Monte Carlo 방법을 이용한 대기오염 배출률 예측의 불확실성 평가

정효준,김은한,서경석,황원태,한문희 한국환경과학회 2006 한국환경과학회지 Vol.15 No.4

한국인 성인 남성 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자의 측모 두부 방사선계측학적 비교

황상희,박인숙,남기영,김종배,조용원,서영성,안병훈,박신구,박효상 대한치과교정학회 2008 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.38 No.3

본 연구는 비만도에 따른 한국인 남성 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자의 측모 두부 방사선계측학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 시행되었다. 이를 위하여 계명대학교 의과대학 동산의료원 수면클리닉에 수면장애를 주소로 내원하여 수면다원검사 후 치과에서 측모 두부방사선계측사진 촬영을 한 87명의 성인 환자들을 체질량지수(BMI)와 수면무호흡지수(AHI)에 따라 비비만 단순코골이군(Non-obese, simple snorers), 비만 단순코골이군(Obese, simple snorers), 비비만 수면 무호흡군(Non-obese, OSA patients), 비만 수면무호흡군(Obese, OSA patients)의 4군으로 나누어 비교하였다. 그결과, 4군 중 비만 수면무호흡군의 수면무호흡지수가 가장 컸으며, 비만 수면무호흡군보다 비비만 수면무호흡군의 하악각이 더 크고 혀 길이는 더 작았다. 또한, 비비만 수면무호흡군보다 비만수면무호흡군의 설골이 더 전하방에 위치하였고, 수면무호흡지수에 영향을 미치는 기여 인자는 비만 수면무호흡군에서는 혀 길이, 비비만 수면무호흡군에서는 설골의 후방위치였다. 이처럼 비만 수면무호흡 환자와 비비만 수면무호흡 환자의 측모 두부방사선계측학적 특성과 기여 인자가 다르게 나타나므로, 치료방법도 따라서 다르게 선택해야 할 것이다. 비만 수면무호흡 환자들에게는 먼저 체중감량이 권고되어야 할 것이고, 비비만 수면무호흡 환자들은 폐쇄부위에 따라 구강 내 장치나 Nasal CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty) 등이 추천될 수 있을 것이다. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the cephalometric measurements of obese and non-obese Korean male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). Methods: Eighty-seven adults who had visited the Sleep Disorder Clinic Center in Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea were examined and evaluated with polysomnography (PSG) and lateral cephalogram. They were divided into 4 groups (non-obese simple snorers, obese simple snorers, non-obese OSA patients, obese OSA patients) according to AHI (Apnea-Hypopnea Index) and BMI (Body Mass Index). Results: The obese OSA group had the highest AHI among the 4 groups. The non-obese OSA group had a significantly steeper mandibular angle and shorter tongue length than the obese OSA group. The hyoid bone of the obese OSA group was positioned anterior and inferior as compared with the non-obese OSA group. Multiple regression analysis showed that tongue length in the obese OSA group and retroposition of hyoid bone in the non-obese OSA group were significant determinants for the severity of AHI. Conclusions: From a cephalometric point of view, the obese and non-obese pateints with OSA may be characterized by different pathogeneses. Therefore, they have to be managed by individualized treatment. For the obese OSA patients, weight control must be advised as a first choice and for the non-obese OSA patients, oral appliance, nasal CPAP, UPPP and others could be chosen according to the obstructive sites.

Different Mechanisms for K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-Induced Relaxation in Various Arteries

Suk Hyo Suh,Sung Jin Park,Jai Young Choi,Jae Hoon Sim,Young Chul Kim,Ki Whan Kim 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 1999 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.3 No.4

<P> [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>o</SUB> can be increased under a variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage. The increase of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>o</SUB> in the range of 5∼15 mM may affect tensions of blood vessels and cause relaxation of agonist-induced precontracted vascular smooth muscle (K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation). In this study, effect of the increase in extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> concentration on the agonist-induced contractions of various arteries including resistant arteries of rabbit was examined, using home-made Mulvany-type myograph. Extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> was increased in three different ways; from initial 1 to 3 mM, from initial 3 to 6 mM, or from initial 6 to 12 mM. In superior mesenteric arteries, the relaxation induced by extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> elevation from initial 6 to 12 mM was the most prominent among the relaxations induced by the elevations in three different ways. In cerebral arteries, the most prominent relaxation was produced by the elevation of extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> from initial 1 to 3 mM and a slight relaxation was provoked by the elevation from initial 6 to 12 mM. In superior mesenteric arteries, K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation by the elevation from initial 6 to 12 mM was blocked by Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP> (30 μM) and the relaxation by the elevation from 1 to 3 mM or from 3 to 6 mM was not blocked by Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP>. In cerebral arteries, however, K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation by the elevation from initial 3 to 6 mM was blocked by Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP>, whereas the relaxation by the elevation from 1 to 3 mM was not blocked by Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP>. Ouabain inhibited all of the relaxations induced by the extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> elevations in three different ways. In cerebral arteries, when extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> was increased to 14 mM with 2 or 3 mM increments, almost complete relaxation was induced at 1 or 3 mM of initial K<SUP>⁢</SUP> concentration and slight relaxation occurred at 6 mM. TEA did not inhibit Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP>-sensitive relaxation at all and NMMA or endothelial removal did not inhibit K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation. Most conduit arteries such as aorta, carotid artery, and renal artery were not relaxed by the elevation of extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP>. Among conduit arteries, trunk of superior mesenteric artery and basilar artery were relaxed by the elevations of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>o</SUB>. These data suggest that K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation has two independent components, Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP>-sensitive and Ba<SUP>2⁢</SUP>-insensitive one and there are different mechanisms for K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation in various arteries.

Cost-Effectiveness and convenience of Myrept<SUP>Ⓡ</SUP> 500mg tablet in recipients after liver transplantation

Suk Kyun Hong,Kwang-Woong Lee,Suk-Won Suh,Nam-Joon Yi,Hyeyoung Kim,Jaehong Jeong,Kyungchul Yoon,Hyo-Sin Kim,Kyung-Suk Suh 한국간담췌외과학회 2015 한국간담췌외과학회 학술대회지 Vol.2015 No.9

Effect of Blood Pressure on Contractility of Vascular Smooth Muscle and Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation

Suh. Suk-Hyo,Park. Yee-Tae,Lee. Dong-Chul,Seo. Pil-Won,Kim. Ki-Whan 대한생리학회 1995 대한생리학회지 Vol.29 No.2

This study was designed 1) to develop a hypertensive animal model in which the blood pressures (BPs) of symmetric regions (right and left upper extremities) are significantly different and 2) to test the effect of BP per se on the contractility and endothelium-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Rabbits were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and ventilated with room air via animal respirator. The transverse aorta was exposed through the left second intercostal space and the lumen of the aorta was narrowed partially by ligation using 3-0 silk and a probe at a point between the origins of the brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery. Four to eight weeks postoperatively, BPs were measured in the carotid artery as the high BP area (proximal to coactation site) and in the femoral artery as the low BP area (distal to coarctation site). In the animal model, pressure-overload hypertension was developed and the BP of the right subclavian artery was higher than that of the left subclavian artery. The concentrations of circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II were measured. The right and left subclavian arteries and their branches were used for isometric tension recording in organ baths and their responsiveness to phenylephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside were examined. The BPs of carotid and femoral artery in control animals were 116± 12/75±9 mmHg (mean ±SEM) and 130±16/68±9 mmHg respectively, while those of carotid and femoral artery in the hypetensive animals were 172±6/111±10 mmHg and 136± 4/100 ±9 mmHg respectively. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II between controls and the animal models. No significant differences were found in the vascular sensitivities to phenylephrine and serotonin between the high pressure-exposed vessels and the low pressure-exposed vessels. However, the endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and nitroprusside-induced relaxation showed significant differences between the high pressure-exposed and the low pressure-exposed subclavian arteries. From the above results, we suggest that the contractility of vascular smooth muscle is unchanged by the elevated pressure per se. However, the endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and the nitroprusside-induced relaxation are attenuated by pressure.

Sensitivity of Rabbit Cerebral Artery to Serotonin is Increased with the Moderate Increase of Extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP>

Suk Hyo Suh,Sung Jin Park,Jai Young Choi,Jae Hoon Sim,Young Chul Kim,Sung Joon Kim,Insuk So,Ki Whan Kim 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 1998 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.2 No.6

<P> [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>can be increased under a variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage. The increase of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O</SUB> in the range of 5∼15 mM may affect tensions of blood vessels and can change their sensitivity to various vasoactive substances. Therefore, it was examined in the present study whether the sensitivity of cerebral arteries to vasoactive substances can be changed with the moderate increase of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O</SUB>, using Mulvany-type myograph and [Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>]<SUB>c</SUB> measurement. The contractions of basilar artery and branch of middle cerebral artery induced by histamine were not increased with the elevation of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>from 6 mM to 9 mM or 12 mM. On the contrary, the contractions induced by serotonin were significantly increased with the elevation of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O</SUB>. The contractions were also significantly increased by the treatment with nitro-L-arginine (10<SUP>⁣4</SUP> M for 20 minutes). In the nitro-L-arginine treated arteries, the contractions induced by serotonin were significantly increased with the elevation of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>from 6 mM to 12 mM. K<SUP>⁢</SUP>-induced relaxation was evoked with the stepwise increment of extracellular K<SUP>⁢</SUP> from 0 or 2 mM to 12 mM by 2 mM in basilar arterial rings, which were contracted by histamine. But [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>elevation from 4 or 6 mM to 12 mM by the stepwise increment evoked no significant relaxation. Basal tension of basilar artery was increased with [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>elevation from 6 mM to 12 mM by 2 mM steps or by the treatment with ouabain and the increase of basal tension was blocked by verapamil. The cytosolic free Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> level was not increased by the single treatment with serotonin or with the elevation of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>from 4 mM to 8 or 12 mM. In contrast to the single treatment, the Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> level was increased by the combined treatment with serotonin and the elevation of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O</SUB>. The increase of free Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> concentration was blocked by the treatment with verapamil. These data suggest that the sensitivity of cerebral artery to serotonin is increased with the moderate increase of [K<SUP>⁢</SUP>]<SUB>O </SUB>and the increased sensitivity to serotonin is due to the increased [Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB> induced by extracellular Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> influx.

Effect of Preconditioning Ischemia on Endothelial Dysfunction Produced by Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rabbit Coronary Artery

Suh. Suk-Hyo,Park. Yee-Tae,Kim. Woong-Heum,Kim. Ki-Whan 대한생리학회 1995 대한생리학회지 Vol.29 No.1

This study was designed to test whether or not 1) ischemia-reperfusion attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries and 2) preconditioning protects the arterial endothelium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. In anesthetized open chest rabbits, branches of the left circumflex artery were exposed to different combinations of the experimental conditions; ischemia (15 minutes), ischemia (15 minutes)-reperfusion (10 minutes), preconditioning ischemia, and pre-conditioning fellowed by ischemia-reperfusion. Preconditioning consisted of 3 occlusions of 2-min duration, each followed by n 5-min reperfusion. Rings of the artery exposed to the experimental condition and of normal left anterior descending coronary artery were prepared and suspended for isometric force measurement in organ chambers containing Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution. The rings were contracted with 29.6 mM KCI. Ischemia alone did not attenuate endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine. However, ischemia-reperfusion significantly impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Endothelium-independent relaxation by sodium nitroprusside was not impaired by ischemia-reperfusion and the constrictive response to acetylcholine was not altered in reperfused rings without endothelium, compared with control rings. Arterial rings exposed to preconditioning followed by ischemia-reperfusion exhibited impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetyl-choline. However, although preconditioning not fellowed by ischemia-reperfusion, attenuated endothelium-dependent relaxation at low concentrations of acetylcholine, the magnitude of the impairment by preconditioning followed by ischemia-reperfusion was significantly less than that of the impairment by ischemia-reperfusion alone. These data demonstrate that ischemia-reperfusion significantly attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation by producing endothelial dysfunction and preconditioning Protects the endothelium of coronary arteries from ischemia-reperfusion injury.

토끼 대동맥 평활근의 내피세포 의존성 이완에 미치는 Ca²⁺ 및 Ca²⁺ 길항제의 효과

서석효(Suh, Suk-Hyo),구용숙(Goo, Yong-Sook),박춘옥(Park, Choon-Ok),황상익(Hwang, Sang-Ik),김기환(Kim, Ki-Whan) 대한생리학회 1990 대한생리학회지 Vol.24 No.1

토끼 흉부 대동맥을 이용하여 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완에 대한 세포외 Ca²⁺과 여러가지 Ca²⁺ 길항제의 효과를 분석하여 EDRF의 작용기전을 밝혀 보고자 하였다. 대동맥 횡단 절편의 등장성 수축은 10^-7 M 노에피네프린으로 유발시켰으며, 10^-6 M 사세틸콜린으로 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완을 일으켰다. 내피세포는 작은 솜뭉치로 부드럽게 문질러서 제거하였으며, hemolysate를 사용하여 EDRF에 대한 헤모글로빈의 효과를 관찰하였다. 결과를 종합하면 다음과 같다. 1) 아세틸콜린에 의한 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완은 두 시기, 즉 초기급속이완기와 후기완만이완기로 나타났다. 2) 세포외 Ca²⁺을 낮추면, 아세틸콜린에 의한 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완이 감소하였으며, 특히 후기완만이완기가 감소하였다. 3) Verapamil, nifedipine, Mn²⁺ 및 Cd²⁺은 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완에 영향이 없었던 반면 La³⁺와 Co²⁺는 억제시켰다. 4) 헤모글로빈을 투여하면 내피세포가 없는 절편에서는 기초긴장도의 변화가 없었으나 내피세포가 있는 절편에서는 기초긴장도가 증가하였고 아세틸콜린에 의한 내피세포 의존성 혈관이완도 완전히 억제되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 세포외 Ca²⁺은 주로 후기완만이완기에 작용하며 이때 사용되는 Ca²⁺ 유입 통로는 Ca²⁺ 길항제로 억제되지 않는 것으로 결론지을 수 있다. The effects of extracellular Ca²⁺ and various Ca²⁺ antagonists on endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine were studied in the isolated rabbit thoracic aorta in order to elucidate the control mechanism of endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) release. Endothelium was removed from aortic strips by gentle rubbing with cotton ball. The effect of hemoglobin on basal tension was also observed with hemolysate. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) to acetylcholine (ACh) showed biphasic pattern; the initial rapid relaxation phase and the late slow relaxation phase. 2) With the depletion of the extracellular Ca²⁺, EDR was gradually suppressed, especially the late slow relaxation. 3) Verapamil, nifedipine, Mn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ had not any effect on EDR, while La³⁺ and Co²⁺ suppressed EDR completely. 4) The resting tension of the strips with rubbed endothelium was not altered by the addition of hemoglobin. That of the strips with intact endothelium, however, was enhanced and EDR to ACh was completely blocked From these results, we suggest that extracellular Ca²⁺ is necessary for ACh-induced slow relaxation while Ca²⁺ antagonists have not any effect on EDR.

수평면 채널의 순수항법 오차 해석 해를 이용한 잠항 이동체의 SDINS 장주기 오차 분석

서의석(Ui-Suk Suh),김우찬(Woo Chan Kim),박승효(Seung Hyo Park),송익환(Ikhwan Song),서태일(Taeil Suh),나원상(Won-Sang Ra) 대한전기학회 2023 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.7

Cost-effectiveness and Convenience of Myrept® 500 mg Tablet in Recipients after Liver Transplantation

( Marco Sumo ),( Suk Kyun Hong ),( Kwang-woong Lee ),( Suk-won Suh ),( Nam-joon Yi ),( Hyeyoung Kim ),( Jaehong Jeong ),( Kyungchul Yoon ),( Hyo-sin Kim ),( Kyung-suk Suh ) 대한간학회 2016 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2016 No.1

Aims: Mycophenolate mofetil is the most common auxiliary immunosuppressant after liver transplantation to relieve calcineurin inhibitor related complications. There is one type of Cellcept® available, but Myrept® produced by Chong Kun Dang Company in Korea is available as 500 mg tablet as well as 250 mg capsule. However, there has been no clinical study to assess the feasibility of this generic product. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and convenience of Myrept® 500 mg tablet in recipients after liver transplantation. Methods: A 24 week, phase 4, single center, open-label, non-comparative study was employed. A total of 50 patients were recruited. Acute rejection, changes in blood chemistry, white blood cell count, renal function, adverse drug reaction and other characteristics of the patients were recorded for 24 weeks. All enrolled patients and their grafts were survived within 24 weeks. Results: There was no acute rejection. Mean GFR was 119.61 ± 76.52 ml/min at beginning of the study and reached 85.20 ± 23.70 ml/min after 24 weeks and showed a significant decrease overall (p < 0.001). Mean serum creatinine was 0.82 ± 0.27 mg/dL at beginning of the study and reached 1.01 ± 0.2 mg/dL after 24 weeks and showed significant increase overall (p < 0.001). However, there was no clinical significance. Nine patients (18.75%) had adverse drug reactions which had been commonly reported in other Mycophenolate mofetil generic products, and there was no serious one. These adverse reactions included gastrointestinal problems (nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort), laboratory abnormality (mild increase of aspartate or alanine aminotransferase). The size of Myrept® 500 mg tablet is smaller than Myrept® 250 mg capsule (17.1 x 7.1 x 6.5 mm vs. 19.18 x 7.23 x 6.40 mm). When comparing the same dose, the cost is less expensive (1,344 Korean won vs. 1,792 Korean won for 500 mg). Conclusions: Myrept® 500 mg tablet is feasible, cost-effective, and convenient in recipients after liver transplantation.