루마니아어와 한국어에서 나타나는 성별 언어의 정체성 비교연구

엄태현 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 동유럽발칸연구소 2018 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.42 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine theoretically linguistic differences according to gender, focusing on the characteristics of female language. Romanian and Korean linguistic phenomena are compared, eventually extending the theoretical basis and promoting an understanding of the female language. In the theoretical approaches, I divided female language into two groups: one being the language spoken by women and the other spoken to women. Particularly, I gave special attention to the mechanism by which linguistic characteristics according to gender differences interact in society. In general, recognition of the characteristics of the female language is mainly attributed to recognition of the male language as the standard, and it seems that the basis of such recognition is based on traditional ideas of gender discrimination. In addition, language seems to have formed a link that reproduces and extends gender discrimination. Regarding language characteristics of Romanians and Koreans, I reaffirmed the relationship between language and society mentioned above. Gender discrimination is similar for both languages, but it appears to be more severe in Korea. Linguistic changes in both countries indicate that the gender difference is maintained by power, and competitiveness is becoming more evident. Today’s gender conflicts can be interpreted on the surface as sexual conflicts; however, on a deeper level, they are conflicts arising from changes in the power structure. 본 연구의 목적은 여성언어의 특징을 중심으로 성에 따른 언어적 차이를이론적으로 고찰하고 이를 루마니아어와 한국어 현상에 대입하여 교차 비교해봄으로써 여성언어에 대한 이론적 기반을 넓히고 동시에 두 언어에서나타나는 여성언어에 대한 이해를 높이는데 있다. 본 연구는 여성이 발화하는 언어와 여성을 대상으로 하는 언어로 구분하여 접근하였다. 일반적으로 여성언어의 특징이 유표적으로 인식되는 것은남성언어가 기준으로 인식되기 때문이며 그 인식의 기반에는 성차별적인오랜 관념이 자리 잡고 있는 것으로 보인다. 또한 그 언어는 다시 사회적으로 성차별적 관념에 영향을 미치는 확대 재생산의 연결고리가 형성되어 있는 것으로 보인다. 루마니아어와 한국어에서 나타나는 현상에서 앞서 언급한 언어와 사회의 관계를 재확인 할 수 있었다. 두 언어 모두 성차별적인특징은 유사하지만 한국어에서 좀 더 심한 정도로 나타나는 것으로 보인다. 성별 언어는 과거에 비해 좀 더 평등한 방향으로 변해가는 것으로 보이며 이는 성차가 하나의 권력으로 공고히 유지되던 사회가 좀 더 경쟁적으로변화하는 있다는 점을 시사하는 것으로 해석된다. 오늘날의 남녀갈등은 표면적으로는 성의 대립이지만 심층적으로는 권력 구조의 변화에서 오는 갈등으로 해석할 수 있기 때문이다.

언어상대성 가설에 대한 재조명

권연진 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2019 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.60

Language affects people’s thought, lifestyle, world view, values, and behavioral styles beyond just communication tools. This means that if we use different languages, we can have different ways of thinking or behavior. Therefore, language, thought, and culture have close interconnection, and we can not understand culture without considering language. Interconnection between language, thought, and culture have been discussed in terms of linguistic universals and language relativity. In terms of linguistic universality, there are universal traits in all languages, regardless of specific cultures. On the contrary, in terms of linguistic relativity, different cultural characteristics appear in each language, and individual native speakers think in different ways. In this study, we focus on the interconnection between language, thought, and culture from the viewpoint of linguistic relativity. And as objective evidences of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, we examine lexical, grammatical, and cognitive linguistic aspects. Finally, we reexamine the linguistic relativity hypothesis by looking at some Korean data. 언어는 단순히 의사소통의 도구를 넘어서 언어를 사용하고 있는 사람들의 사고방식이나 생활방식, 세계관, 가치관, 행동양식에까지 영향을 미치며 심지어 민족성을 반영하기도 한다. 이것은 서로 다른 언어를 사용한다면 서로 다른 사고방식이나 행동양식을 가질 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 언어와 사고, 그리고 문화는 밀접한 상호연관성을 지니고 있으며 언어를 고려하지 않고서는 문화를 이해하기 어렵다. 또한 문화를 배제하고서 언어를 이해하는 것은 거의 불가능한 실정이다. 언어와 사고, 그리고 문화와의 상호연관성에 대해서 언어보편성(linguistic universals)인 관점과 언어상대성(linguistic relativity)인 관점에서 논의되어 왔는데, 언어보편성의 측면에서 본다면 모든 언어에는 특정 문화와 상관없이 공통적이고 보편적인 요소와 특성들이 존재한다는 것이다. 이와는 반대로, 언어상대성의 측면에서 본다면 개별언어마다 서로 다른 독특한 문화적 특징이 나타나며 서로 다른 모국어 화자들은 언어가 서로 다르기 때문에 서로 다른 방식으로 사고한다는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 언어와 사고, 그리고 문화와의 상호연관성에 대해서 언어상대성의 관점에서 독일 언어철학자 Humboldt와 미국 인류학자인 Sapir와 그의 제자인 Whorf를 중심으로 살펴본다. 그리고 언어상대성 가설에 대한 객관적 증거로서 어휘적인 측면과 문법적인 측면, 그리고 인지언어학적 측면에서 고찰한다. 마지막으로 한국어가 한국인의 사고방식 내지는 행동양식과는 어떤 상관성이 있는지를 높임법, ‘나’가 아닌 ‘우리’라는 어휘의 사용, 그리고 친족어를 중심으로 살펴봄으로써 언어상대설 가설을 재조명하고자 한다.

간호학 용어의 언어학적 고찰

조남신 ( Nam Shin Cho ),길숙영 ( Suk Yong Kil ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2017 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.75

Human beings develop their thoughts and build their own unique culture based on their native language. Thus, how to accept foreign terminology is not merely a personal issue of the specialists on the subject. In the nursing education, it requires for the students to make unnecessary efforts and impedes an access to Nursing, because it takes a lot of time to understand nursing terminology rather than the contents of Nursing. It is because the burden of the learners is inevitably increased, when difficult terminology or unclear terms are extensively used in the nursing education and nursing practice.

사고 범주와 언어 범주 : 뱅베니스트와 언어결정론

서종석 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2024 언어와 언어학 Vol.- No.106

In his paper entitled Catégories de pensée et catégories de langue written in 1958, Émile Benveniste criticized the deeply entrenched notion that thought and language are two fundamentally different activities. Through linguistic analysis, Benveniste argued that Aristotle's categories of thought reflect the grammatical structure of ancient Greek, his native language. His argument was criticized by many philosophers, most notably Jacques Derrida, for being an example of linguistic determinism, which sparked fierce controversies. However, this criticism appears to fundamentally misread Benveniste's linguistic stance on the relationship between thought and language. By reviewing other papers written by Benveniste regarding the relationship between thought and language, this study demonstrates that thought is not language from his perspective and must be understood independently of individual linguistic structures. As such, Benveniste did not argue for linguistic determinism, which reminds us of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

드니 빌뇌브의 〈컨택트〉에서 드러나는 비선형적 시간 지각과 자유의지의 문제

박영석(Park, Young-seok) 한국영화학회 2018 영화연구 Vol.0 No.75

본 논문은 드니 빌뇌브 감독의 SF 영화 〈컨택트〉(2016)에서 드러나는 비선형적 시간관과 이와 관련된 문제의식을 원작 소설인 테드 창의 「네 인생의 이야기」와 함께 분석한다. 두 작품의 주제는 비선형적 시간 지각을 기반으로 형성되는 ‘미래의 기억’이라는 역설이다. 이 개념의 핵심은 그것이 주체의 ‘정신 안’에서 벌어지는 일이라는 점에 있으며, 그 심층적 의미는 질 들뢰즈의 시간철학을 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. 반복을 응시하는 주체의 정신 안에서 지각되는 차이로부터 시간을 사유하고, 시간의 역설들과 ‘순수 과거’(passé pur)와 관련된 논증을 통해 시간의 종합을 구성해내는 들뢰즈의 철학은 본고의 시간론의 핵심을 이룬다. 〈컨택트〉에서 인간이 현재와 미래를 동시적으로 지각할 수 있게 되는 매체는 바로 언어이다. 외계인 ‘헵타포드’의 언어는 본질적으로 비선형적이고 시간에 독립적인 성격을 가지며, 세계를 목적론적으로 지각하는 사고체계에 기반을 둔다. 여기에는 새로운 언어를 배우는 일이 인간의 뇌와 사고방식에 근본적인 변화를 준다고 믿는 ‘언어 상대성 가설’의 영향이 있다. 이 영화에서 비선형적 시간 지각을 통해 제기되는 문제의식은 다음과 같은 질문으로 귀결된다. 당신의 인생이 어떻게 흘러갈지, 누구와 만나고 사랑하고 이별하며 결정적으로 언제 죽음을 맞이할지 완전히 안다면, 당신은 무엇을 할 것인가? 이 질문은 결정론과 자유의지의 대립이라는 난제와 관련되는데, 본 논문에서는 〈컨택트〉의 내러티브를 자세히 분석함으로써 이에 대한 논증을 시도한다. The objective of this study was to examine the nonlinear perception of time and related critical issues presented in Denis Villeneuve’s SF film Arrival, based on its original fiction Story of Your Life by Ted Chiang. These two works are a paradox of ‘future memory’ established in the nonlinear perception of time. The core of this perception is the fact that the future memory occurs ‘within subject’s mind’ and its in-depth meaning can be traced with Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy of time. The core of this study’s time theory consists of the philosophy of Deleuze who thinks over time with the difference perceived within the mind of subject who stares at repetition, and composes the syntheses of time through time paradox and ‘passé pur-related’ argumentation. In Arrival, the medium with which human beings could perceive present and future simultaneously is the very language. The language of alien ‘Heptapods’ is essentially nonlinear and independent from time, and based on the system of thinking which perceives the world teleologically. And there is the influence of ‘linguistic relativity hypothesis’ which believes that to learn a new language fundamentally changes human brain and way of thinking. The critical issue posed through the nonlinear perception of time in this film can be concluded by following question: If you completely know ‘what is your destiny of life, whom do you meet and fall in love with, and separate from, and when you die’, then what do you do? This question is related to the difficult issue of confrontation between determinism and free will, and this study examines this issue based on the detailed analysis of narratives of Arrival.

Sapir-Whorf 가정. W. v. Humboldt의 언어적 세계관과 비교됨

홍승우 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 2003 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.32

This paper shows difference between the hypothesis of the linguistic world view by W. v Humboldt and that by B. L. Whorf, which have been known to be similar on their objectives. A critic arguing against Humboldt's view says that it takes the view of a linguistic determinism, which is unacceptable. In other words, diversities of particular languages can never determine human thoughts from the beginning. Universality of languages and translatability are used as disproof in the critic. However, it is overlooked that Humboldt also says that our thoughts "are dependent on a language at all" and "determined by each particular language" only at a certain degree(IV-21). Furthermore, we must notice the fact that a language is not a closed but a opened system. After all. what is understood on the concept of translation is not a meaning exchange but merely a notation one. Therefore, the argument of the translatability refers to a notational level, while the hypothesis of the linguistic world view takes a sight of a semantic level. In sum, there is neither any relation nor contradiction between the thesis of the linguistic world view and the argument of the translatability.

잔지바리 문화의 반영체인 스와힐리어: 언어결정론에 대한 어휘적 접근

김문수 ( Moon Soo Kim ) 한국커뮤니케이션학회 2004 커뮤니케이션학연구 Vol.11 No.1

외국인 학습자에 대한 문예교육에 선행해야 할 이질문화의 언어적 이해 -한,중 죽음 어휘에 대한 언어결정론적 접근

김진호 ( Jin Ho Kim ) 단국대학교 한국문화기술연구소 2011 한국문화기술 Vol.11 No.-

This paper attempts to highlight the significance and importance we may attach to a cross-cultural understanding of language in the course of a literary education of Korean as a foreign language for foreign students. Since language is closely linked to the influence of culture on the perception, value orientations, ways of expression, and behavior patterns of the people enjoying that culture, language is inseparable from culture. Undeniably, a proper understanding of the culture inherent in the language of a people is prerequisite to the efficient teaching of literary works as a cultural product of the people using that language. According to Linguistic Determinism, or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, there are two kinds of approach toward the problem of the long-debated language and culture relationship: one is that the language of a people is determined by, or reflects, their culture and the other that the language of a people determines and moulds their culture. In this paper, we have conducted a lexical approach to the relationship of language to culture and thought within a framework of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Especially, through an overall survey of the specification and differentiation found in death-related vocabulary words, Korean and Chinese, we have proved that cultural awareness supposedly achieved in the course of a proper understanding of focal areas of cultural emphasis may contribute greatly to the success in a literary education for foreign students of language.

《몽어유해(蒙語類解)》에 나타난 친족어휘의 민속학적 연구

박환영 ( Hwan Young Park ) 한국알타이학회 2004 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.14

With the aid of Mongoyuhae it is possible to reconstruct the Mongolian terminology that was used to identify kin members in the eighteenth century and earlier. As shown in Mongoyuhae, according to the system of the eighteenth century, Mongolian kinship extends for nine generations, from four generations previous to ego and to the four generations after ego. This kinship system shows these nine generations in a vertical line, beginning at the top with the founder of the kin group (töröl övög), and extending through the nine generations of the patrilineal line from the great great grandfather (hulants övög) to the great great grandson (guch). In the eighteenth century, paternal uncles and aunts(the father's siblings) were terminologically differentiated from their maternal counterparts. Whereas kin terms for affinal kinsmen demonstrate some of the characteristics of eighteenth century Mongolian kinship. The use of kin terms in what we might call the “descriptive mode” is visible in some cases. In addition, there was a tendency in eighteenth century Mongolian society to employ elaborate kin terms such as hüü, ach, jich and guch patrilineal descendants (e.g., son, grandson, great grandson and great great grandson). This tendency suggests that Mongolian society at that period had a strong sense of patrilineal descent than it does now.

다코다어에 나타나는 문화: 수우(Sioux)인디안 문화의 중심어휘영역

김문수 ( Moon Soo Kim ) 한국커뮤니케이션학회 2008 커뮤니케이션학연구 Vol.16 No.4

This paper deals with the relationship of the Dakota language to the culture of the Dakota aborigines-focused on the vocabulary of cultural emphasis. Today the Sioux aborigines are known to number about 75,000; most of whom live on reservations in North and South Dakota, and Nebraska. The purpose of this research is to filter focal points of Siouan culture through lexical data of Siouan cultural emphasis, which have turned out to comprise highly specified terms of knife-aided cutting actions and those of different phases of the moon. The present writer herein comes up with a glimpse of a lexically observable spectrum of the Siouan culture inherent in the Dakota language. Some focal areas of Siouan culture found in the Dakota language seem to reflect the tribe`s nature-oriented ways of living and awareness of the importance attributed to their long-established habit of relying on their daily use of knife for sustenance.