통해 이승휴의 사상과 얼을 기리고, 삼척시를 우리 민족의 자주적 역사 산실로 이미지화 할 수 있다. 또한, 삼척이 근대산업의 중시 도시였던 만큼 근대산업 역사관을 건립하여 근대산업 중심도시의 명성과 역사를 널리 알려야 한다. 또 ‘삼척문학관’ 건립은 문향(文香)의 도시라는 이미지로 도시 마케팅이 가능하다. 마지막으로 죽서루가 역사적·문화적·건축적·경관적 측면에서 그 가치성을 인정받아 국가지정문화재 국보로 지정된 만큼 보는 관광을 넘어 체험형 관광을 가미해야 한다. 가령, 오십천 뱃놀이를 통해 죽서루의 관광 요소를 가미하여 삼척 도심 투어 관광을 활성화해 나갈 때 삼척은 역사문화의 도시로 다시 자리매김할 수 있을 것이다 Recently, local governments utilize various historical and cultural resources for tourism. Local governments are actively carrying out local historical and cultural projects. Representative historical figures and buildings of the region are created as content and frequently used in local historical and cultural projects. Therefore, this study studied the use of historical and cultural resource contents in Samcheok City. In particular, measures were presented to improve Samcheok City’s image as a cultural city and to improve the content of historical, artistic and cultural resources that can be utilized as tourism resources. Samcheok City only develops tourism resources based on Samcheok’s geographical and environmental factors. The use of historical and cultural resources is limited to a few resources, such as Jukseoru Pavilion(죽서루), Iabusa Park(이사부공원), Surobuin Lady Suro Flower Tribute Park(수로부인헌화공원) and Haesindang Park(해신당공원). The content of Samcheok City’s historical, artistic and cultural resources is weak. Therefore, it is necessary to transform historical and cultural resources with cultural value into content. Accordingly, this study presented a plan to utilize Samcheok City’s historical and cultural resources from two aspects. The first is to create a wood sculpture street as a way to utilize historical and cultural resources. Types of tourism include regionally dispersed tourism and urban concentrated tourism. Until now, Samcheok City’s tourism development has been a distributed tourism development. However, this study proposed urban dense tourism development. For Samcheok City’s urban dense tourism, the university street should be developed into a sculpture street. A wooden lion statue was used by the Shilla general Isabu(이사부) when he conquered other countries. And Penis wood sculpture with the phallic folklore as the background is a special feature of Samcheok City’s historical culture. Wood carving involves making things like the lion statue of Isabu and Korean phallic folklore. And through the World Wood Sculpture Contest, various objects and materials such as lion statues, human figures, and life scenes should be displayed as wooden sculptures with themes that are closely related to daily life. This is because wood carvings can be commercialized as wooden crafts and lead to lifestyle-oriented, urban experiential tourism. The second proposal is to create a ‘Samcheok City Modern Industrial History Museum and Literature Museum.’ In addition, we are developing a yachting experience program in Jukseoru. Jukseoru Pavilion is located in the middle of the city. City tours require a monumental location that functions as an intermediate platform. In particular, dense urban tourism requires a monumental platform in the city center. In the case of Samcheok City, one of its representative platforms is a historical figure called Lee Seung-Hyu(이승휴). Lee Seunghyu described Jewangungi(제왕운기: Songs of Emperors and Kings) in Samcheok City. We must create a ‘Lee Seung-Hyu’s Permanent Museum of Jewangungi(제왕운기)’ to publicize Lee Seung-Hyu’s ideas and promote the nation’s independent historical spirit. In addition, Samcheok City was an important city for modern industry. A modern industrial history museum should be created to display the reputation and history of the modern industrial city. In addition, a Samcheok city literary museum should be created to commemorate literary figures from Samcheok city. Lastly, Jukseoru was recognized for its value in historical, cultural, architectural, and natural aspects. Jukseoru is a nationally designated cultural property. Therefore, we need to add more experiential tourism such as what tourists see and yachting. Then, Samcheok City will be able to reestablish itself as a city of history and culture.

姉妹都市提携と市民國際交流の意義

Toshio Kusumoto 성결대학교 다문화평화연구소 2009 다문화와 평화 Vol.3 No.2

The foundation of international cultural exchange in our county is sister city agreements, which are signed between local municipalities and foreign cities. In 1956, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the US President, proposed “People to People Program” to promote international cultural exchanges between cities in the US and around the world. The basic philosophy behind the program was that the international cultural exchange among citizens concerned would promote mutual understanding; concomitantly it would promote world peace. One of the most important scheme in President Eisenhower’s program was to develop sister city agreements among foreign municipalities. Today, the same philosophy still stands. Different from diplomatic activities between governments, which are directly affected by national interests, sister city agreements are less affected by foreign policies. To the contrary, sister city agreements often promote more grass-root cultural exchanges between cities and citizens. In Japan, before the end of world war Ⅱ, it was quiteunusual for a local municipality to sign a sister city agreement with a foreign city. The first sister city agreement signed by a Japanese city was between Nagasaki and St. Paul. Minnesota, in 1955. Japan in 1955 was still a devastated and confused country after being defeated in the war. Strict government regulations on foreign currency limited the ability to travel abroad for the average citizen; however, for the heads of municipalities and citizen this sister city agreement provided a rare opportunity to experience the outside world. The international cultural exchange between sister cities covers various aspects of societies, such as education, high culture, sports, health care, industry and administration. Through sister city agreements, a city can expect an increased number of opportunities for the international cultural exchange of citizens. The expectations for world peace were high when the cold war ended after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, such optimistic expectations have been proved to be only an illusion. Confrontations provoked by racial, religious or national interests, which lead to confusion and dispute, are often observed today. In such chaotic situations, mutual understanding and cooperation between individual citizens, which differ from inter governmental diplomatic relationships, should have even more important significance. Through a sister city agreement, two cities and their citizens interact with each other to create close friendship and a sense of solidarity. Thus, sister city agreements may contribute to world peace through a grass-root cultural exchange of citizens. In 1974, Kobe and Riga, the capital of the Latvian Republic, signed a sister city agreement. While under control of the Soviet Union, its citizens were strictly prohibited from making free contact or having exchanges with foreigners. However the sister city agreement has provided citizens of Riga, who were not ordinarily allowed to travel to western countries, the opportunity to visit Kobe. After Latvia obtained independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, one Riga citizen looked back and commented; “Before 1990, it was impossible to make a free contact with foreign countries for the people of Latvia. The sister city, Kobe, provided the only window, through which people of Latvia could glance at the western world”. When the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake hit Kobe in 1995, many countries kindly forwarded necessary aids to the hard-hit city. The aids items from sister cities were the most needed in the city at that time. The reason sister cities could provide appropriate aid items was the strong ties between the cities. The strong ties established before the earthquake made communication easy so that information on what were the urgent necessities could be easily communicated. This paper studies the history and the present... The foundation of international cultural exchange in our county is sister city agreements, which are signed between local municipalities and foreign cities. In 1956, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the US President, proposed “People to People Program” to promote international cultural exchanges between cities in the US and around the world. The basic philosophy behind the program was that the international cultural exchange among citizens concerned would promote mutual understanding; concomitantly it would promote world peace. One of the most important scheme in President Eisenhower’s program was to develop sister city agreements among foreign municipalities. Today, the same philosophy still stands. Different from diplomatic activities between governments, which are directly affected by national interests, sister city agreements are less affected by foreign policies. To the contrary, sister city agreements often promote more grass-root cultural exchanges between cities and citizens. In Japan, before the end of world war Ⅱ, it was quiteunusual for a local municipality to sign a sister city agreement with a foreign city. The first sister city agreement signed by a Japanese city was between Nagasaki and St. Paul. Minnesota, in 1955. Japan in 1955 was still a devastated and confused country after being defeated in the war. Strict government regulations on foreign currency limited the ability to travel abroad for the average citizen; however, for the heads of municipalities and citizen this sister city agreement provided a rare opportunity to experience the outside world. The international cultural exchange between sister cities covers various aspects of societies, such as education, high culture, sports, health care, industry and administration. Through sister city agreements, a city can expect an increased number of opportunities for the international cultural exchange of citizens. The expectations for world peace were high when the cold war ended after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, such optimistic expectations have been proved to be only an illusion. Confrontations provoked by racial, religious or national interests, which lead to confusion and dispute, are often observed today. In such chaotic situations, mutual understanding and cooperation between individual citizens, which differ from inter governmental diplomatic relationships, should have even more important significance. Through a sister city agreement, two cities and their citizens interact with each other to create close friendship and a sense of solidarity. Thus, sister city agreements may contribute to world peace through a grass-root cultural exchange of citizens. In 1974, Kobe and Riga, the capital of the Latvian Republic, signed a sister city agreement. While under control of the Soviet Union, its citizens were strictly prohibited from making free contact or having exchanges with foreigners. However the sister city agreement has provided citizens of Riga, who were not ordinarily allowed to travel to western countries, the opportunity to visit Kobe. After Latvia obtained independence from the Soviet Union in 1990, one Riga citizen looked back and commented; “Before 1990, it was impossible to make a free contact with foreign countries for the people of Latvia. The sister city, Kobe, provided the only window, through which people of Latvia could glance at the western world”. When the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake hit Kobe in 1995, many countries kindly forwarded necessary aids to the hard-hit city. The aids items from sister cities were the most needed in the city at that time. The reason sister cities could provide appropriate aid items was the strong ties between the cities. The strong ties established before the earthquake made communication easy so that information on what were the urgent necessities could be easily communicated. This paper studies the history and the present situation of international cultural exchange of sister cities, ...

도시의 문화자산으로서 공예와 공예도시 연구-유네스코 창의도시 네트워크(UCCN)를 중심으로

정수희 건국대학교 글로컬문화전략연구소 2018 문화콘텐츠연구 Vol.0 No.14

Recently, many cities are referring themselves as to be “Craft City” and putting up “craft” as the city brand. Many cities that claim to be the craft city put up the relevant cultural heritage, production related to the craft, and historical and cultural environment as a consumer. However, it can be a totally different matter in which the cities are living as the craft cities of modern definition. One can start to have the fundamental question which “what the craft city really is.” Naturally, concerns regarding why many cities claim to be the craft city, and what the craft city really is and what the craft means as the component which forms the craft city start to generate. As the significance of the city’s cultural resource is emphasized, cities now endeavor to become the culture city on their own. This is because the value of the “cultural asset” is becoming more precious as the center of the creative industry of the city and as the symbolism and potential of the culture, while the value which measures the competitiveness of the city is shifting from the growth-orientation by formal development. As the paradigm of the international society shift towards the Glocalization, interest in the historical and cultural assets as the factor which composes the locality, what is at the core of Glocalization, is rising. In such flow, the cities are attempting various approaches to develop their own characteristics into the city brand with names such as “xx City.” In this context, the craft is the major component which forms the Creative City, and it is often mentioned as the core component of the Creative Industry. Additionally, the most distinct cultural asset of the city is often proposed to be the standard of the various culture policies connected to the city, and it is also categorized as one of the fields among Creative Cities Network defined by UNESCO. This research was conducted as an attempt to search the significance of the craft in the city along with the true nature of the “craft city” that recognizes the craft as the cultural asset of the city and accessing it to utilize it actively. However, as it was pointed out earlier, the clear definition and concerns about the craft city itself are insufficient, and the research seeks to access to the craft city paradoxically through the real-life examples of the verified craft cities. The example which the research has chosen was the city of Ganazawa in Japan (selected in 2009); the city has joined as the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the field of “craft and folk art.” UNESCO Creative Cities Network is the international solidarity operation by UNESCO to raise the cultural industry based on the city’s cultural assets and creativity and to promote development through cooperation between cities. This research will find out about the identity of craft as the cultural asset of Ganazawa, the creative city, and it seeks to take a look at cultural environment which helped the city of Ganazawa to set itself as the creative city and the connection of the city’s cultural policies that back the cultural environment. Additionally, in this process, the research seeks to think over about the definition and the characteristics of the craft cities including Ganazawa, and the directional nature for the sustainability. 최근 많은 도시들이 ‘공예도시(Craft City)’를 자칭하며, ‘공예’를 도시브랜드로내세우고 있다. 공예도시를 주장하는 도시들의 많은 경우는 관련 문화유산, 공예와관련된 생산, 소비지로서의 역사·문화적 환경을 내세우며 공예도시로서의 정당성을 주장한다. 그러나 그들 도시들이 과연 현대적 의미에서의 공예도시로 살아가고있는가는 사실 전혀 다른 문제일 수 있다. 여기서 ‘공예도시란 무엇인가’라는 근본적인 의문을 갖게 된다. 왜 많은 도시들이 지금 공예도시를 주장하고 있는 것인가, 또한 그들이 말하는 공예도시는 과연 무엇이며, 공예도시를 이루는 구성요소로서공예는 어떤 의미를 갖는가 등에 대한 고민이 생기게 된다. 도시가 가진 문화자원의 중요성이 강조되며, 도시들은 저마다 문화도시가 되기위해 노력하고 있다. 이는 도시의 경졍력을 결정짓는 요인이 과거의 외형적 성장중심 이 아닌 도시의 문화적 역량중심으로 옮겨가고 있기 때문이다. 국제사회의 패러다임이 글로컬라이제이션(glocalization)으로 전환되어 가며, 그 핵심에 놓인 지역성(locality)을 구성하는 요인으로서 지역이 가진 역사· 문화자산에 대한 관심이 더욱 높아지고 있다. 이러한 흐름 속에서 도시들은 저마다의 특색을 ‘○○도시’라는명칭의 도시브랜드로 발전시키기 위하 다양한 접근을 시도하고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 공예는 창조도시(Creative City)를 이루는 주요한 요소이자, 창조산업(Creative Industry)의 핵심 요소로 언급된다. 또한, 한 도시의 고유성 및 역사성을대표하는 가장 명확한 문화자원으로 도시와 연계된 다양한 문화정책의 기준으로제시되기도 하며, 유네스코의 창의도시네트워크 중 한 분야로 분류되는 등 도시의 구성요소로 중요성을 인정받고 있다. 본 연구는 공예를 도시의 문화자산으로 인식하고, 이를 적극적으로 활용하고자접근하고 있는 ‘공예도시’의 실체에 대한 고민과 함께 도시에서 공예가 갖는 의미를 모색해보려는 시도로 진행됐다. 그러나 전술하여 지적한 바와 같이 공예도시에대한 명확한 개념과 고민들이 미흡한 실정이기에, 본 연구자는 검증된 공예도시의실제 사례를 통해 역설적으로 공예도시에 대해 접근해보고자 한다. 이를 위해 선택한 사례는 유네스코 창의도시네트워크(UNESCO Creative Cities Network)와 그중 ‘공예와 민속예술’ 분야 도시로 가입된 일본 가나자와시(2009년선정)이다. 유네스코 창의도시네트워크는 유네스코(UNESCO)는 도시의 문화적자산과 창의력에 기초한 문화산업을 육성하고, 도시들 간의 협력을 통한 발전을 장려하기 위해 추진 중인 국제연대사업으로 가나자와는 ‘공예와 민속예술(Craft&Folk Art)’를 대표하는 도시들 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 창조도시 가나자와의문화자산으로서 공예가 갖는 정체성에 대해 알아보고, 이와 연계하여 가나자와를창조도시로서 자리 잡게 한 문화 환경, 이를 뒷받침해 주는 도시의 문화정책들은 어떻게 연계되어 있는지 살펴보고자 한다. 또한, 이 과정에서 가나자와를 비롯한 공예도시들의 개념과 속성, 지속가능을 위한 방향성 등에 대해 고민해보고자 했다.

충청남도 공주와 부여의 문화도시 조성과 활용에 관한 연구

신애경 ( Ae Kyung Shin ),이혁진 ( Hyuk Jin Lee ) 한국사진지리학회 2016 한국사진지리학회지 Vol.26 No.1

In the case of Gongju-city and Buyeo-gun in Chungcheongnam-do, this area needs to be developed into a tourist attraction without restoration or preservation, but instead be regenerated by using cultural resources of history. This should be carried out by utilizing the important cultural property of Baekje to establish the identity of the historic area in Gongju/Buyeo. This research is seeking for successful cases and conceptions of cultural cities. It is also seeking for utilization plan of the cultural property of Baekje to create a cultural city by applying the cases of the most well known Korean historical city, Gongju and Buyeo in Chungnam. If the cultural city in the 20th century was the place where it had the most valuable cultural property of history and folk culture, the cultural city in the 20th century is the place which is not only full of cultural properties but also filled with places people can enjoy shopping, leisure facilities, various cultures and arts. Especially, since the sequence of tourism for cultural city in 21th century is changing into tourism to residence, it needs to be created into a residential area where it can enlarge the infrastructure, daily leisure facilities, and energetic street art cultures. The means to advantage into a cultural city is to build up the identity of the city itself. Therefore, the city needs to be created with the existence of culture by increasing the aesthetic, functional value and cultural sensitivity of people. This type of cultural city can give a social studying opportunity to citizens, can form a community, and can become a motivation to potentially guide and lead tourists.