한국어 서술어의 사건 구조 - 제주 방언을 중심으로 -

우창현 한국국어교육학회 2016 새국어교육 Vol.0 No.108

이글은 제주 방언을 중심으로 서술어의 기본 사건 구조와 파생 사건 구조의 특성에 대해 논의하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 먼저 Pustejovsky(1991, 1995)에서 전제했던 동사를 네 유형으로 구분하는 것이 제주 방언의 동사 유형을 설명하는데 맞지 않음을 보이고 ‘순간’ 유형을 따로 구분할 필요가 있음에 대해 논의하였다. 다음으로 따로 구분된 ‘순간’ 유형의 특성을 반영한 사건 구조인 ‘순간’ 사건 구조를 별도로 설정할 필요가 있음에 대해 논의하였다. 그리고 ‘상태, 순간, 행위, 완성, 성취’ 유형의 대표적인 동사를 통해 기본 사건 구조의 특성에 대해 살펴보았다. 이러한 논의 과정을 통해 ‘상태’는 ‘상태’의 사건 구조만을 갖고 ‘행위’는 ‘과정’의 사건 구조만을 갖는다는 사실을 확인하였다. 그리고 이를 단순 사건 구조로 구분하였다. 다음으로 ‘완성’은 ‘과정’과 ‘상태’의 두 사건 구조를 가지고 있으며 ‘과정’의 사건 구조가 명세화 된다는 사실에 대해 논의하였다. 그리고 ‘성취’ 역시 ‘과정’과 ‘상태’ 두 사건 구조를 가지고 있으며 ‘상태’의 사건 구조가 명세화 된다는 사실에 대해 논의하였다. 다음으로 이러한 기본 사건 구조에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소들이 서술어와 함께 나타나는 경우 기본 사건 구조는 새로운 사건 구조로 파생될 수 있음에 대해 논의하였다. This study aims at clarifying the features of basic event structure and extended event structure of predicate of Jeju Dialect. I present the proofs that the four types that the approach of Pustejovsky(1991, 1995) suggested category for verbs is not fit to Jeju dialect and I suggest independently additional type of moment. I also suggest that the event structure of moment needs to reflect the features of moment type of verbs. I firstly justified the structures of the states, the semelfactives, the achievement, the actives, and the accomplishment presenting the typical verbs each. I made assure that the state verb has only the state structure, the actives has only the process one. I called this basic event structure. I, the second, suggest that accomplishment verb has features of both the process and of the state. If there is no element intervening the event structure, the process of event structure would be specified. The third, the achievements one also one has features of both the process and the state. but in case there is no element intervening the event structure, the process of event structure would be manifested unlike the accomplishment ones. The last, the basic event structure will be extended in case the element effecting the basic one appears.

한국 현대시의 구조

신진(Shin, Jin) 동남어문학회 2011 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.31

In linguistics and literature, structuralists have seen a binary opposition as a fundamental framework of structure. However, the binary system has its limit that innumerable middles should be allocated to each opposing pair. This paper seeks to consider the basic structure of modern poetic language as a triangular tension-foreground, background, and dominanta-, and to study that poetic linguistic structure is formed of two basic structures-the structure of epiphor and the structure of diaphor-and four combined structures. It seems this approach can help make a more elaborate, flexible structure type. In the structure of epiphor, arrangement and combination of meaning formed words become the linguistic basis. On the premise of similarity, meaning comes to be explored and expanded through comparison between tenor and vehicle, or discourse. In the structures of diaphor, not chosen words but unchosen potential equivalence langue, that is, paradigms-equivalent, substitutable language, image, context etc.-surface to be arranged and juxtaposed. Actually in poetry, the two basic structures often appear in combined forms. Structures combined with epiphor and diaphor in one text have four types-division, diaphor of epiphor, leap, fusion structure. Consequently, the poetry text is materialized by six types of linguistic structure. Meanwhile, this study seeks to find a way by developing and actualizing T. Todorv’s analysis indices to overcome the limitation of structural analysis that only a model as a specific structure is emphasized and interpretation of cultural, social context overlooked. This effort seems to help interpret modern poetry more concrete and flexible.

사실적 표현에서 기본수준그림의 구조와 활용

박용혁(Park, Yong-Hyuk) 한국미술교육학회 2011 美術敎育論叢 Vol.25 No.1

본 연구는 기본수준그림이 사실적 표현으로 이행되어 가는 방식을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 기본수준그림의 개념을 정의하고, 기본수준그림의 게슈탈트 구조와 하화(下化)과정에 주목하여 논의하였다. 범주화에 기본수준이 있듯이, 그림에도 기본수준이 존재하고, 이 기본수준그림은 일상의 자연스런 그림활동과 문제해결을 통해 완성된 게슈탈트 구조를 소유한 그림이며, 이 게슈탈트 구조가 사실적 표현을 위해 교육적으로 다듬어지고 재구성되어야 한다고 주장하였다. 또한 하화(下化)과정은 새롭게 습득된 게슈탈트 구조에 그리려는 대상의 뚜렷한 특징을 덧붙여 정교화 하는 과정으로 논의하였다. 본 연구는 사실적 표현이라는 것이 실제로는 상상력이 필요하며, 인간의 자연스런 본성에서 아래로 향하는, 창의적 역행이라는 점에서 미술교육에 시사하는 바가 있을 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study is to explore the manner in which basic level pictures are transformed into realistic expressions. To achieve this, the concept of basic level picture is defined and discussed, with focus on the gestalt structure and the becoming downward process. It is asserted that just as there is a basic level in categorization, a basic level also exists in pictures, a basic level picture is a picture that possesses a gestalt structure completed through natural-picture activities of daily living and problem solving, and this gestalt structure should be educationally refined and restructured. The becoming-down process, on the other hand, was discussed as an elaboration process by adding the clear characteristics of the object to be depicted to the newly acquired gestalt structure. This study is expected to have implications on art education in that it will stress that actually realistic expressions require imagination and are creative retrogressions from human nature.

심리형용사 구문의 기본 문형에 관한 연구

박재희 동남어문학회 2014 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.37

본 논문은 국어 심리형용사 구문의 기본 문형을 설정하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 첫째, 심리형용사가 두 개의 필수 논항을 요구한다고 제안한 기존 논의(유현경 1998 등)가 심리형용사의 속성을 온전히 반영하고 있지 못하다는 점을 지적하였다. 둘째, (i)논항 구조에서의 경험주와 화자의 관계 그리고 (ii) 심리형용사의 표현 양상(“내재된 감정 표현” 또는 “인도된 감정 표현”)이 심리형용사 문장 형성에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 밝혀내었다. 이 같은 사실을 통해 본고는 대상 심리형용사로 분류된 형용사들(예: 무섭다, 싫다 등)은 대상 논항을 필수적으로 요구하는 형태가 기본 문형임에 반해 원인 심리형용사로 분류된 형용사들(예: 슬프다, 기쁘다 등)은 내재된 감정을 표현할 때와 인도된 감정을 표현할 때가 구분되기 때문에 서로 다른 두 개의 기본 문형을 설정하여야 한다고 주장하였다. This study discussed how to determine so-called “basic structure” of psychological adjectives in Korean. Firstly, this study criticized the proposals that the argument structure of psychological adjectives in Korean consisted of two arguments in the previous studies (유현경 2000 등). Secondly, this study proposed several basic structures of psychological adjectives based on the following examinations: (i)considering the original concept of argument structure, (ii)clarifying the relationship between Experiencer argument in the argument structure and the speaker in the discourse, (iii) dividing “inherent feeling” and “direct feeling” that were expressed by psychological adjectives. In this study, some relevant properties related to psychological adjectives in Korean were found. So, psychological adjectives including the so-called “thematic psychological adjectives” (e.g., 무섭다, 싫다 등) should take a Theme argument as the core argument while psychological adjective including the so-called “causal psychological adjectives” can be classified as two different types: when they express an inherent feeling and when they express a direct feeling. Therefore, this study proposed three different types of the basic structure of psychological adjectives in Korean.

정보구조를 활용한 중국어 어순교육 방안: 타동문의 필수성분 배열을 중심으로

조은숙 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2025 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.54 No.-

We observe that Chinese does not have morphological processes, so word order is relatively fixed in sentence structure, As such, word order plays a important role, Crucially, the basic word order of the Chinese language is ‘S-V-O’. However, in examples in textbooks or in actual conversations with Chinese people, learners feel confused even about the basic word order of Chinese sentences. Therefore, this paper applies the concept of ‘information structure’ to Chinese language education, and attempts to explain the problem of arranging components in Chinese sentences through the difference in information structure appearing at the syntactic layer and the discourse layer. In addition to the ‘grammatical relations’ between predicate and noun phrase arguments, there is another principle called ‘information packaging’ that is at work in the creation of sentences. By explaining the difference in information structure between the ‘basic structure (基本结构)’ and the ‘transformational structure (转换结构)’ of Chinese sentences, it will be more helpful for learners to understand the various word orders shown in the Chinese sentences.

「스포츠기본법」에 기초한 국립대학 교양체육체계 개편 방안 연구

정태린,박성현 한국체육교육학회 2022 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to suggest reorgnization plan of of the liberal sports class structure of national universities in Korea and to suggest improvements based on the「Sports Basic Law」 that was enforced on February 11, 2022. Method: To accomplish the purose of this resaerch, the literature review method was selected. We collected and analyzed the documented「Sports Basic Law of Korea」and the liberal arts education system of national universities and analysed them, and based on the result of the analysis, reorganization plan for the liberal arts and physical education system was suggested. Result: First, the「Sports Basic Law」consists of 27 articles and 2 supplementary provisions, and serve as a basic law to replace all special laws in the sports field in Korea. Second, the 「Basic Sports Law」was entrusted with the authority of the 「Constitution」on sports, confirmed the obligation of national universities to reorganize the and sports system based on the 「Basic Sports Law」, In this research, the status of existing sports related laws as recognized and several implications were found. Third, articles 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5 of the 「Basic Sports Law」 were selected as the basis for reforming the sports system. Fourth, reclassification of the physical education division, expansion of exchanges with other fields of study, utilization of 「National University Fostering Project」, and strengthening of regional base of national universities were suggested as rational ways to reform the liberal sports class structure. Conclusion: Significant changes in the educational environment surrounding national universities in Korea, such as the enforcement of the 「Sports Basic Law」or a decrease in the school-age population, are demanding stronger competitiveness of national universities. This study has great significance in that it proposed the reoganize plan for the liberal arts and physical education system as one of the most feasible reinforcement measures. 목적: 이 연구는 2022년 2월 11일 시행된 「스포츠기본법」에 기초하여 우리나라 국립대학 교양교육 체계에대하여 분석하고 개선점을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법: 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 선택한 방법은 문헌고찰이다. 「스포츠기본법」과 국립대학의 교양교육체계에 대한 문헌자료를 수집하여 분석하였고, 이를 바탕으로 교양체육 체계의 개편 방안을 제안하였다. 결과: 첫째, 「체육기본법」은 27조 2개의 부칙으로 구성되어 있으며, 대한민국 체육 분야의 기본법 역할을한다. 둘째, 「체육기본법」은 체육에 관한 「헌법」의 권한을 위임받았고, 「체육기본법」에 의거한 국립대학 교양체육 체계 개편의 의무를 확인하였다. 셋째, 「체육기본법」 제2조, 제3조, 제4조, 제5조 등을 교양체육 체계 개편의 근거로 선정하였다. 넷째, 체육 계열의 재분류, 타 학문 분야와의 교류 확대, 「국립대학육성사업」의 활용, 특수성에 기초한 국립대학 간의 교류 등을 방안으로 제시하였다. 결론: 「스포츠기본법」의 발효, 학령인구 감소 등 국립대학을 둘러싼 교육환경의 큰 변화는 국립대학의 경쟁력 강화를 더욱 강하게 요구하고 있다. 이 연구는 실현 가능성이 높은 강화방안의 하나로 교양체육 체계의개편을 제안하였다는데 큰 의의가 있다.

헌법개정의 필요성과 방향

이상명 ( Sang-myeong Lee ) 한국법정책학회 2024 법과 정책연구 Vol.24 No.4

Through constitutional amendment, we must respond to the social changes our society is facing, contain the changed spirit of the times, and create a normative framework that can establish social integration. To this end, this article discusses the changes in Korean society since 1987, the problems of the power structure due to the concentration of power in the president, the expansion of basic rights reflecting the changes of the times, the strengthening of citizen participation and direct democracy, and the strengthening of local decentralization for sustainable growth of the region. And in terms of the direction of constitutional amendment, the following were suggested in relation to the reorganization of the power structure: introduction of a 4-year presidential term and a runoff election system, reduction of the president's authority, and establishment of checks and balances; and in terms of strengthening the guarantee of basic rights through new rights, the following were suggested: codification of the right to life, the right to personality, and the right to self-determination; establishment of the basic right to information; supplementation of social basic rights such as the right to social security, the right to health, and the right to safety; abolition of regulations restricting the right of soldiers to claim compensation from the state; and changes in the organization of basic rights provisions. Amending the content of the Constitution to fit reality helps strengthen the legal foundation of the country, respects the will of the people by accepting their diverse opinions and demands, and can lead to the development and change of the country by responding to the demands of the times. The process of amending the Constitution can be an opportunity to collect opinions from all over society and derive consensus, and through this, a new social contract can be created that reflects the diverse voices of society. In order for a successful constitutional amendment to take place, democracy must be secured first through active participation of the people and public discussion led by the National Assembly. If the president proposes a constitutional amendment, it can have the positive effect of activating discussions on constitutional amendment and raising the level of public discussion. However, considering that the evaluation of the president's state administration is an important factor in leading the difference in voters' positions on constitutional amendment, if the president directly proposes a constitutional amendment bill, it is highly likely that a paradoxical situation will unfold in which the discussion on constitutional amendment will become politicized and difficult to realize. Therefore, in order to realize constitutional amendment, it may be more effective for the National Assembly, where political parties and politicians with different political inclinations and interests gather, to prepare and promote a constitutional amendment bill. Regarding constitutional amendment, the main topics discussed in the political world are related to the form of government and power structure. However, from a long-term perspective, constitutional amendment should be accomplished in a large framework by actively discussing not only the power structure but also the general provisions of the constitution and basic rights. However, realistically, if we try to revise sensitive parts such as territorial provisions and economic provisions all at once, the discussion on constitutional amendment will not advance even a single step due to the division of public opinion. Therefore, we should amend gradually the contents that can be agreed upon by the ruling and opposition parties and form a national consensus in order to achieve results.

한국어 문형에 대한 일고찰

함병호(Ham, Byeong-Ho) 동악어문학회 2020 동악어문학 Vol.81 No.-

본고는 한국어 문형의 유형과 각 유형의 특성을 논의하였다. 먼저, ‘문장의 기본적인 틀’로 정의되는 기본문형은 다음과 같은 특성을 가지고 있다. ① 필수성분으로 구성된다. ② 주어와 서술어를 갖추고 있는 평서문이다. ③ 담화 맥락을 반영하지 않으며, 무표적인 어순을 가진다. ④ 단문이다. ⑤ 명사구와 격조사가 결합한 형식이 반영된다. 문형의 유형에는 기본문형 이외에도 변이문형과 원체문형이 있다. 기본문형이 논항구조를 기반으로 설정되는 이론적인 문형인 반면에 변이문형은 선행 맥락이나 화자와 청자의 지식과 관련되어 기본문형에서 확장된 문형이기 때문에 논항구조와 정보구조가 함께 반영된 문형이다. 그리고 원체문형은 모든 문형의 출발점으로, 말하고자 하는 대상과 이에 대한 설명으로 구성된다는 점에서 인간의 사고를 반영하는 가장 추상화된 문형이면서 ‘화제-평언’의 정보구조가 반영된 문형이다. 따라서 문형은 ‘원체문형→기본문형→변이문형’의 순서로 추상적인 형식에서 구체적인 형식으로 실현된다. The aim of this paper is to review types of Korean sentence patterns and their characteristics. The main points can be summarized as follows. The basic sentence pattern is defined as the ‘basic sentence frame’ that represents various sentences. The basic sentence pattern in Korean has the following characteristics. ① The sentence pattern is composed of essential components ② The sentence pattern is a declarative sentence with subject and predicate. ③ The sentence pattern does not reflect the discourse context. ④ The sentence pattern is simple sentence ⑤ The sentence pattern reflects the form in which noun phrases and case Josa combine. In addition to the basic sentence pattern, the variant sentence pattern and the original sentence pattern exist in the sentence pattern. While the basic sentence pattern is a theoretical sentence pattern that is based on the argument structure, the variant sentence pattern is an extension of the basic sentence pattern, so it is a sentence pattern that involves information structure such as precedent context and knowledge of speakers and listeners, in addition to the argument structure. And the original sentence pattern is the starting point of all sentence, and is the most abstract sentence pattern that reflects human thinking in that the sentence consists of the object to be spoken and a description of it. Therefore, sentence patterns appear in the order of "original sentence pattern → basic sentence pattern → variant sentence pattern" from abstract form to concrete form.

Effect of basicity and B₂O₃ on the viscosity and structure of fluorine-free mold flux

Zhang, Lei,Wang, Wanlin,Xie, Senlin,Zhang, Kaixuan,Sohn, Il Elsevier 2017 Journal of non-crystalline solids Vol.460 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The effect of basicity (weight ratio of CaO/SiO<SUB>2</SUB>) and B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> on the viscosity and structure of Fluorine-free mold flux for the casting of medium carbon steels was conducted in this article, through the rotating cylinder method combined with the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that, with the increase of basicity, the viscosity of mold flux was attenuated dramatically, and then kept constant or slight increased in the low temperature region. The reason could be explained as the degree of polymerization (DOP) of the network structure was first reduced significantly with the addition of basicity, and then the further depolymerization is less pronounced with the further increase of basicity. Beside the formation of high melting point substance leads to the slight increase of viscosity. Moreover, it suggested that the viscosity of mold flux is decreased with the addition of B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> content, due to the fact that B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> is a low melting point oxide which could substantially lower the break temperature of mold flux. The result of FTIR indicated B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> acts as network former, and tends to form [BO<SUB>3</SUB>]-trihedral and [BO<SUB>4</SUB>]-tetrahedral structural units, which would connect with each other to form some simple network structure such as diborate or pentaborate. With the addition of B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>, the free oxygen ions (O<SUP>2−</SUP>) would depolymerize the diborate structural unit, and the depolymerized diborate would link again with free [BO<SUB>3</SUB>]-trihedral to form complex pentaborate groups. Moreover, the effect of above addition on the apparent activation energy for viscous flow and break temperature of mold flux also were discussed. The results obtained in this paper provide the detailed study of the structure evolution of Fluorine-free mold flux when B<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> is added.</P>

韩国教育用基础汉字的部件分析

홍영희 한국한자한문교육학회 2015 漢字 漢文敎育 Vol.36 No.-

한자는 형 음 의의 세가지 요소로 구성되어있다. 그중 자형은 한자의 본체이다. 그러므로 자형을 분석할 때 먼저 한자의 자형구조를 파악해야만 한다. 필획, 부건, 정자 세부분으로 구성되어있는 한자는 구조를 분석할 때 가장 핵심적인 것이 부건이다. 그러므로 한자의 부건을 분석할 때 자형구조를 인식하는 것이 가장 좋은 방법중의 하나이다. 허신의 육서법이 세상에 나온이후 줄곧 한자의 구조를 분석하는 것으로 사용되었다. 현대에 와서 많은 학자들이 육서의 한계점을 인식하고 많은 한자구조방법론을 내놓았다. 현재 한자의 형체구조이론중 가장 대표성을 지닌 세 가지는 육서와 구석규의 삼서설과 왕녕의 한자구형학설이다. 본 논문은 한자구형학 이론을 이용하여 한국의 교육용 기초한자 1800자의 부건을 분석하고자 한다. 부건분석의 결과로 아래와 같은 결과를 도출해내었다. 부건분석후 表意, 標示, 表形, 示音, 記號의 다섯 가지 부건을 도출해냈다. 1차 부건 분해 결과로 중학교 교육용 한자는 직접부건 489개, 고등학교교육용기초한자 554개를 분석했다. 그중 중복된 부건은 모두 291개로 1800자 교육용기초한자의 직접부건은 모두 752개이다. 중학교 교육용 기초한자의 기초부건은 335개이고 고등학교 교육용 기초한자의 기초부건은 356개로 그중 중복되는 기초구건은 228개이므로, 교육용 기초한자 1800자의 기초부건은 모두 463개이다. 한국 교육용 기초한자의 구형모델은 모두 7개로 모든 기능영합성자, 會義 합성자, 音義합성자 ,標義합성자, 形義합성자, 義記합성자, 聲記합성자이다. 구형의 이치적근거를 보유하고 있는 상황은 중학교 교육용 기초한자는 87.33%, 고등학교 교육용 기초한자는 89.1%로 평균수치는 88.22%이다. 교육용 기초한자의 분석결과는 중국의 상용한자와 비교하여, 새로운 한자교육 방법론의 인식은 물론 중국어와 한자의 학습자에게 현대한자의 새로운 한자 학습 방법론을 익히게 할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 한국의 한자규범화 및 교육용 기초한자 선정에도 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다. This study attempts to analyze the components of the basic Chinese characters chosen for secondary education by Korean Ministry of Education. In teaching Chinese characters, it is essential and effective to help students discern and recognize the component elements of each character and how they are structured. Drawing upon Wangning’s theory of character structure and shape among well-known theories of Chinese character construction including Xushin’s “liushufa” and Qiuxiqui’s “sanshushuo,” this study analyzes the components of the 1,800 Chinese characters recommended to be taught in middle and high schools in Korea. The analysis finds out that there are five major categories of component, including 表義, 標示, 表形, 示音, 記號(biaoyi, biaoshi, biaoxing, shiyin, jihao). More specifically, the first analysis finds 489 direct component parts in the 900 characters for middle school education, and 554 direct component parts in the 900 characters for high school education. Since there are 291 component parts that appear in the list of characters for both middle school and high school students, the study concludes that there are a total of 752 direct component parts in the 1,800 characters designated for secondary education in Korea. The study also finds out that there are 335 basic component parts in the list of characters for middle school students, and 356 basic component parts in the list for high school students. In the entire list of characters for secondary education, there are a total of 463 basic component parts, which include 229 basic component parts that appear in both lists. It is also found out that there are 7 types of construction model(构形模式) in the list for secondary education, which includes “全功能零合成字, 會義合成字, 音義合成字, 標義合成字, 形義合成字, 義記合成字, 聲記合成字” (Quangongnenglinghechengzi, yinyihechengzi, biaoyihechengzi, xingyihechengzi, yijihechengzi, shengjihechengzi). 87.33% of the listed characters for middle school and 89.1% of the list for high school can be recognized in terms of character construction, averaging out at 88.22%. The results of this analysis, if productively compared with the similar case in China for reference, will help facilitate more effective development of Chinese character education and design better policies for standardizing and selecting essential Chinese characters for secondary education in Korea.