《紅樓夢評論》中王國維對叔本華學說之接受與疏

WANG FEIYAN 중국인문학회 2017 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.67

Wang Kuo-wei’s〈A Critique of Dream of the Red Chamber〉set out to use German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s ascetic vision to analyze and evaluate the Chinese classic《Dream of the Red Chamber》. Wang intended to use Chinese classical literature to reveal the essence of Schopenhauer's original insights. However, Wang did not, in fact, fully agree with Schopenhauer's conclusions. This paper examined the limits of Wang’s acceptance, as well as his divergence from Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer's comment that “life is full of suffering” found great favor with Wang. He quoted 〈Lao zi〉and 〈Zhuang zi〉to show the similarities of Chinese philosophy with this gloomy viewpoint. Regarding the relationship between men and women, Wang focused on the harm rather than the benefits of this eternal relationship. Schopenhauer insisted on its vital importance to propagate the race. Because Schopenhauer's view could not sustain Wang’s, the latter deliberately omitted it from his paper, and devised his own proposition. Schopenhauer investigated the question of “Liberation(해탈)” through Buddhist and Christian theology. Wang, on the other hand, was not religious. He could not accept Schopenhauer's position, and, furthermore, doubted people could even gain true “Liberation”. Wang aspired to elucidate Schopenhauer for the traditional Chinese literati. His paper, however, displayed certain misunderstandings of some of Schopenhauer's ideas. I attributed these misinterpretations to cultural variances between Chinese and Western literature.

<홍루몽평론(紅樓夢評論)>에 나타난 왕국유(王國維)의 논의전개 방식과 쇼펜하우어의 비극설(悲劇說)에 대한 수용

왕비연 ( Wang Feiyan ) 중국어문연구회 2017 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.84

Wang Kuo-wei’s “A Critique of Dream of the Red Chamber” sets out to use German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s ascetic vision to analyze and evaluate the Chinese classic Dream of the Red Chamber. Wang’s true purpose, however, seems to be more to illustrate or prove Schopenhauer's doctrines than to shed light on Dream of the Red Chamber. Wang Kuo-wei’s paper begins by quoting the opinions of Lao zi (老子) and Zhuang zi (莊子) on life as full of suffering. Their despair matches Schopenhauer's. Wang uses this common ideological bent to elucidate and reinforce Schopenhauer's bleak outlook. Readers are left in confusion about Schopenhauer's ascetic principles and theory of release through mortification. Wang Kuo-wei clearly endorses Schopenhauer's view of life as a struggle. Wang’s critique, however, never lays out the reasons for such total agreement. He employs varying Chinese terms to explain the Schopenhauerian sense of the word “will” (as thing-in-itself). His critique yet presumes readers’ prior understanding. If readers know nothing of Schopenhauer's theories, then grasping Wang Kuo-wei's paper will be difficult too. In conformance with Schopenhauer's gloominess, Wang Kuo-wei considers Dream of the Red Chamber a tragedy from beginning to end. Schopenhauer's pessimistic vision both informs and limits Wang Kuo-wei’s methodology, reasoning and conclusions.

<紅樓夢評論>에 나타난 王國維의 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상에 대한 수용과 변용

WANG FEIYAN 한국중국소설학회 2018 中國小說論叢 Vol.55 No.-

Wang Kuo-wei’s A Critique of Hong Lou Meng sets out to use German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer’s ascetic vision to analyze and evaluate the Chinese classic Hongloumeng. This paper, a second study of this thesis, debates Wang’s assimilation of Schopenhauer's aestheticism and the limits of his perception. Acquiring most of Schopenhauer's original aesthetic ideas, Wang seeks to use Chinese classical literature to explain the great philosopher’s sense of ‘Beauty’. To accommodate these examples, however, Wang’s interpretations diverge more and more from Schopenhauer's authentic concept. By the end, Wang fully substitutes his own take on Hongloumeng Wang views dimly the passion between men and women. At times, his assessment seems medieval. For example, he agrees that “women are the seeds of evil” to explain why some Chinese kings were deposed; i.e, they loved their women too much. These anachronisms are predictable, self-centered and patriarchal. Given Wang’s deep mastery of his subject, the presumptions are most unfortunate from such a maestro. 王國維는 <紅樓夢評論>에서 쇼펜하우어의 철학이론을 《紅樓夢》에 적용시켜 《홍루몽》의 문학적인 가치와 예술적인 의미를 논의하였다. 본고에서는 왕국유의 쇼펜하우어 미학사상에 대한 수용과 그의 논의가 가진 문제점에 대해 구체적으로 검토하였다. 왕국유는 <홍루몽평론> 중 아름다움에 대해 설명한 부분에서는 대체로 쇼펜하우어의 미학적 관점을 그대로 수용하였는데 이는 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상에 대한 왕국유 나름의 수용과 소화의 과정이라 할 수 있다. 왕국유가 서양 철학이론을 《홍루몽》에 적용시켜 논의할 때 적지 않은 문제점이 노출되었다. 칸트와 쇼펜하우어의 철학체계와 <홍루몽평론>에 한정된 왕국유의 관점 사이에 상당한 격차가 있음은 사실이고, 이런 격차로 인해 왕국유의 주장에는 설득력이 떨어지는 부분이 있다는 점도 부인할 수 없다. 이런 점을 고려하면 왕국유의 주장을 과연 쇼펜하우어의 학설에서 귀속시킬 수 있는 것인지, 아니면 어떤 관점이 이미 쇼펜하우어의 학설에서 벗어나 있는 것인지를 검토하는 일이 연구의 중점이 되어야 한다. 왕국유는 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상을 수용하면서도 자기 나름의 설명이나 해석을 덧붙였다. 왕국유의 해석은 쇼펜하우어의 주장과 일치한 것도 있지만, 쇼펜하우어의 의도와 다르거나 개념 및 술어의 의미를 변화시킨 것도 있었다. 왕국유는 쇼펜하우어의 미학사상에서 출발하였지만 논의를 전개하면서 점점 쇼펜하우어의 학설에서 벗어나 자신이 지향하는 방향으로 나아가는 경향을 보였다. 왕국유가 <홍루몽평론>을 쓴 의도를 살피면 주로 쇼펜하우어의 이론을 소개하는 일에 방점이 찍혀 있다. 이런 의도 때문에 왕국유의 논의전개는 상관 개념이나 이론소개에 치우쳐 있고, 《홍루몽》에 적용시켜 구체적으로 설명할 때에는 오히려 서술이 소홀한 경향이 있다. 《홍루몽》의 미학적인 가치를 논의한 부분에서도 이런 문제점이 고스란히 드러났다.

On the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of Jensen's equation

Dongyan Zhang,Jian Wang 대한수학회 2009 대한수학회보 Vol.46 No.4

J. Wang [21] proposed a problem: whether the Hyers-Ulam- Rassias stability of Jensen’'s equation for the case p, q, r, s ∈(β,1/β)\{1} holds or not under the assumption that G and E are β-homogeneous F-space (0<β<1). The main purpose of this paper is to give an answer to Wang’'s problem. Furthermore, we proved that the stability property of Jensen’'s equation is not true as long as p or q is equal to β,1/β, or ¯β_(2)/β_(1) (0<β_(1),β_(2)≤1). J. Wang [21] proposed a problem: whether the Hyers-Ulam- Rassias stability of Jensen’'s equation for the case p, q, r, s ∈(β,1/β)\{1} holds or not under the assumption that G and E are β-homogeneous F-space (0<β<1). The main purpose of this paper is to give an answer to Wang’'s problem. Furthermore, we proved that the stability property of Jensen’'s equation is not true as long as p or q is equal to β,1/β, or ¯β_(2)/β_(1) (0<β_(1),β_(2)≤1).

Effect of the TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Growth Behavior of Intermetallics in Sn/Cu Solder Joints

Shengyan Shang,Anil Kunwar,Jinye Yao,Yanfeng Wang,Haitao Ma,Yunpeng Wang 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.2

In order to investigate the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on growth behavior of interfacial Cu6Sn5 intermetallics compounds(IMCs) in Pb-free Sn/Cu system, the solder joints are fabricated by using flux doped with different content (0.0–2.0 wt% offlux) and particle diameter (5 nm and 50 nm) of TiO2 . In context of isothermal reflow soldering at 250 °C and subsequentair cooling, the increase in reflow duration from 10 to 120 s was characterized with an increment in IMC layer thicknessand grain size, due to the enhancement of Cu flux contribution for Ostwald ripening during constant temperature reflow andprecipitation kinetics during cooling. The increased proportion of TiO2 nanoparticles in flux was found to reduce the growthof IMC layer and grain size. The suppression effect on IMC was more pronounced for 5 nm particles as compared to the 50nm TiO2 . The TiO2 nanoparticles, adsorbed on IMC plane can retard the growth of the latter. Presence of sufficient amountof a given sized TiO2 nanoparticles among IMCs, by increasing the effective stress at the localized interfaces, and causingthe breaking of brittle Cu6Sn5 during growth stage; can help in the inhibition of IMC whisker formation. Particle diameterand mass proportion of TiO2 nanoparticles are important for soldering materials design.

Two New Species of Placolecis (Lichenized Ascomycota) from China

( An Cheng Yin ),( Xin Yu Wang ),( Dong Liu ),( Yan Yun Zhang ),( Mei Xia Yang ),( Li Juan Li ),( Li Song Wang ) 한국균학회 2019 Mycobiology Vol.47 No.4

Two new species of the lichen genus Placolecis are discovered in China, namely P. kunmingensis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang and P. sublaevis An. C. Yin & Li S. Wang. The new combination P. loekoesiana (S.Y. Kondr., Farkas, J.J. Woo & Hur) An. C. Yin is proposed. Placolecis kunmingensis is characterized by having simple, spherical or ellipsoid, hyaline spores, and pear-shaped pycnidia; while P. sublaevis can be distinguished by its thallus forming larger aggregations with slightly flattened lobes at the thallus margin, and urn-shaped pycnidia. Descriptions, a phylogenetic tree and a key are provided for all the known Placolecis species in China.

The Einstein-K\"ahler metrics onHua domain

An Wang,Weiping Yin 대한수학회 2003 대한수학회지 Vol.40 No.4

In this paper we describe the Einstein-K"ahler metric for theCartan-Hartogs of the first type which is the special case of theHua domains. Firstly, we reduce the Monge-Amp` ere equation forthe metric to an ordinary differential equation in the auxiliaryfunction X=X(z,w)=|w|^2[det(I-ZZ^T)]^{-frac{1}{K}}(see below).This differentialequation can be solved to give an implicit function in X.Secondly, we get the estimate of the holomorphic section curvatureunder the complete Einstein-K"ahler metric on this domain.

Influence of Feed Velocity on Nonlinear Dynamics of Turning Process

An Wang,Wuyin Jin 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.22 No.6

A more comprehensive orthogonal turning model is developed in order to further study the influence of feed velocity on frictional chatter. Nonlinear dynamic behavior of the cutting tool in two directions is presented by using bifurcation diagram, phase portrait, and Poincare section. It can be found that the cutting tool has a variety of dynamic behaviors at different feed velocity and cutting velocity, such as periodic motion, quasi-periodic motion, and chaotic motion. Furthermore, the vibration displacement of the cutting tool is affected by the feed velocity, especially for relatively high feed velocity which will result in the cutting tool vibration displacement increase in the cutting direction but a decrease in the feed direction. In addition, it is clear that the stick–slip phenomenon only appears in the cutting direction in our work.

The Effect of High CO₂ Treatment and MA Packaging on Asparagus Quality and Shelf Life during Cold Storage

( Wang,L. X. ),( I. L. Choi ),( J. H. Lee ),( H. M. Kang ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2019 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.31 No.2

Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) films of 1,300 and 10,000 cc/m²/day/atm, perforated (P), micro-perforated (MP), and vacuum (V) films were investigated for suitability in maintaining the quality and prolonging shelf life of asparagus during cold storage. An additional investigation using 60% (v/v) carbon dioxide treatment (V + 60% CO₂) was also performed. All samples lost fresh weight over time, P and V + 60% CO₂ had the highest and lowest fresh weight loss rate by the last day. Only 1,300 cc and 10,000 cc OTR films kept the asparagus at a marketable value, the least off-odor was detected in P, and the worst was in V + 60% CO₂ in final day. The V + 60% CO₂ resulted in lower firmness in asparagus tips, and the V resulted in the lowest firmness in stems. Although, little color changes happened in all treatments, the V + 60% CO₂ treatment had greater soluble solids content and hue angle. The highest ethylene concentration was detected in the V film. The CO₂ and O₂ levels of the 1,300 cc and 10,000 cc OTR treatments were more suitable for asparagus storage. In general, based on the visual quality, 1,300 cc and 10,000 cc OTR films were more effective for asparagus cold storage. To some extent, high CO₂ treatment exhibited a positive effect on maintaining internal quality, fresh weight and color of asparagus.

한문(漢文)의 활용(活用)-한문(漢文)과 인성(人性), 한문(漢文)과 문화(文化)영역(領域)의 내용(內容) 요소(要素)와 성취기준(成就基準) 분석

김왕규 ( Wang Kyu Kim ) 한국한문교육학회 2016 한문교육논집 Vol.46 No.-

2015년, 국가는 교육과정을 개정, 공시했다. 2015 개정 한문과 교육과정의 경우,한문(한자, 어휘, 문장, 글)에 대한 학습을 ‘이해’로, 한문을 통한 학습을 ‘활용’으로 구분하고, 한문과를 구성하는 2개의 내용 영역으로 ‘한문의 이해’, ‘한문의 활용’을 설정했다. 이 글의 핵심 내용은 2015 개정 한문과 교육과정의 ‘한문의 활용’ 영역 가운데, ‘漢文과 人性’, ‘漢文과 文化’의 내용 요소와 성취기준을 분석한 것이다. 한문 학습을 통한 다양한 활용 가운데, ‘한자 어휘와 언어생활’, ‘한문과 인성’, ‘한문과 문화’를 ‘核心 槪念’으로 설정했다. 학년(군) 및 학교 급을 통해서 한문 학습자들이 배우는 학습 내용의 일반 원리가 ‘일반화된 지식’인데, 학습자들이 배워야 할핵심적인 내용 지식인 ‘내용 요소’를 왜 학습해야 하는지의 근거로서 작용한다. ‘내용 요소’를 학습한 뒤, 학생들이 할 수 있어야 할, 또는 할 수 있기를 기대하는 능력이 바로 ‘技能’인데, ‘이해와 공감하기’, ‘토의·토론하기’, ‘적용하기’ 등을 강조했다. 한문과 성취기준은 한문과를 통해 학생이 배워야 할 지식과 기능을 의미하며, 수업후 학생들이 할 수 있어야 할, 또는 할 수 있기를 기대하는 능력을 나타낸다. 성취기준의 기술 및 구성 방식은 ‘내용 요소 + 기능’이다. 예컨대, 내용 요소인 ‘선인들의 지혜와 사상’과 ‘이해와 공감하기’, ‘적용하기’ 등의 기능을 결합하여, “한문 기록에 담긴선인들의 지혜, 사상 등을 이해하고, 현재적 의미에서 가치가 있는 것을 내면화하여 건전한 가치관과 바람직한 인성을 함양한다.”라는 ‘한문과 인성’의 성취기준을 진술했다. 또한, ‘한문과 문화’의 성취기준에서 “~태도를 형성한다.”라는 진술은 기능 가운데 하나인 ‘적용하기’의 連繫·變容이라고 볼 수 있다. 그리고 성취기준은 한문과 교수·학습의 방향을 안내하고 한문과 평가 방향 및 기준 설정의 근거로서 작용한다. 거듭되는 문제 제기이지만, ‘인성’과 ‘문화’ 영역의 성취기준은 ‘정의적 태도, 능력’과 관련되는 기준이기 때문에, 교수·학습 및 평가와의 연계·수용 事例에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 요청된다. 그리고 인성, 문화 역량을 교과서에서 수용하기 위한 방안을 모색해야 하는데, 제재 발굴과 단원 구성이 향후의 핵심 과제일 것이다 In 2015, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology published the revised curriculum. This curriculum of classical Chinese established two domains, understanding of classical Chinese and utilization of classical Chinese, defining learning classical Chinese as ‘understanding,’ and learning through classical Chinese as ‘utilizing.’ The purpose of this study is to analyze content factors and achievement standards of ‘personality and classical Chinese’ and ‘culture and classical Chinese’ at the domain of utilization of classical Chinese in the revised classical Chinese curriculum in 2015. Through the utilization of a variety of learning classical Chinese, it has set up a "Chinese vocabulary and language, life``, ``classical Chinese and personality," "classical Chinese and culture as ``main concept``. Through the year (group) and school-level general principles of learning content that classical Chinese learners learn is ``generalized knowledge``, which acts as the basis of the information why should learn. After learning ``content elements``, ability to look forward to, or to be able to do is skill, ``understanding and empathy,`` ``discuss and debate,`` ``apply,`` etc. are emphasized. Classical Chinese achievement standards means that the student knowledge and skills which should be learnt from the classical Chinese, indicates an ability to look forward to, or be able to be students after class. Description and composition of achievement standards are ``content element + skill. For example, the content element, ``understanding and empathy`` and ``wisdom and spirit of the ancestors`` and ``application`` are combining features such as "to understand wisdom and spirit from classical Chinese text and to internalize valuable thing in the view of current meaning." "Form attitude like something.", this description can be shown as collaboration or change of application. and achievement standards acts as the basis of direction of teaching-learning and evaluation. Even though it is continual question, research on combination and application between teaching-learning and evaluation is needed to study constantly because achievement standards of the domain of ‘personality’ and ‘culture’ is related to ‘affective manner and ability.’ And we should find some ways to accept the personality and power of culture in the textbook, in this procedure, discovering materials and organizing units are key tasks.