汉语辅音教学中正音与正名的问题

?翼相(Eom Ik-Sang) 중국문화연구학회 2006 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.9

This article attempts to examine the exact pronunciations of some Mandarin consonants. It compares the places of articulation between z, c, s and d, t, n. It also clarifies the nature of retroflex sounds zh, ch, sh and r in particular. In addition, this article justifies the conventional names of some Mandarin consonants. Following the terms designated by the IPA, this article proposes to use more scientific and precise names of Mandarin consonants both in Chinese and Korean.

경구개음(硬口蓋音)의 음소(音素) 분석

김현 ( Kim Hyun ) 한국어문교육연구회 2003 어문연구 Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the procedure of analyzing palatal sounds [?, ?, ?'] into phoneme sequences /nj, sj, s'j/ in Korean. Although some words such as [na] : [?a], [p'εːs?] : [p'εː??] constitute minimal pairs, palatal sounds of these words are evaluated as /alveolar sounds + j / phonologically. If they are analyzed as palatal phonemes, it is impossible to generalize the fact that /?, ?, ?', j, w / can not proceed /u, o, i / and the fact that /?, ?, ?'/ can not proceed /j, w /, related to phonotactics. And related to alternation, it is impossible to formulate the rule changing /n, s, s'/ to /?, ?, ?'/ by means of distinctive features, although this rule needs phonological informations only.

현대 베트남어 한자음 종성 [k/c]와 [ŋ/□]에 관한 연구

이병운 ( Byung Woon Lee ) 부산대학교 과학교육연구소 2015 교사교육연구 Vol.54 No.4

This study aimed to investigate the phonological conditions of the palatal consonants [c/η] which derive from the velar consonants [k/ŋ] in the coda position in Vietnamese-Chinese sounds. These conditions were expected to be different from those of both Middle Chinese and Korean-Chinese sounds. For this study, the Middle Chinese and Korean-Chinese sounds were compared and contrasted. The research results showed the following: First, in Vietnamese-Chinese sounds, the palatal consonants [c/μ] appeared in the back position of front vowels [i/e]. Second, the coda of Vietnamese-Chinese appeared with both [c/μ] (palatal) and [k/η] (velar) after the vowel [a], while the coda of Vietnamese appeared with [æ, □, i□, Iε] (Middle Chinese sounds) as well as Middle Chinese back vowels [α, □]. Third, the coda of Vietnamese-Chinese palatal sounds appeared when the semivowel [j] was pronounced either after or before the core vowels in Middle Korean-Chinese sounds. Therefore, the most frequent Vietnamese-Chinese sounds in the coda position were [ε] or [j□] similar to the modern Korean-Chinese sounds. Consequently the [ε] in modern Korean changed from the Middle Korean sounds [aj], [Λj], which may help to infer that the coda of Vietnamese contains the semivowel [j].

한국어와 일본어 파찰음의 음향음성학적 특징 분석 - 마찰소음구간과 무게중심 분석을 중심으로 -

최영숙 한양대학교 일본학국제비교연구소 2014 비교일본학 Vol.31 No.-

한국인 일본어학습자가 습득하기 어려운 발음 중의 하나는 파찰음이다. 파찰음은 파열 직후에 바로 마찰이 일어나서 조음되는 음이다. 일본어 파찰음은 성대 진동의 유무에 따라서 유성파찰음 [ʣ, ʥ]음과 무성파찰음 [ʦ, ʨ]으로 나누어지고, 음운론적으로 대립하여 변별적 기능을 한다. 한국어 파찰음은 ‘ㅈ,ㅊ,ㅉ’가 있는데 일본어처럼 성대진동 의 유무가 변별적 기능을 하지 않는다. 본 연구는 한국어와 일본어의 파찰음의 음향음성학적 특징을 살펴보기 위한 목적으 로 일본어 도쿄방언화자 및 한국어 서울 방언화자의 파찰음 발화를 『praat 5363』을 이용하여 마찰소음구간과 무게중심을 중심으로 음향음성학적으로 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 한국어 파찰음은 후행모음의 음가에 따라 마찰소음구간의 길이가 유의하게 다르게 실현되었고, 무게중심은 후속하는 모음이 고모음일 경우 무게중심이 가장 높게 나타나기는 하였지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그리고 일본어 파찰음의 무게중심은 후행모음의 음가에 따라 유의하게 다르게 나타 나고, 무게중심은 일본어 파찰음의 조음위치를 설명하는 유용한 척도가 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. One of the pronunciation that are difficult for Korean learners of Japanese to master is the Japanese affricates. This study acoustically observed the affricate of the Tokyo dialect Japanese speaker and that of the Seoul dialect Korean speaker in order to examine the acoustic characteristics of the affricate in Korean and Japanese. This study was investigated in terms of 2 parameters, the duration of the frication noise and the center of gravity. The results of this study are as follows. First, the duration of the frication noise in Korean was manifested significantly variably depending on the sound value of the following vowel. In other words, the duration of the affricate was longer when the following vowel was a high vowel than when it was a low vowel. Additionally, the duration of noise for ‘ㅊ/ch/’ was the longest and that for ‘ㅉ/c’/’ the shortest. Second, the highest center of gravity of the affricate in Korean appeared when the following vowel was a high vowel; however, there was no statistically significant difference observed. Third, the duration of frication noise in Japanese appeared long in the unvoiced affricate than in the voiced affricate, and this showed that the unvoiced sound takes more breath than the voiced sound. Furthermore, the alveolar affricate manifested a longer duration of noise than the alveopalatal affricate, regardless of the vibration of the vocal cord. This is attributed to the fact that making the alveolar sound takes less time to move to the constriction point inside the oral cavity than the alveopalatal sound, taking a relatively short time for constriction. Fourth, As for the center of gravity in Japanese affricates, the results showed a significant difference according to the sound value of following vowels.

한,일 양언어의 음운축약현상의 음성학적 해석

최영숙 한국일본어교육학회 2005 일본어교육 Vol.32 No.-

Acoustic Cues to the Perception of the Place of Articulation in English Stops

Ahn, Mee-Jin 배재대학교 인문과학연구소 2005 人文論叢 Vol.22 No.-

이 논문은 영어 파열음의 위치자질을 인식하는데 필요한 음향 단서에 관한 연구이다. 실험의 결과는 페쇄단계, 파열, 기식음, 포만트 추이 각각 모두가 파열음의 위치자질에 대한 음향 단서임을 보여주고, 특히 이 인지 실험은 위치동화 등의 음운현상에 나타난 CV와 VC의 비대칭 현상도 설명해 준다. 그러나 무성파열음의 경우, 폐쇄나 파열, 기식 등의 단서를 제외하고 모음 부분만을 들려주었을 때에는 위치자질을 인식하는데 CV와 VC의 비대칭은 나타나지 않음을 보여준다. 또한 경구개 파열음의 위치자질의 인식에 있어서는 순음이나 치경음보다 파열 단서에 더 많이 의존한다는 결과를 나타낸다.

한국인일본어학습자의 일본어 파찰음의 음향음성학적 특징 분석

최영숙(Choi,Young-Sook) 동아인문학회 2015 동아인문학 Vol.32 No.-

한국인일본어학습자가 일본어 파찰음을 발음할 때 한국어의 간섭을 받아 어두에 오는 유성 치경파찰음을 무성음으로 구개음화하여 잘못발음하는 경향이 많다. 본 연구에서는 일본어 음성교육 현장에서 파찰음 발음지도에 활용하는 방안을 마련하고자 일본어학습자가 발음한 일본어 파찰음을 무게중심을 중심으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 일본어화자가 발음한 일본어 치경파찰음과 치경경구개파찰음의 무게중심 비율이 1:0.69로 나타났다. 일본어 파찰음의 무게중심 값은 ざ[ʣa]→つ[ʦɯ]→ず[ʣɯ] 순으로 나타나 ざ[ʣa]가 つ[ʦɯ]보다 앞에서 조음의 좁힘이 발생하고 있고, 그 다음으로 ‘ち[ʨi]・じ[ʥi]→じゃ[ʥa]・ちゃ[ʨa]순으로 나타났다. 일본어학습자가 발음한 유성 파찰음의 무게중심 값은 ‘ざ→じ→ず→じゃ’순으로 나타나고, 무성 파찰음에서는 ‘つ→ち→ちゃ’순으로 나타났다. 조음위치가 같은 치경음 ‘ざ’와 ‘つ’에서는 ‘つ’가 ‘ざ’보다 더 앞에서 발음되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 일본어학습자의 치경음과 치경경구개음의 무게중심 비율이 1:0.82로 나타나, 일본어 치경파찰음 ‘ざ[dza]’와 치경경구개 파찰음 ‘じゃ[ʥa]’를 구별할 때 조음의 좁힘이 발생하는 위치가 일본인만큼 상대적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 즉 한국인일본어학습자는 치경파찰음을 발음할 때 구강 내 협착 지점을 더욱 앞으로 하여 발음할 필요가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Japanese affricates oppose phonologically depending on vibration of vocal cords and, they are divided into voiced affricates [ʣ, ʥ] and voiceless affricates [ʦ, ʨ]. When trying to pronounce the Japanese affricates, Korean Japanese-language learners are interfered by Korean language and in terms of [dz] as in ‘ざ[dza], ず[dzɯ], ぜ[dze] and ぞ[dzo]’, the pronunciations of the voiced alveolar affricate which would come at the beginning of a word, the Korean Japanese-language learners often replace the pronunciations with these wrong sounds, it is difficult for Japanese-language learners to personally perceive where their tongues should be placed to correctly pronounce the affricates. This study analyzed Korean Japanese-language learners’ Japanese affricates concentrating on the center of gravity in order to offer references that would be favorably used for affricates pronunciation instruction in the field of Japanese pronunciation education. According to the findings, the rate of the center of gravity of Japanese alveolar affricate to the alveolo-palatal affricate that Japanese speakers have pronounced turned out to be 1:0.69. Values of the center of gravity of Japanese affricates were observed in order of ‘ざ[ʣa] →つ[ʦɯ] →ず[ʣɯ]’ and based on the fact, the study learned that for ‘ざ[ʣa]’, the location of its articulation point narrowing comes before where narrowing of the articulation point of つ[ʦɯ] occurs and, the order was continued in ‘ち[ʨi]・じ[ʥi] →じゃ[ʥa]・ちゃ[ʨa]’. Add to that, the center of gravity of the Korean Japanese learners’ voiced affricates was presented in order of ‘ざ[ʣa] →じ[ʥi] →ず[ʣɯ] →じゃ[ʥa]’ and regarding the voiceless affricates, the order came in ‘つ[ʦɯ] →ち[ʨi] →ちゃ[ʨa]’. Moreover, when it comes to the same alveolar consonants, ‘ざ[ʣa]’ and ‘つ[ʦɯ]’, the study figured out that ‘つ[ʦɯ]’ is pronounced before ‘ざ[ʣa]’. The study also noticed that the rate of the center of gravity of Korean Japanese-language learners’ alveolar consonants to alveolo-palatal consonants is 1:0.82 and as a consequence, the study confirmed that when trying to distinguish the Japanese alveolar affricate, ‘ざ[dza]’, from the alveolo-palatal affricate, じゃ[ʥa]’, Korean Japanese-language learners would less mind the differences in locations of the articulation point-narrowing compared to how much local Japanese people do. In other words, the study suggests that Korean learners should move the narrowing point in the mouth forward when trying to pronounce the alveolar affricates.

한국인일본어학습자의 일본어 파찰음의 음향음성학적 특징 분석-무게중심을 중심으로-

최영숙 동아인문학회 2015 동아인문학 Vol.32 No.-

한국인일본어학습자가 일본어 파찰음을 발음할 때 한국어의 간섭을 받아 어두에 오는 유성 치경파찰음을 무성음으로 구개음화하여 잘못 발음하는 경향이 많다. 본 연구에서는 일본어 음성교육 현장에서 파찰음 발음지도에 활용하는 방안을 마련하고자 일본어학습자가 발음한 일본어 파찰음을 무게중심을 중심으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 일본어화자가 발음한 일본어 치경파찰음과 치경경구개파찰음의 무게중심 비율이 1 : 0.69로 나타났다. 일본어 파찰음의 무게중심 값은 ざ[ʣa]→つ[ʦɯ]→ず[ʣɯ] 순으로 나타나 ざ[ʣa]가 つ[ʦɯ]보다 앞에서 조음의 좁힘이 발생하고 있고, 그 다음으로 ‘ち[ʨi]・じ[ʥi]→じゃ[ʥa]・ちゃ[ʨa] 순으로 나타났다. 일본어학습자가 발음한 유성 파찰음의 무게중심 값은 ‘ざ→じ→ず→じゃ’순으로 나타나고, 무성 파찰음에서는 ‘つ→ち→ちゃ’순으로 나타났다. 조음위치가 같은 치경음 ‘ざ’와 ‘つ’에서는 ‘つ’가 ‘ざ’보다 더 앞에서 발음되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 일본어학습자의 치경음과 치경경구개음의 무게중심 비율이 1 : 0.82로 나타나, 일본어 치경파찰음 ‘ざ[dza]’와 치경경구개 파찰음 ‘じゃ[ʥa]’를 구별할 때 조음의 좁힘이 발생하는 위치가 일본인만큼 상대적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 즉 한국인일본어학습자는 치경파찰음을 발음할 때 구강 내 협착 지점을 더욱 앞으로 하여 발음할 필요가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Japanese affricates oppose phonologically depending on vibration of vocal cords and, they are divided into voiced affricates [ʣ, ʥ] and voiceless affricates [ʦ, ʨ]. When trying to pronounce the Japanese affricates, Korean Japanese-language learners are interfered by Korean language and in terms of [dz] as in ‘ざ[dza], ず[dzɯ], ぜ[dze] and ぞ[dzo]’, the pronunciations of the voiced alveolar affricate which would come at the beginning of a word, the Korean Japanese-language learners often replace the pronunciations with these wrong sounds, it is difficult for Japanese-language learners to personally perceive where their tongues should be placed to correctly pronounce the affricates. This study analyzed Korean Japanese-language learners’ Japanese affricates concentrating on the center of gravity in order to offer references that would be favorably used for affricates pronunciation instruction in the field of Japanese pronunciation education. According to the findings, the rate of the center of gravity of Japanese alveolar affricate to the alveolo-palatal affricate that Japanese speakers have pronounced turned out to be 1:0.69. Values of the center of gravity of Japanese affricates were observed in order of ‘ざ[ʣa]→つ[ʦɯ]→ず[ʣɯ]’ and based on the fact, the study learned that for ‘ざ[ʣa]’, the location of its articulation point narrowing comes before where narrowing of the articulation point of つ[ʦɯ] occurs and, the order was continued in ‘ち[ʨi]・じ[ʥi]→じゃ[ʥa]・ちゃ[ʨa]’. Add to that, the center of gravity of the Korean Japanese learners’ voiced affricates was presented in order of ‘ざ[ʣa]→じ[ʥi]→ず[ʣɯ]→じゃ[ʥa]’ and regarding the voiceless affricates, the order came in ‘つ[ʦɯ]→ち[ʨi]→ちゃ[ʨa]’. Moreover, when it comes to the same alveolar consonants, ‘ざ[ʣa]’ and ‘つ[ʦɯ]’, the study figured out that ‘つ[ʦɯ]’ is pronounced before ‘ざ[ʣa]’. The study also noticed that the rate of the center of gravity of Korean Japanese-language learners’ alveolar consonants to alveolo-palatal consonants is 1:0.82 and as a consequence, the study confirmed that when trying to distinguish the Japanese alveolar affricate, ‘ざ[dza]’, from the alveolo-palatal affricate, じゃ[ʥa]’, Korean Japanese-language learners would less mind the differences in locations of the articulation point-narrowing compared to how much local Japanese people do. In other words, the study suggests that Korean learners should move the narrowing point in the mouth forward when trying to pronounce the alveolar affricates.

치음 /ㅅ/, /ㅈ/의 조음위치 이동 원인과 변화 과정

신승용 ( Shin Seung-yong ) 국제어문학회 2006 국제어문 Vol.36 No.-

In Hunminjeungeum `ㅅ, ㅈ` were recorded of dental sounds that was articulated after bilabial and before alveolar. After 16c, dental `ㅅ, ㅈ` had gone through change that its articulation position was shifted to alveolra. It was caused by merging `ㅅ` with `ㄷ` at syllable final position. By reason of the first shifting of `ㅅ, ㅈ`, the palatalization rule at phonetic level(/s/ → [∫] / ___{i, y}, /ts/ → [t∫] / ___{i, y}) was generated. As the result, the transcription of `ㅅyV` and `ㅅV`, `ㅈyV and ㅈV` appeared together. After the first shift of dental `ㅅ, ㅈ`, `ㅈ` had been shifted to palatal once more again. As the result, dental `ㅈ [ts]` changed to palatal `ㅈ[t∫]`. The reason of second shift of `ㅈ` is as follows. First, unmarked position of affricate was empty. Second, the palatalization at phonetic level accelerated rephonologization of `ㅈ`. Added to this, an alternation of `ㄷ` → `ㅈ` had made firm shift of palatal position of `ㅈ`.

유성기 음반 대중가요의 음운 현상

이유기 ( Yu Ki Lee ) 한민족문화학회 2007 한민족문화연구 Vol.23 No.-

The traditional study on the history of Korean-specially the history of phoneme-was the method which to chase the phoneme by literal language. But it is impossible literal language to reflect exactly the vocal language. The system of phoneme shows various phenomenon by an individual and region, and a phoneme shows various variation by the phonemic situation, But these phenomena don`t have reflected to the literal language. Therefore the vocal language which recorded on phonograph in 1930`s offers the turning point from the indirect study to the direct study on the history of Korean language. But the study on the history of Korean by the data in phonograph has not begun. Why not? The first reason is maybe the nearing of times. But the vocal data in phonograph is different in much points from the currrent Korean. The second reason is maybe that most researchers think the vocal data in phonograph has the value only in the sphere of phonology. But this is also incorrect preconception. The third is the preconception that the vocal data in phonograph will shows different shapes from ordinary language. But we traditionaly had regarded traditional song, for example Koreagayo, Kasa, Shizo. The forth is the lack of scintific equipment or the lack of competence to use it. But skilled researchers can easily discover much important facts in point of linguistic view only by hearing.