아베쟈네다상가의 형성과 아르헨티나 한인의 종족공간 만들기

송지영(Song, Jiyoung) 도시사학회 2021 도시연구 Vol.- No.27

이 논문은 부에노스아이레스의 의류 도매상가인 아베쟈네다상가가 아르헨티나 한인사회를 대표하는 종족공간으로 되는 과정을 아르헨티나 한인사회의 발간물과 아르헨티나 한인 상인의 구술을 통해 고찰하고자 했다. 아울러 아르헨티나 한인사회에서 아베쟈네다상가가 갖는 종족공간으로서의 의미를 포착하고자 했다. 1965년 1차 계약이민을 계기로 형성된 아르헨티나 한인사회는 경제적인 성장을 이루었다. 이주 초기 가내 의류봉제 하청업자였던 한인은 점차 도매상으로 변화하게 되면서, 온세상가를 거쳐 아베쟈네다상가로 확산되었다. 한인상인의 경제력 향상은 자연스럽게 한인의 주거와 경제활동 장소를 분리시켰다. 이 과정에서 아르헨티나에서 전통적으로 한인촌의 지위를 갖고 있던 백구지역은 약화되었고, 급기야 백구지역 주변부의 슬럼화로 한인사회에서 ‘위험한 공간’으로 간주되면서 한인사회의 경제중심지는 아베쟈네다상가로 옮겨갔다. 한인들이 아베쟈네다상가에서 다양한 종족관계를 경험하게 되면서, 상가는 종족공간화 된다. 특히 2006년 루이스 비알레 화재사건이 종족갈등으로 변모되면서 아베쟈네다상가 한인 상인들은 연대하고 아베쟈네다상가가 종족 공간의 성격을 보이는 계기가 되었다. 또한 백구지역의 부정적인 이미지는 아르헨티나 한인사회를 상징하고 대표할 새로운 공간을 필요로 했다. 한인들은 축제와 각종 대외사업 등을 통해 상가를 기반으로 아르헨티나 사회에 종족성을 드러내고 아베쟈네다상가를 종족공간으로 만들고 있다. This study explores the ways in which the Avellaneda Fashion District of Argentina, previously a Jewish residential area, developed into a clothing wholesale district driven by Korean immigrants. By closely reviewing Korean immigration documents and multiple sources, including interviews of Korean immigrants, this study highlights the sociocultural, historical, political, and economic implications of the appropriation of the district as a Korean ethnic space. In 1965, the first Korean indentured immigrants settled down in Argentina. Since then, the Korean ethnic community has experienced dramatic rise and fall mirroring the textile industry. Those who initially subcontracted to Jewish merchants selling domestically produced garments became wholesalers and gradually expanded into the Jewish residential area via Once Street. However, as the economic power of Korean immigrants improved, home-based small factory transferred into wholesaler with manufacturing factories at the business area. It resulted in the first Korean town to become shrunken and notorious as a ‘dangerous space’ as the consequences of the ghettoization of the neighborhood area of Paekku and the relocation of the Korean textile business’s economic hub to Avellaneda Fashion District. Meanwhile, the emergent ethnic space also developed in the process of contesting with other ethnic groups. In 2006, there was a fire accident in Louis Viale escalated ethnic conflict between a Korean merchant and Bolivian immigrants. It was this event that brought together the Korean merchants of the district in solidarity to resolve the case and establish the foundation for a Korean ethnic space. Korean immigrants have then continuously reinforced their cultural presence in the district by hosting ethnic festival, carrying out field survey and implementing various projects.

부에노스아이레스 라틴아메리카 미술관(MALBA) 소장품 연구

신혜성 ( Shin Hye Sung ) 한국기초조형학회 2021 기초조형학연구 Vol.22 No.3

소장품 상설전의 비중이 큰 미술관의 경우 어떤 작품들로 소장품을 구성했는지, 어떤 방향으로 소장품을 확장하며 전시하는 지가 미술관의 운영 취지를 가장 잘 드러낸다. 부에노스아이레스 라틴아메리카 미술관(MALBA)은 세계화와 동반한 문화 다원주의를 추구하는 동시대 미술의 관점에서 라틴아메리카의 지역 정체성을 기반으로 소장품을 수집했다. 이에 본 논문은 2001년 에두아르도 코스탄티니(Eduardo Costantini)가 설립하여 현재 라틴아메리카 지역을 대표하는 현대 미술관으로 자리 잡은 MALBA의 소장품에 대해 연구한다. MALBA 소장품을 파악하기 위하여, 이 연구는 소장품 확충의 예로 안토니오 베르니(Antonio Berni)의 벽화 <코야 시장>의 사례와 소장품 전시의 예로 개관 15주년 기념 전시였던 ‘베르보아메리카’의 사례를 분석한다. 첫째 베르니 벽화 복원의 사례는 미술관이 단순한 구매가 아닌 발굴의 방식으로 소장품을 확충할 수 있다는 점을 증명했다. MALBA는 시골 주택에 방치되어 있던 벽화를 매입한 후 미술관으로 옮겨와서 복원했고, 학술 연구를 통해 이 작품에 미술사적 지위를 부여했다. 이 작품을 상설 전시장에 안치하고 대중에게 소개하면서 작품의 새로운 가치를 창출해냈다. 둘째 ‘베르보아메리카’의 사례는 MALBA가 탈식민주의적 선회에 초점을 맞춘 전략적 큐레이팅을 가미한 소장품 전시를 시도했음을 보여준다. 이 전시는 기존 소장품 전시와 차별화하기 위해 비평적 재해석을 강조하며 전시 디스플레이에도 파격적 변화를 시도했다. 하지만 소장품의 가치 제고를 우선시하는 사립 미술관에서 가능한 수준의 변주에 머물렀다는 조건적 한계도 드러냈다. 본 논문은 경제 사정이 좋지 않은 라틴아메리카에서 20여 년간 미술관을 성공적으로 운영해온 MALBA의 추진력과 대중성을 높게 평가한다. 이런 성과는 지역 정체성에 기반한 소장품 구축과 상설전을 미술관 운영의 근간으로 삼았기에 가능했다고 본다. In the case of permanent collection-driven museums, the purpose of the museum operation is best revealed in the contents of their collection and in the direction to which the collections are extended and exhibited. MALBA(Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires/ Latin American Art Museum of Buenos Aires) has collected artworks based on the local identity of Latin America from the viewpoint of contemporary art pursuing cultural pluralism along with globalization. This essay is a study on the collection of MALBA, founded by Eduardo Costantini in 2001 and now is a representative modern art museum in Latin America. To identify MALBA collection, this study analyzes the example of expanding collection ; Antonio Berni's mural Colla Market, and the example of exhibiting collection ; Verboamérica, an exhibition commemorating the 15th anniversary of its opening. The first example of Berni's mural proves that the museum could expand its collection not by simply buying but by discovering. MALBA purchased the mural abandoned in a rural house and brought it to the museum to restore, and subsequently conferred the art-historical status to the mural through academic research. The mural is now placed in the permanent exhibition hall for the visitors, thereby the museum created new value of the artwork. The Second example of Verboamérica shows MALBA planned the collection exhibition with a curatorial strategy emphasizing the postcolonial turn. In order to differentiate from the existing collection show, they tried a new critical interpretation and an unprecedented change in exhibition display as well. Such a change, however, revealed a conditional limit of the private museums that the top priority of them is the value of its collection. This essay sets a high value on MALBA’s initiative and popularity successfully operated for about 20 years in the economically unstable Latin America, in that sense it could be said that the achievement was possible because MALBA holds on to the principles of managing the museum to build and show the collection on the local identity of Latin America.

로베르뜨 아를뜨의 '부어노스아이레스 애칭' 연구 -근대 저널리즘과 근대도시 부에노스아이레스-

조영실 한국스페인어문학회 2005 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.35

해항도시 부에노스 아이레스에 대한 19세기 초 영국인 여행가들의 편견어린 묘사

이협(Lee, Hyub) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2014 해항도시문화교섭학 Vol.0 No.11

This article is an attempt to analyze British travelogues of Buenos Aires in the early 19th century, especially focusing on Samuel Haigh’s Sketches of Buenos Ayres, Chile and Peru which manifests hostility to the indigenous culture. Buenos Aires a seaport city located on the mouth of Rio de la Plata has been the linking point of Latin American rivers and Atlantic Ocean for the past centuries. Originally founded by Spanish, the congenitally heterogeneous city was developed as a seaport, which was mainly led by the international trade. In the 19th century, British travelers to Buenos Aires wrote travelogues, which are the byproducts of colonizing project. The travelogues are often aimed at promoting the capitalist exploration of Latin America. Fundamentally modeled on Alexander Von Humboldt’s Personal Narrative of Travels, they were written partly from a negative viewpoint, which reflects the bias of the West-centered colonialism. Along with such capitalist vanguards, Haigh’s depictions of Buenos Aires are characterized by the devaluation of the colored races and their culture in favor of the implanted European cultures. The Indians and Mestizos, belonging to the low classes of Latin America, are depicted as barbarious, abnormal and inferior. He is also antipathic to modified European aversions like bull-fighting. By contrast, some aspects of Buenos Aires favored by Haigh are European. He highly evaluates the upper classes’ fashion following the trend of England and France. Their favor for the European styles reflects their wish to be identified with Europeans. The Spanish and Gothic styles of houses on the main streets are also favored by Haigh. The stark cultural contrast within Buenos Aires suggests what implications the heterogeneity bears in the international relations as well as the domestic society.

로베르또 아를뜨의 『부에노스아이레스 에칭』 연구 -근대 저널리즘과 근대도시 부에노스아이레스-

조영실 ( Young Shil Cho ) 한국스페인어문학회 2005 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.35

<해피투게더>: 영원히 상실된 사랑의 대상을 찾아가는 세 남자 이야기

김철권,임진수 부산대학교 영화연구소 2022 아시아영화연구 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the psychology of the homosexual main characters in the film <Happy Together>. The clues to understand their psychology are the words ‘Let’s begin again’ ‘a passport’, ‘a mirror’ ‘cigarettes’ ‘Iguassu Falls’ and ‘screaming’. In this paper, the film <Buenos Aires Zero Degree> is also analyzed because it shows the director’s intention and inner feelings that are not revealed in <Happy Together>, and the psychological rationale and the foundation of homosexual love are better revealed. The moment when Lai Yiu-Fai(Lai) accepts Ho Po-Wing(Ho)’s word “Let's start again” is the moment when his maternal protective instinct occurs. The idea that one should take care of the object of love is the core psychology of homosexuality. A Homosexual relationship in this context is the same as the relationship between a protective mother and a protected son in that the loving one stands in the mother's position and the loved one stands in the son's position through identification with the mother. Thus the one in the protective position gives all he has to the one in the protected position who he loves. It goes the same for Lai and Ho. Lai does all he can do to look after Ho. Protecting in this context means caring and it's also a kind of gift at the same time. The gift has the equivalent value of a phallus. The cigarettes in the film is a thing that replace the phallus. Therefore, homosexuals sit in the place of those who take possession of a phallus. The mirror shows narcissism at the heart of male homosexuality. Iguassu Falls can be regarded as a hole or a mouthpiece of Other through which the object of love escapes and lost forever. The reason why Lai is fascinated by the painting of Iguassu Falls and tries to go there is to unconsciously find the object of love that has been lost forever. Lai’s voice recorded in Chang’s recorder is a soundless, desperate screaming by the one who lost the object of love and is in despair. This is a scream for the first lost object. In summary, the film <Happy Together> shows the long, over all journey searching for an object lost forever.

호세 마르몰의 『아말리아』에 나타난 역사성

고혜선(Ko, Hye-Sun) 한국라틴아메리카학회 2012 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.25 No.2

Amalia, Jose Marmol’s novel, is considered as one of the major novels of romanticism due to its main them “love”. On the other hand it is considered to be a historical or political novel because it describes the political situation of mid-19th century Argentina. This essay focuses on how the history is reflected in the novel, as well as the difference between the author’s view and the real history of the narrated events. The main character derived from Argentine history is Juan Manuel de Rosas, governor of the province of Buenos Aires from 1829 to1835 and of the Confederacion Argentina from 1835 to 1852. During his first term, Rosas ruled with strict authority, but he enjoyed widespread support of the people because many had tired of the previously anarchic and disorderly situation. At the end of the term, the congress asked him to continue as governor but he refused to accept it without receiving a Suma del Poder Publico. Finally. the congress gave it to him, but he also requested the referendum to confirm it and got the support of the people. During his second term, his rule was imposed with greater strictness, and he repressed the leaders of the Unitarios and the members of the Asociacio de Mayo. These dissidents had to flee to neighboring countries like Uruguay. The novel describes the political situation of Argentina from May to October. Sometimes the author uses government documents, letters exchanged between the political figures, newspapers, and other sources which give historical value to the novel.

Current Discussions about Women and Trade in WTO

최혜선 전남대학교 법학연구소 2018 법학논총 Vol.38 No.4

In the history of the WTO, being influenced by the worldwide ‘Me Too’ movement, 118 members and observers endorsed a Declaration on women for the first time in December 2017. According to the Declaration, 118 members and observers agreed that they would report on progress towards implementation of the declaration. This Declaration is very meaningful because many countries will discuss gender equality regularly in the international and official place under WTO. As a post-Declaration action, the government procurement sector held a workshop on enhancing the participation of women entrepreneurs and traders in government procurement in June 2018. At the workshop, the WTO director general said that government procurement is one of the most effective tools that govern- ments have to support women led business. However, the government procurement sector has signigicant limitation on impacting all WTO members, because Agreement on Government Procurement is a Plurilateral Trade Agreement. The number of members joining the Agreement is limited now and moreover they are the countries who have already equal laws and systems between different genders. Since before the WTO endorsed the Buenos Aires Declaration, WTO members have been using their Trade Policy Reviews to highlight policy developments that contribute to gender equality. The EU and Iceland are representative members. Compared to the government procurement sector, the Trade Policy Reviews could be more useful if the Trade Policy Review is changed from a formal review to a substantive discussion. Through the Trade Policy Review, WTO members should be able to discuss and recommend each other’s trade policies. In the domestic regulation sector in service negotiation, a lively discussion about gender equality has taken place. The group led by Canada submitted a proposal to include gender equality provision to the service agreement. African countries and some Asian countries have been strongly opposed. It seems to be that they should change their unequal laws and systems totally after accepting this proposal. Now we have to try to persuade them to join the discussion. A slow and steady race to change is necessary.