「とか」에 관한 일고찰 -중고 중후기・중세 초기의 자료를 중심으로-

하주영 동아시아일본학회 2019 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.72

In this study, ‘とか’ was researched on the basis of the early Heian period monogataries and the former Middle Age period monogatary. The results are summarized as in below. In 『Utsuhomonogatari』, 『Genzimonogatari』 it was identified that ‘とか’ had been used as a compound postposition as in the example where case particle ‘と’+sub-particle ‘か’ (It’s callde ‘と’+‘か’ below.) was used in Ancient times and the latter Heian period. The examples of compound postposition ‘とか’ appeared to be significantly different from the examples of ‘と’+‘か’. In the formative examples where ‘と’+‘か’, it is used as ‘interrogative (interrogative expression) とか~guess auxiliary verb/joint type’ and the compound postposition ‘とか’ is used as ‘~とかいふ(申す, のたまふ)/思う, 聞く, ある, etc.’ in a format of ‘とか’. Also, there were examples where ‘とか’ and ‘とかや’ are used as a collocation, ‘なにとか(や)’. On the other hand, examples of ‘とかや’ were found three times more than the examples of ‘とか’ in 『Heikemonogatari』, and ‘とか’ was used only as ‘と’+‘か’. Also, it was only used in the middle of the sentence. However, ‘とかや’ appeared in the middle of the sentence as well as at the end of the sentence interchangeably.

일본인 남자대학생 대화에 나타난 「とか」의 담화상의 기능

이은미 ( Lee Eun-mi ) 한국일어일문학회 2016 日語日文學硏究 Vol.98 No.1

本硏究では日本人の男子大學生同士の會話における「とか」の使用樣相について談話上の機能を中心に調べた。その際, 日本人の言語使用に影響を與える主な要因の一つの親疎要因と絡めて定性的及び定量的に分析した。その結果を簡單にまとめると次のようである。 まず, 男子大學生の友達同士の會話に比べ, 初對面同士の會話において「とか」の使用割合がやや高くなっていた。「とか」の談話上の機能の使用樣相をみると, 男子大學生の友達同士の會話と初對面同士の會話ともに「とか」の基本的な機能である「例示」の機能より「發話緩和」の機能の使用割合がかなり高く, その傾向は友達同士の會話においてより顯著であった。佐竹(2013)では若者の會話の中で「とか」のようにある表現の基本的な機能ではなく「發話緩和」の機能として使われる現象を「ソフト化」と命名しているが, 「とか」は日本人の男子大學生同士の會話においては友達同士の會話において「ソフト化」の傾向がより顯著であると言える。一方, 「發話緩和」の機能を果たしている「とか」は男子大學生の友達同士の會話と初對面同士の會話において共通的に「話題導入」の時の使用割合が高かったが, 相對的に友達同士の會話においては「引用」の時に, また初對面同士の會話においては「その他」の時の使用割合が高いということが特徵的だと言える。本硏究の結果は日本人の男子大學生同士の會話という限られた場面とデ一タの數が少ないという点で一般化はできないものの, 若者同士の會話において「とか」は對話相手との円滑なコミュニ一ションを圖るための言語ストラテジ一として機能しており, その使用には親疎という要因が多少影響を與えていることが示唆されたといえるだろう。 In this study, discourse function of ``toka`` in the conversation between male university students focusing on the effect of interlocutors` degree of intimacy, was investigated. The results were summarized as follows. The ratio of ``toka`` was higher in the conversation between first-meeting people than between friends. For the discoures function of ``toka``, the ratio of ``mitigation`` was much higher than that of ``exemplification`` both in conversations between friends and between first-meeting people. This tendency was stronger in the conversation between friends. For the function of ``mitigation``, the ratio of the contexts of ``topic initiation`` and ``quotation`` was high in the conversation between friends, whereas the ratio of the contexts of ``topic initiation`` and ``others`` was high in the conversation between first-meeting people. From these results, it can be said that the factor of interlocutors` degree of intimacy influence the use of ``toka`` in the conversation between male university students.

対人関係の言語使用心理に対する一考察

李允?(이윤희) 한국일본어학회 2011 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.32

본고에서는, 일상회화에서 특히 빈번히 나타나는「っていうか」와「とか」의 용법을 분류하는 것으로, 그것들이 회화에서 어떤 기능을 하고, 대인관계에 있어서 언어사용심리와 어떤 관계가 있는지를 고찰해본다. 우선, 회화형식에 주목해서, 「っていうか」와「とか」를 출현위치에 따라서 분류했는데, 「っていうか」와「とか」가 문두, 문중, 문말에 전부 나타나는 것을 확인했다. 또, 회화내용의 의미에도 주목해, 그 하위분류로서 열거, 환언, 구체화, 예시, 인용, 불확실, 중단발화, 정정, 화제전환?도입, 잉여발화의 10종류를 「っていうか」와「とか」의 유사점이라고 보고, 각각의 고유한 특징과 기능을 분류했다. 회화에서의 「っていうか」와「とか」는, 열거, 환언, 구체화, 예시, 인용하는 것으로, 자신의 감정에 적절한 말을 찾거나 보충설명을 해서 상대방에게 보다 생생하게 전하고 불확실, 중단발화, 정정, 화제 전환?도입, 잉여 발화하는 것으로, 직접적인 표현을 피하고 책임을 회피하면서 자기주장을 전개하는 기능이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 「っていうか」와「とか」의 실현으로, 자신의 생각과 심정에, 보다 알맞은 말이나 표현을 찾아, 상대방에게 될 수 있는 한 충실히 이야기하고 싶은 한편, 우호관계를 해치지 않으려 스스로 회화의 흐름을 컨트롤하면서 대인관계를 완충시키려는 심리도 작용하였다.

対人関係の言語使用心理に対する一考察 -「っていうか」「とか」の用法分類を中心に-

이윤희 한국일본어학회 2011 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.32

本稿では、日常会話のなかで特に頻繁に現れる「っていうか」と「とか」の用法を分類することで、それらが、会話の中でどういう働きをし、対人関係における言語使用心理とどういう関係があるのかを考察する。まず、会話形式に注目して、「っていうか」と「とか」を出現位置に従って分類したところ、「っていうか」と「とか」が文頭、文中、文末に全部現れるということが分かった。また、会話内容の意味にも注目し、その下位分類として、列挙、言い換え、具体化、例示、引用、不確かさ、言いさし、言い直し、話題転換・導入、剰余発話の10種を、「っていうか」と「とか」の類似点と見なして、それぞれの固有の特徴と機能を分類した。会話の中での「っていうか」と「とか」は、列挙、言い換え、具体化、例示、引用することで、自分の感情に適切な言葉探しや、補足説明をして相手に生々しく伝えたり、不確かさ、言いさし、言い直し、話題転換・導入、剰余発話することで、直接な表現を避け、責任回避しながら自己主張を展開するという働きをするということが分かった。つまり、「っていうか」と「とか」の実現で、自分の考え、心情に、よりぴったりした言葉や表現を探して、相手にできるだけ忠実に話したいという思いがある一方、友好関係を損なわないように自ら会話の流れをコントロールしながら対人関係を緩衝させようという心理も働いているである。

여자대학생대화에 나타나는 「とか」의 사용양상 -친소요인을 중심으로-

이은미 한국일본언어문화학회 2015 일본언어문화 Vol.33 No.-

In this study, the use of ‘toka’ in the conversation between female university students with respect to the relationship between interlocutors’ degree of intimacy, was investigated. The results were summarized as follows. The ratio of ‘toka’ was higher in the conversation between friends than between first-meeting people. For the function of ‘toka’, both of conversations between friends and between first-meeting people, the ratio of ‘mitigation’ was higher than that of ‘exemplification’, and this tendency was stronger in the conversation between friends. For the specific context of ‘mitigation’, ‘toka’ is used for overwhelmingly high frequency in the context of ‘quotation’ in the conversation between friends, whereas ‘toka’ is used in more diverse contexts in the conversation between first-meeting people. Through this study, it was empirically revealed that the factor of the degree of intimacy influences the frequency of use of ‘toka’ and the function of ‘toka’ in the conversation between university students. Moreover, it may be said that ‘toka’ functions as a language strategy to maintain smooth communication with interlocutors.

談話レベルからみた「とか」用法 -発話末に位置する「とか」を中心に-

염미란 한국일본문화학회 2023 日本文化學報 Vol.- No.97

This study examines the “toka” particle at the end of speech, specifically in examples derived from everyday conversation. A total of 300 examples were analyzed and categorized into four groups:example usage, citation usage, blur usage, and emphasis usage. Based on this, we examined the discourse-level and semantic characteristics of the “toka” particle in end-of-speech positions. Furthermore, a notable characteristic of its use is the continuous appearance of discourse markers such as “nanka” that guides the conversation in an ambiguous manner. The semantic features of the “toka” particle include the ability to (ⅰ)express the speaker’s thoughts indirectly using the form of quotation, (ii) the ability to express the speaker’s opinion with rising intonation, (iii)and its classification as belonging to “other cognitive modalities” rather than being strictly evidence-based.

「とか」の意味機能に関する記述的研究

takahashi miho 한국일본어교육학회 2024 일본어교육 Vol.- No.110

本稿では、現代日本語のトカの意味機能を中心にその文法的な特徴を記述した。トカは「AとかB(とか)」の形で使用される並列使用の<例示>が基本的な意味機能である。単独使用の「Aとか」も<例示>を表わすが、婉曲表現や強調表現として使用されるトカの<擬似的な例示><強調的な例示>も若者言葉を中心に最近は多く使用される。そして、単独使用の<引用>のトカは意味的及び構文的条件により、<伝聞>や<可能性推定>の意味機能にもつながっていくことがわかった。この<可能性推定>の用法は、先行研究では取りあげられておらず、本稿の一つの成果と言えるだろう。最後に、日本語教育において、並列助詞の「とか」は初級文法の一つとして<例示>の用法が提示される程度で、その他の用法は取り上げられることが少ない。<伝聞>や<可能性推定>なども中上級の日本語学習者に教える必要があると思われる。 This paper describes the grammatical features of "toka" in modern Japanese, focusing on its semantic functions. "Toka" is basically used in the parallel form "A toka B (toka)," which has a meaning of an example. The usage "A toka", expressing only one element, also means an example, but the recent trend among young people has seen an increase in the use of "toka" for euphemistic expressions and emphatic examples, known as “pseudo-examples” and “emphatic examples”, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the usage of "A toka" as a quotation can lead to meanings related to ”hearsay“ and ”possibility estimation“ depending on the semantic and syntactic conditions. This use of “possibility estimation” has not been mentioned in the previous researches and I could say this is the one of the contributions of this paper. Lastly, in Japanese language education, the parallel paricle "A toka B toka" is typically introduced at the beginners’ level as an usage of “example function”, while other uses are rarely taught at classes. It seems necessary to teach meanings such as “hearsay” and “possibility estimation” to intermediate and advanced Japanese learners.

對人關係における「っていうか」「とか」「なんか」 -用法上比較を中心に-

이윤희 ( Yoon Hee Lee ) 한국일어일문학회 2011 日語日文學硏究 Vol.76 No.1

접촉 장면 대화에 나타나는 「とか」의 담화기능

이은미 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2016 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.40

In this study, discourse function of ‘toka’ in the contact situation between Japanese female native speakers and Japanese female non-native speakers was investigated. The results of this study were summarized as follows. In this study, the functions of ‘toka’ were classified into ‘exemplification’ and ‘mitigation’. In addition to, ‘exemplification’ was subdivided into ‘enumeration’, ‘representation’ and ‘specification’, and ‘mitigation’ was subdivided into ‘topic initiation/topic switching’, ‘expression of opinion’, ‘expression of emotion’, ‘quotation’, ‘uncertainty’ and ‘others(surplus)’. Female Japanese non-native speakers used slightly more ‘toka’ than female Japanese native speakers in the contact situation. For the discourse function of ‘toka’, the ratio of ‘mitigation’ was higher than that of ‘exemplification’ in contact situation(both female Japanese native speakers’ utterances and female Japanese non-native speakers’s utterances), and this tendency was stronger in female Japanese native speakers’ utterances. Moreover, the ratio of ‘mitigation’ was higher in utterance-final. There are differences in specific usage of the function of ‘mitigation’ of ‘toka’ in contact situation between female Japanese native speakers and female Japanese non-native speakers. However, it could be said ‘toka’ in the contact situation has a function of language strategy to maintain smooth communication with interlocutors.

世代差と言語行動 : 若者ことばにおける「とか」を中心に

이수현 ( Soo Hyun Lee ) 韓國日語日文學會 2007 日語日文學硏究 Vol.60 No.1