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안기섭,정성임,박상령 중국인문학회 2006 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.32
在古汉语能劃清词类界限的,唯有副词。名词、动词、形容词、量词、代词等的詞類能當主語․謂語․賓語․定語․補語,但副詞只當狀語。 本文以副詞的功能,即句子成分着眼,將《史記》裏出現的狀語分爲副詞狀語和非副詞狀語,以此探索古漢語副詞和實詞之間的界線,並通過狀語的詞類區分來尋找副詞分類的準則也試圖定為副詞的新框架。 本文的重點為以下幾點。 1. 副詞狀語和非副詞狀語的界限為狀語的實際用法。 1) 個別詞語的意項在一個句子裏只用於狀語,我們將它分爲副詞狀語。 2)個別詞語的意項在一個句子裏,用於非狀語的句子成分,我們將它分爲非副詞狀語,也就是名詞、动词、形容词、量词等。 2.因爲新的詞類歸屬,靠單詞意義的精簡和其功能、即句子成分,就總結了如下的古漢語副詞分類的新框架。 1) 程度副詞: 尤, 頗, 更等。 2) 範圍、相互副詞: 只, 咸, 皆, 悉, 但, 徒, 祗(秪), 直, 僅, 啻, 唯, 相, 互, 俱等。 3) 時間、頻度副詞: 已, 旣, 將, 方, 輒, 暫, 又, 嘗, 亦, 常, 卽, 剛, 頓, 乍等。 4) 情態、推測副詞: 固, 必, 寧(차라리), 庶, 幾, 蓋, 殆, 尙, 猶等。 5) 否定、應對副詞: 未, 否, 不, 弗, 非(匪), 唯(惟․維)等。 6) 反問副詞: 豈, 寧(爲何), 庸等。 7) 關係副詞: 乃, 則(卽), 却(卻), 且, 才(纔)等。 上述的歸為副詞的詞,除了‘只․啻[範圍、頻度], 祗(秪), 剛, 頓, 却(卻), 才(纔)[關係]’外,均見於《史記》。
金慶?(Kim, Kyoung Hye),趙恩英(Cho, Eun Young) 동아시아일본학회 2014 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.52
This study analyzed the difference between ‘tuini’ and ‘toutou’ based on Medium Frequency Verbs found on Newspaper Data. On the appearance trend in explanation, description and dialogues, ‘toutou’ was frequently appeared on dialogues, and High Frequency Verbs with Co-occurrences had high significance level. The meaning of “characteristic word”, ‘tuini’ was frequently used to describe abstract relationships and natural phenomena, and ‘toutou’ was used for human actions. In abstract relationships, ‘tuini’ was used to mark the status changes of people and objects and accomplishment level based on the standard, and ‘toutou’ was represented departures, arrivals, and people’s movement in space. For human activities, the two words had similar linguistic functions, but ‘tuini’ was used for showing people’s emotional changes and behaviors, and ‘toutou’ was represented the people’s movements. For natural phenomena, only ‘tuini’ was used for changes of environment, situations, and people.
TAKAHASHI MIHO 한국일본언어문화학회 2020 일본언어문화 Vol.51 No.-
This paper focuses on the features of the Japanese adjective “tashika-da” and the differences between two types of adverb “tashika-ni”. The adjective “tashika-da” changes its form to “tashika-na” as an adnominal, “tashika-da” as a predicate, and “tashika-ni” and “tashika” as an adverb, according to the function used in the sentence. When acting as an adjective, “takashi-da/na” has the original and lexical meaning which means /sure, certain/. The adverb “tashika-ni”has two types of usage. The one is called adverb of manner and the other is modal adverb. An adverb of manner “tashika-ni” occurs in front of a verb phrase and describes an event of the sentence in more detail, maintaining its lexical meaning of “surely, certainly”. On the other hand, a modal adverb “tashika-ni” is placed in the beginning of the sentence modifying a speaker’s mood, whereas it loses the lexical meaning /surely, certainly/ and the function of agreement works stronger. And also, a modal adverb “tashika-ni”can be used as a one word, expressing speaker’s agreement on a listener’s judgement.