조선전기 방방(放榜)의 교육정책적 의의

이원재 한국교육개발원 2013 한국교육 Vol.40 No.1

This study was designed to examine the aspects of the educational policy of Bangbang, the announcement ceremony for those who passed the civil service examination in the early Choson Dynasty. The results are as follows: 1) Bangbang was held to honor the successful candidates, and the government held the ceremony to encourage the students to study Confucianism and the Confucian classics. 2) The procedure of Bangbang was designed not only for the successful candidates, but also for their family members, to allow them to share in the honor. The king and all high-ranking officers were present at the ceremony wearing court dress, and the king bestowed examination certificates and imperial gifts, such as flowers, fruits, wines and sunshades, on the successful candidates. 3) Bangbang being such an honorable ceremony to join, the students were inspired by their family to study hard Confucianism and the Confucian classics to pass the civil service examination. 4) Nevertheless, the ultimate goal of Bangbang was only achieved in part as a tool to encourage education, since it has certain limitations as an educational ceremony. 본 연구는 조선전기 방방(放榜)에 전제되어 있었던 교육정책적 의의를 밝히고자 하는 것이다. 방방은 과거 합격자 발표 의식으로서 유가(遊街)나 은영연(恩榮宴) 등과 함께 합격자와 그 가족들로 하여금 영현(榮顯)의 체험을 하도록 하기 위한 목적을 갖고 거행되었다. 이처럼 방방은 단순히 합격자 명단을 공지하는 것이 아니라 일련의 의식(儀式)을 통해 합격자와 가족들로 하여금 최대한으로 합격의 영광을 향유케 함으로써 후생(後生)들의 향학심을 고무시키기 위한 의도가 깔려 있었다. 이런 이유 때문에 방방 의식은 소기의 효과를 거둘 수 있도록 극적인 요소들이 유기적으로 구성되어 있었다. 국가의 경축 행사 때만 착용하는 조복(朝服)을 입고 국왕이 임석하였으며, 특히 문무과의 경우는 종실과 모든 문과 백관이 시복(時服)이 아닌 조복을 착용하고 참석하였다. 이 의식에서는 엄숙한 일련의 절차에 따라 합격증이 주어졌을 뿐만 아니라, 어사화, 주과(酒果), 햇빛가리개 등이 하사되었다. 이와 같은 성대한 절차로 인해 당시에는 방방 의식에 참여하는 것을 일생의 영광으로 여겼다. 이로 인해 방방은 당시 학생들의 학업 의지를 고양시키는 계기가 될 수 있었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 당시 위정자들이 궁극적으로 기대했던 향학심의 확대를 통한 후생들의 교화(敎化)는 대체로 학생들이 학업을 과거합격을 위한 수단으로 여기는 부작용으로 인해 그 성공을 기대하기 어려웠다. 요컨대 조선전기 방방의 교육정책적 의의는 권학책으로서는 일정 부분 성과가 있었다 하더라도 교화책으로는 한계가 있었다고 할 수 있다.

조선시대 생원·진사의 방방 복식제도

진덕순(晉德順),이은주(李恩珠) 한국국학진흥원 2021 국학연구 Vol.- No.45

이 연구는 조선시대 유생이 생원·진사 시험인 소과에 입격하여 방방에 착용한 복식을 문헌과 유물ㆍ회화자료 등을 통해 살펴본 것이다. 조선 초기의 방방 복식제도는 영조 22년(1746)을 기점으로 변경되었는데 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 조선 초기 『세종실록』과 『국조오례의』에 생원·진사 방방 복식은 청의靑衣에 연두건軟頭巾을 착용하도록 규정하였는데 청의는 흑단령임을 확인하였다. 허리에는 도아絛兒를 착용하였으며 관모로 사용한 연두건은 연라건軟羅巾으로, 끈이 뒤로 내려오는 임종건林宗巾임을 확인하였다. 이후 영조 23년(1747)부터 영조의 명에 의해 연건軟巾·난삼幱衫·영대鈴帶를 생원·진사 방방복으로 착용하기 시작하였다. 검은 옷감에 종이를 배접하여 만든 연건은 복두幞頭라고도 하였으나 공복公服에 착용하는 복두와는 다른 형태임을 확인할 수 있었고 난삼도 녹색이나 옥색 겉감에 황색 안감을 넣고 검은 선장식을 두른 옷으로 앵삼이라고도 알려져 있었으나 앵삼은 소년 생원·진사가 착용한 옷으로, 난삼보다 밝은 색상이었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 영대는 일반 사대와 달리, 둥근 목제 구슬 4개가 꿰어져 있는 원형의 세조대인데 어깨나 팔에 걸쳐 사용하는 독특한 방식으로 착장함을 알 수 있었다. This study examined, through review of literature, relics, and paintings, etc., the costume of Confucian scholars in Joseon era who passed the sogwa exam for the ranks of Saegwon and Jinsa. The costume for successful candidates of the early Joseon was changed after the 22nd year of King Youngjo (1746) and the results were as follows. According to the Annals of King Sejong (Sejong-silok) and the Records on Five Ceremonies of the Country (Gukjo-o-rye-eui) in the early Joseon era, Saengwon and Jinsa were advised to put on a blue gown and a yellow-green color bandana at Bangbang ceremony, and the blue gown was especially confirmed to have been black danryeong. Around the waist, they put on dodae belt, and light-color bandana called yeon-du-geon, which was used as the official hat. The bandana was confirmed to have been imjong-gun, a type of yeonra-geon which had its stampede string fall behind the shoulder. After the 23rd year of King Youngjo (1747), Saengwon and Jinsa put on yeonggeon, nansam, and youngdae subject to the King"s order at Bangbang. Yeongeon was made with multi-layered paper affixed to black fabric, and was called bokdu. However, it was certainly not the same bokdu as the one which the Joseon officials typically wore for uniform garment. Nansam was made with green or jade-color fabric outside and yellow lining inside, with black point line around the body. It was also called aengsam, but aengsam was confirmed to have been lighter color and worn by younger Saengwon and Jinsa who were minor in age. As for youngdae, it was a round shaped waist belt with four wooden beads, unlike general sadae, and worn in a unique style that it was hung on the shoulder.

조선 초기 文科관련 의식의 운영과 그 의미—文科殿試儀註와 放榜儀註로 살펴본 朝鮮 國王의 위치—

안슬기 고려대학교 역사연구소 2012 사총 Vol.75 No.-

Mungwa jeonsiui (文科殿試儀, Court Rites Pertaining to the Palace Examination) and Bangbangui (放榜儀, Court Rites Pertaining to Successful Civil Service Examiners) can be regarded as the epitome of the court rites conducted by Joseon to actualize ideological politics that were rooted in Neo-Confucian cultivation. The jeonsiui (殿試儀) were civil service examination related court rites that were carried out amidst the presence of the king. The entrenchment of the notions contained in the Orye (五禮, Five Rites), which included the placing of the king in a position of predominance, from the foundation of the Joseon dynasty onwards led to the holding of the jeonsiui as a means to highlight the king's central role. The bangbangui (放榜儀) were court rites used to announce those who had successfully passed the palace examination on the auspicious day when the exam results were announced and to grant gifts such as hongpae (紅牌, certificate of successful completion of the palace examination), flowers, congratulatory table (wine and fruits), and ilsan (日傘, parasol) to the successful applicants. However, the bangbangui was a ceremony to praise a king who produced outstanding royal subjects rather than for those who successfully passed the palace examination. Based on an analysis of the Mungwa jeonsi uiju (文科殿試儀註, Book of Court Rites Pertaining to the Palace Examination) and Bangbang uiju (放榜儀註, Book of Court Rites Pertaining to the Awards Ceremony for Successful Palace Examiners) during early Joseon, and in particular of the status of the Joseon king, this study showed how the designers of the uiju (book of court rites) sought to actualize goals and significances for the court rites that went beyond the framework of the five rites. As such, desipte the Jeonsiui (殿試儀) and bangbangui (放榜儀), those who applied or passed the palace examinations were regarded as being secondary elements that could be used to further upgrade the predominance of the Joseon king, rather than as the main subjects of such court rites.

조선 초기 문과(文科)관련 의식의 운영과 그 의미

안슬기 ( Seul Gi Ahn ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2012 사총 Vol.75 No.-

Mungwa jeonsiui (文科殿試儀, Court Rites Pertaining co me Palace Examination) and Bangbangui (放榜儀, Court Rites Pertaining to Successful Givil Service Examiners) can be regarded as me epitome of me court rites conducted by Joseon to actualize ideological policies chat were rooted in Neo-Confucian culcivation. The jeonsiui (殿試儀) were civil service examination related court rites that were carried out amidst the presence of me king. The entrenchment of the notions contained in the Orye (五禮, Five Rites), which included the placing of the king in a position of predominance, from the foundation of the Joseon dynasty onwards led to the holding of the jeonsiui as a means to highlight the king`s central role. The bangbangui (放榜儀) were court rites used to announce those who had successfully passed the palace examination on the auspicious day when the exam results were announced and to grant gifts such as hongpae (紅牌, certificate of successful completion of the palace examination), flowers, congratulatory table (wine and fruits), and ilsan (日傘, parasol) to the successful applicants. However, the bangbangui was a ceremony to praise a king who produced outstanding royal subjects rather than for those who successfully passed the palace examination. Based on an analysis of the Mungwa jeonsi uiju (文科殿試儀註, Book of Court Rites Pertaining to the Palace Examination) and Bangbang uiju (放榜儀註, Book of Court Rites Pertaining to the Awards Ceremony for Successful Palace Examiners) during early Joseon, and in particular of the status of the Joseon king, this study showed how the designers of the niju (book of court rites) sought to actualize goals and significances for the court rites that went beyond the framework of the five rites. As such, desipte the jeonsiui (殿試儀) and bangbangui (放榜儀), those who applied or passed the palace examinations were regarded as being secondary elements that could be used to further upgrade the predominance of the Joseon king, rather than as the main subjects of such court rites.

조선시대 嘉禮 연구의 현황과 과제

박미선(Park misun) 한국사학회 2021 史學硏究 Vol.- No.144

본 논문은 기존의 嘉禮 관련 연구 성과들을 검토하고 앞으로의 과제를 고찰해 보기 위해 작성되었다. 먼저 조선전기 『세종실록』 「오례」 가례에서부터 조선후기 『국조오례통편』 가례까지의 儀註와 序例 항목을 중심으로 한 역사학 분야의 연구 성과들을 검토하였다. 가례 연구의 경향은 ① 가례 정비 방향에 대한 연구, ② 가례 항목 분류에 대한 연구, ③ 가례 개별 주제에 대한 연구로 유형화하여 정리하였다. 그리고 앞으로의 과제를 4가지 방향에서 제안하였다. This study is purposed to review the existing researches related to Garye and to consider future tasks. First, the study reviewed research achievements in the field of history, focusing on the items of Uiju and Seorye from Garye of 『Sejong Annals』 「Orye」in the early Choseon Dynasty to Garye of Gukjo-Orye-Tongpyeonin the late Choseon Dynasty. The trends in the study on Garye are categorized and organized into ① a study on the direction of Garye maintenance, ② a study on the classification of Garye items, and ③ a study on individual subjects of Garye. According to the research result, four tasks are presented; ① Following researches should be conducted on a kind of ‘Related Source Theory (典據論)’ on Uiju (Protocol) or ‘Epistemology (認識論)’ on the composition of Orye (The Five Rituals). ② In order to categorize the rites and ceremonies of Garye, the premise of the classification of national rituals should be examined in depth in relation to the planning of the Confucian country. ③ It will be necessary to consider the step-by-step setting of the scope of the study on Garye and the categories of ritualized ceremonies that are not included in the liturgical books. ④ It is required to draw a discourse on the Yechi/Yegyo society of Choseon in connection with the main discourses of the Choseon Dynasty as well as the continuous excavation of subtle topics.

전동지게차용 Bang-Bang 제어기 개발

배종일 (J. I. Bae ),김용성 (Y. S. Kim),심창수 (C. S. Sim) 한국동력기계공학회 2009 한국동력기계공학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.6

Generally, we made use of PID control for torque control, speed control and stability, Hence, dynamic characteristic of DC motor has been studied for stable drive and accurate speed control by many engineers. But, in this paper, we applied genetic algorithm to current control for robust control and stability. In conclusion, we prove that current control of genetic algorithm can be high efficiency.

소방방재청 자체평가체계의 개선에 관한 연구

임상규(Sang Kyu Rheem)(林庠圭) 위기관리 이론과 실천 2011 Crisisonomy Vol.7 No.1

This study aims at analyzing the National Emergency Management Agency's self-assessment system and applying the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Management's Criteria. The criteria of the Malcolm Baldrige model consists of 7 principles. The criteria for performance excellence are embodied in seven categories, as follows: 1. Leadership, 2. Strategic Planning, 3. Customer Focus, 4. Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management, 5. Workforce Focus, 6. Operations Focus, 7. Results. These seven kinds of criteria are focusing on the long-term organizational performance rather than fragmented and short-term organizational performance. By means of accordance with NEMA's BSC perspectives, minimizing the burden of performance management is expected to the model. Initially, the opposition members of the Malcolm Baldrige model can be occur, but through continuous improvement, quality management techniques for service improvement should be able to take root. And the critical success point is to find ways to operate Malcolm Baldrige model within the BSC system. 본 연구는 늘어나는 위기관리행정수요에 대한 대처로 출범한 소방방재청의 자체평가체계를 분석하고 그 개선책으로 1987년 미국의 상무부에서 제정한 말콤 볼드리지 국가상의 품질관리 모델의 적용방안과 기대효과를 탐색하였다. 말콤 볼드리지 모델은 총 7개의 평가기준으로 이루어져 있으며, 품질관리에 관한 원칙의 나열에 그치지 않고 고객만족과 직원의 참여를 증진시킬 수 있는 새로운 패러다임으로 진일보 할 수 있는 포괄적인 분석틀을 제공하고 있다. 7개의 평가기준은 첫째, 리더십, 둘째, 전략기획, 셋째, 고객 중심, 넷째, 측정, 분석 그리고 지식관리, 다섯째, 인적자원 중심, 여섯째, 운영 중심, 그리고 일곱째 경영성과로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 7 가지 평가기준은 균형성과표(BSC)와 마찬가지로 단편적이고 단기적인 조직성과에 초점을 두는 것이 아니라 장기적인 조직발전을 통한 성과의 개선을 도모한다는 특징을 지니고 있다. 소방방재청의 균형성과표(BSC)의 관점과 조화를 통해 새로운 평가모델의 도입으로 인한 구성원의 업무부담의 가중을 최소화하는 성과관리모형으로 기대한다

여성의 굴레에서 벗어나기: 팡팡(方方)의 소설 『在我的开始是我的结束』 『万箭穿心』을 중심으로

신진호 ( Shin Jin Ho ) 국민대학교 중국지식네트워크 2021 중국지식네트워크 Vol.17 No.-

Women's liberation and gender equality were the common manifestations as the feudal era ended and various forms of new systems were established. That is because the biggest victim in many countries around the world, which have maintained feudal systems for thousands of years, was none other than a woman. It is true that the contents of the damage came in various forms, from direct things that can be seen with the eyes to values and perceptions that permeate society as a whole. This study analyzed the reality and psychology of women living in Chinese society in the 20th-21st century, which is experiencing a rapid shift from feudal society to modern society, through a novel that depicts the delicate strokes of female writers representing the time. On the surface, it appears that so-called female liberation is taking place, at least under institutional support, in China under the socialist system, and is heading in that direction. The core of all these national policies is to remove the restraints that have been placed on women under the feudal system and recognize them as co-members of the national community. Nevertheless, in reality, women are exposed to as many events as women in feudal times, and in the process, they are living with large and small scars. It is the Fang-fang(方方)'s novel of the early 21st century that calmly shows its vividness without any exaggeration or investigation. In the thousands of years of Chinese history, the establishment of New China in 1949 was at least a rapid rise from the perspective of women's liberation. After the establishment of New China, women were legally allowed to participate in politics equal to men, and they were able to enjoy the same rights in election and education. Being able to work equally with men in improving women's status was a breakthrough in gender equality for women who have been discriminated against for thousands of years. It is the reality of Chinese women today that they are recognized as the country with the least discrimination between men and women in Asia after a steady effort. Has the women's problem been solved smoothly in China, which aims to become a Xiaokang(小康) society? The author has a skeptical view of this question. Problems of feudal, which had long been thought to be solved, are still holding women back. In a rapidly developing society, the standard for judging women is still 'beauty'. Or maybe it's gotten worse. A capable woman who dreamed of beautiful love, or a hardworking woman who tried to live hard through difficulties, were all weak women who were divided and frustrated in the face of hopeless reality.

경복궁 소방방재시스템 구축을 위한 GPR탐사 활용성 연구

신종우,오현덕,김대연 한국방재학회 2011 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.11 No.5

The fire-prevention system of the four major palaces, at which a considerable portion of the major architectures are concentrated, might be rated to be very inadequate. At present, the fire-extinguishing facilities at each structure are equipped with only a few extinguishers, so they're in acute need of the establishment of a systematic fire-prevention system. Accordingly, this study understood the installation risk consequent on the distribution scope of the buried cultural properties by each path on the basis of the design for fire-extinguishing piping paths which is in progress as a part of the establishment of the fire-prevention system of Gyeogbok Palace among the four major palaces. In this study, GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)-prospecting was used for the distribution of the buried cultural properties at major areas of Gyeongbok Palace. And we analyzed the buried cultural properties for risk of potentially damaging the historical site in time of installing fire-extinguishing piping through GPR survey results. The characteristic of this study is noteworthy in that it was done by linking up the establishment of the fire-prevention system of Gyeongbok Palace with GPR-prospecting of the buried cultural properties. This research hopes that GPR-prospecting method of buried cultural properties will be aggressively made the best use of an minimization damage of theirs through the further establishment of fire-prevention system for the structures in historical sites. 주요 건축문화재가 상당부분 밀집해 있는 4대궁 소방방재시스템은 열악한 편에 속한다. 이에 문화재청은 2010년부터 4대궁 건축문화재 소방방재를 위한 시스템을 구축 중에 있다. 본 연구는 4대궁 중에서 경복궁 소방방재시스템 구축의 일환으로 진행되고 있는 소화배관 경로 설계(안)을 기본으로 각 경로별 매장문화재 분포범위에 따른 설치위험도를 파악하기 위해 실시되었다. 경복궁 주요지역의 매장문화재 분포를 유적탐사(물리탐사)법 중 지하투시레이다(GPR, Ground Penetrating Radar) 탐사 방법을 사용하여 파악하였다. 지하 수평적인 탐사결과를 분석하여 소화배관 설치 시 유구 훼손 가능성에 대한 위험도를 파악, 이를 바탕으로 경로별 설치 위험도를 제시하였다. 또한 소화배관 설치 위험도에 따른 소화배관 경로의 수정․보완 뿐 아니라 지하 하부에 대한 매장문화재 고 분해능 영상을 제공함으로서 경복궁 주요지역 건물지 배치상황 등을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 이번 연구로 얻어진 매장문화재 분포 결과는 향후 경복궁 복원정비 시에 좋은 참조자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 이번 연구에서 유적탐사가 유적지(예 : 4대궁 및 국가사적지 등)의 건축문화재 소방방재시스템 구축과 관련된 연계성을 확인할 수 있었으며 향후에 문화재방재 및 매장문화재 훼손 최소화의 일환으로 유적탐사의 활용성이 높아지길 기대해 본다.

조선시대 방방(放榜)과 유가(遊街)에 관한 일고

김덕수 ( Kim Deok-su ) 한국고문서학회 2016 고문서연구 Vol.49 No.-

Existing researches on Gwageo(科擧) have been concentrated in the following aspects, such as type and writing of Gwamoon(科文) or the institutional history recorded in law books and the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty. Hence, the approach of life history and cultural history is insufficient, and so, It is not easy to reenact various ceremonies and the schedules related with Gwageo. Therefore, I examined the developing aspects of the phased schedules through time and space which were composed of Hoesi(會試), Chulbang(出榜), Bangbang(放榜), Saeun(謝恩), Alsung(謁聖), Yooga(遊街), Domoon(到門) making use of various books like the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, collection of works, diaries etc, and various typed ancient documents and pictorial data. And then I deduced the daily life of classical scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, and the understanding of the day``s persons on Gwageo through diverse anecdotes showing by each steps. It was reasonable that whole family`s attention was focused on taking Gwageo of descendants and relatives because the rise and decline of a family depended on continuous coming-out of applicants who passed the Gwageo. Passing Gwageo and Yooga were the most glorious moment not only to applicants but also to their parents, and it is a vary useful method for government to recommand study. Besides, Management on the human related network started substantially from the moment of passing Gwageo(科擧) because it was a first way for classical scholar to enter government service. Visiting and showing courtesy to the first placed winner of Gwageo with Dongnyon(同年) who passed Gwageo in the same time as soon as Chulbang came out, and maintaining Banghoe(榜會) for a life, paying attention to Bangjoongsackjang(榜中色掌) as well as the selection of Bangim(榜任), meeting influential people in the time of Yooga, and visiting chief officer of the area before doing Domoon, all kind of these motion are a way to consolidate the human related network. In particular, the chronic bad custom that chose mans of distinguished family and selected them for Saengwon(生員), Jinsa(進士), and the unreasonable tendency of Saengsamjinyook(生三進六) that differentiate mans of low-family and selected them for third ranked Saengwon, sixth ranked Jinsa were reformed by Yongjo(英祖) in 1747. It is clear for this reform to became significant turning point in the way of selecting talented person. However, the Banghoe which the first placed winner of Gwageo leaded has become obsolete, and the tradition that regarded the first placed winner of Gawgeo and Bangim as important was naturally disappeared.