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The Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats
Yoojin Kwak,Hyeonhae Choi,Jaesook Roh 한국독성학회 2017 Toxicological Research Vol.33 No.2
This study was to evaluate the age-dependent effects of caffeine exposure on the long bones and reproductive organs using male rats. A total of 15 immature male rats and 15 young adult male rats were allocated randomly to three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine with 120 and 180 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exposure to caffeine at either dose significantly reduced body weight gain; a proportional reduction in muscle and fat mass in immature animals, whereas a selective reduction in fat mass with relatively preserved muscle mass in young adult animals. The long bones of immature rats exposed to caffeine were significantly shorter and lighter than those of control animals along with decreased bone minerals. However, there was no difference in the length or weight of the long bones in young adult rats exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine reduced the size and absolute weight of the testes significantly in immature animals in comparison to control animals, but not in young adult animals exposed to caffeine. In contrast, the adrenal glands were significantly heavier in caffeine-fed young adult rats in comparison to control animals, but not in caffeine-fed immature rats. Our results clearly show that the negative effects of caffeine on the long bones and testes in rats are different according to the age of the rat at the time of exposure, and might therefore be caused by changes to organ sensitivity and metabolic rate at different developmental stages. Although the long bones and testes are more susceptible to caffeine during puberty, caffeine has negative effects on body fat, bone minerals and the adrenal glands when exposure occurs during young adulthood. There is a need, therefore, to educate the public the potential dangers of caffeine consumption during puberty and young adulthood.
The Effects of Caffeine on the Long Bones and Testes in Immature and Young Adult Rats
Kwak, Yoojin,Choi, Hyeonhae,Roh, Jaesook Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2017 Toxicological Research Vol.33 No.2
This study was to evaluate the age-dependent effects of caffeine exposure on the long bones and reproductive organs using male rats. A total of 15 immature male rats and 15 young adult male rats were allocated randomly to three groups: a control group and two groups fed caffeine with 120 and 180 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Exposure to caffeine at either dose significantly reduced body weight gain; a proportional reduction in muscle and fat mass in immature animals, whereas a selective reduction in fat mass with relatively preserved muscle mass in young adult animals. The long bones of immature rats exposed to caffeine were significantly shorter and lighter than those of control animals along with decreased bone minerals. However, there was no difference in the length or weight of the long bones in young adult rats exposed to caffeine. Exposure to caffeine reduced the size and absolute weight of the testes significantly in immature animals in comparison to control animals, but not in young adult animals exposed to caffeine. In contrast, the adrenal glands were significantly heavier in caffeine-fed young adult rats in comparison to control animals, but not in caffeine-fed immature rats. Our results clearly show that the negative effects of caffeine on the long bones and testes in rats are different according to the age of the rat at the time of exposure, and might therefore be caused by changes to organ sensitivity and metabolic rate at different developmental stages. Although the long bones and testes are more susceptible to caffeine during puberty, caffeine has negative effects on body fat, bone minerals and the adrenal glands when exposure occurs during young adulthood. There is a need, therefore, to educate the public the potential dangers of caffeine consumption during puberty and young adulthood.
곽한섭(Han Sub Kwak),김미숙(Misook Kim),이영승(Youngseung Lee),엄태길(Taekil Eom),서유진(Yoojin Seo),심형석(Hyoungsuk Shim),하상형(Sang-Hyoung Ha),윤옥현(Ok Hyun Yoon),정윤화(Yoonhwa Jeong) 한국식품영양과학회 2015 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.44 No.6
본 연구에서는 개량누룩을 정제효소로 대체하여 제조한 발효 술덧의 품질 특성을 알아보고, 정제효소의 대체가 누룩취저감에 효과가 있는지를 검증하였다. 정제효소로의 대체량이 늘어날수록 발효 술덧의 특성은 부의 방향성을 보였다. 알코올 함량이 낮아 술의 생산 원가에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, pH가 높아져서 발효 시 유해미생물에 오염될 가능성이 높아질 것이라 보인다. 또한 가용성 고형분 함량도 높아서 개량누룩을 사용했을 때보다 발효가 늦게 진행되는 것이 발견되었다. 개량누룩의 사용량을 최대 30%까지 정제효소로 대체하였을 때 발효 술덧의 품질 변화에 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 정제효소(Sumizyme™)로 30% 대체하여 제조된 발효 술덧 및 증류주는 누룩취의 강도에 있어서 개량누룩과 전통누룩으로 제조된 발효 술덧 및 증류주와 비교해서 통계적으로 낮은 누룩취 강도를 보여주었다. 누룩의 일부분을 정제효소로 대체함으로써 쌀 증류주의 누룩취를 저감할 수 있을 것이다. The objective of this study was to reduce Nuruk flavor in Korean rice-distilled liquor using different ratios of Sumizyme™ and Nuruk. After 9 days of fermentation at 28°C, alcohol contents and pH were 16.0∼17.1% and 3.82∼4.16, respectively. An increased ratio of Sumizyme™ decreased alcohol content while increased pH of the mash. In alcohol contents, there were no significant differences up to 30% substitution of Nuruk to Sumizyme™. A descriptive analysis was conducted with trained panelists for determining the intensity of Nuruk flavor. The intensities of Nuruk flavor in mashes and distilled liquors brewed by traditional Nuruk, cultured Nuruk, and a mixture of 30% Sumizyme™ and 70% cultured Nuruk were evaluated. The mash and distilled liquor prepared using a mixture of 30% Sumizyme™ and 70% cultured Nuruk showed significantly lower intensities of Nuruk flavor when compared with those of mashes and distilled liquors produced by the traditional and cultured Nuruk.