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장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4
Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.
( Woo-hyeong Kang ),( Shin Hwang ),( Young-joo Lee ),( Ki-hun Kim ),( Chul-soo Ahn ),( Deok-bog Moon ),( Tae-yong Ha ),( Gi-won Song ),( Dong-hwan Jung ),( Gil-chun Park ),( Sung-gyu Lee ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1
Purpose: This study aimed to assess the prognostic impact of complete pathological response (CPR: tumor necrosis ≥ 99%) after preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on long-term survival outcomes in patients undergoing resection of liver resection (LR) or liver transplantation (LT). Methods: The clinical outcomes of patients showing CPR after LR (n=110) or LT (n=233) were analyzed, with each control group of minimal risk (solitary HCC ≤ 2cm, absence of neoadjuvant treatment and R0 resection for LR control (n=476); one or two HCCs ≤ 2cm and absence of neoadjuvant treatment for LT control (n=184). Results: In LR study group, 1-, 3- and 5 year tumor recurrence rates were 18.5%, 50.6% and 58.7% respectively, which are significantly higher than in RL control group (p=0.000); 1-, 3- and 5 year patient survival rates were 97.8%, 82.0% and 69.1% respectively, which are significantly lower than in RL control group (p=0.000). In LT study group, 1-, 3- and 5 year tumor recurrence rates were 4.1%, 7.9% and 7.9% respectively, which are significantly higher than in RT control group (p=0.019); 1-, 3- and 5 year patient survival rates were 92.7%, 89.2% and 86.9% respectively, which are not significantly lower than in RT control group (p=0.112). When comparing LR and LT study groups, tumor recurrence and patient survival curves showed significant differences (both p<0.000) (Fig. 1). The main site of tumor recurrence was intrahepatic recurrence in both LR study and control groups, and extrahepatic metastasis in both LT study and control groups. Conclusion: Patients achieving CPR after TACE followed by LT showed very favorable outcomes, which is comparable to those with minimal risk of recurrence. In contrast, following LR, down-staging effect from CPR was not definitely high and most tumors recurred at the remnant liver, thus strict surveillance is necessary as like in other HCC patients not showing CPR. These results would be reference data for studying the influence of widely variable degrees of pathological response after TACE in further clinical studies.