Study on Aging Effect of Adhesion Strength Between Polyimide Film and Copper Layer

Seok‑Bon Koo,Chang‑Myeon Lee,Sang‑Jun Kwon,Jun‑Mi Jeon,Jin‑young Hur,Hong‑Kee Lee 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.1

This paper experimentally confirmed that the adhesion strength of the copper layer formed on the surface of the polyimidefilm by wet plating greatly changes with the aging time. The adhesion strength of the copper layer showed a rapid increasefrom 4 to 10 h after aging had begun and then converged to a value without a significant change. The adhesion enhancementbetween polyimide film and copper layer by aging is due to the interlocking effect caused by the volume expansion of copperoxide (CuO) formed in the polyimide, the increased mobility of copper particles enlarged by the decrease of impuritiesin the copper layer grain boundaries, and the consequent change of the crystal structure of the copper layer leading to theinternal stress reduction. Such adhesion improvement can be confirmed by the progress of the cohesive failure indicatingthe breakdown of the polyimide film.

‘새침하다’류 단어의 사전 뜻풀이와 단어 구조 분석

홍석준(Hong, Seok-Jun) 한국어문학회 2017 語文學 Vol.0 No.137

The purpose of this article is to argue that the literal definitions of a word group of ‘새침하다(saechimhada)’ should be further expanded and reified, and to explain the structure and the word formation of the word group. First of all, I compared the literal meaning of the ‘새침하다(saechimhada)’ suggested in the dictionary to understand the relationships between the diverse meanings. Further, I defined the primary meaning of the expression of ‘새침하다(saechimhada)’, and suggested adding ‘the cold attitude toward others’ to the literal definition of the word group of ‘새침하다(saechimhada)’. This study also analyzed the ‘-름하다(-leumhada)’ words, and identified ‘-음(-eum)’ and ‘-으름(-euleum)’ as the root derivational suffixes. The expressions of ‘새치름하다(saechileumhada)’ and ‘시치름하다(sichileumhada)’ respectively stemmed from ‘새침하다(saechimhada)’ and ‘시침하다(sichimhada)’ by the anology of applying a set of ‘X-하다(X-hada):X름-하다(Xleum-hada)’. This article enriches our understanding of the root derivational suffixes of ‘-하다(-hada)’ as a native sensory adjective and suggests that the definitions of native sensory adjectives in the Korean dictionary should be elaborated and developed in the future.

폐슬러지 감량화 및 재활용을 위한 오존 처리시 하수슬러지내의 미생물 군집구조의 변화

홍준석,임병란,안규홍,맹승규 대한상하수도학회 2004 상하수도학회지 Vol.18 No.1

The change of the microbial community structure in excess sludge of different sewage treatment plants by ozone treatment was investigated by quinone profiles. The resulting ozone dosage ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 gO₃/gTS. In terms of overall sludge reduction, more than 50% reduction of the total sludge mass could be achieved by ozone treatment at 0.4 gO₃/gTS. Quinone concentration and type in sludge of different treatment plants were remarkably decreases with increasing ozone dose. Ubiquinones(UQs)-8, -10 and MK-8 were still remained in the ozonized sludge at 0.4 gO₃/gTS. The results of this study showed that the remaining microorganisms belong to UQs-8, -10 and MK-8 were difficult to destruct cell membrane or wall by ozonation. Fecal Streptococci and Salmonella were not detected at ozone dose of 0.2 gO₃/gTS, but Fecal Colifom was not detected at ozone dose of 0.4 gO₃/gTS.

동절기 신관리 석실고분 내부의 온·습도 분포특성

전용두,이금배,김홍기,고석보 공주대학교 문화재보존과학연구소 2004 문화재과학기술 Vol.3 No.1

개방된 고분의 장기보존은 조상의 얼이 담긴 문화재를 길이 후손에 물려주어야 하는 우리들의 시대적 사명이라 할 수 있다. 그런데 고분 내부의 공기조화를 필요로 하는 경우 설비측면에서 고분내부의 공기조화 문제를 검토한 사례는 그 동안 많지 않았다. 특히 고분 내부환경에 관한 온·습도 자료는 매우 제한적으로 알려져 있는 상태이다. 본 연구는 고분의 공기조화와 관련하여 부하산정 등의 기초자료로 활용하기 위한 고분내부의 온·습도자료를 원격측정 기술을 적용하여 획득한 결과를 소개하며, 이를 통하여 고분내부의 실내환경 조건에 대한 일반의 이해를 돕고, 더 나아가 공조기 설치에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 측정 연구대상은 충남 공주시 신관동에 소재한 신관리석실고분(충청남도 기념물 제 7호)으로서 백제후기의 횡혈식 석실고분으로서 현실의 크기는 폭 1.25m, 깊이 2.73m 그리고 높이 1.50m이며, 현실입구는 개방된 상태에서 실내 5채널 및 실외공기에 대하여 각각 온도와 습도를 측정하였으며, 본 본문에서는 동절기(12월부터 다음 해 3월까지)의 자료를 소개한다. In recent years the importance of the preservation of cultural artefacts like ancient tombs has been widely accepted domestically and internationally as the quality of life improves. However not much attention has been paid for the facilities and systems to preserve those artefacts. Even the general understanding of the preservatory environment of the underground space as tombs is poor. In the present study, the temperature and relative humidity inside a selected artefact, Shinkwan-ri tomb, are monitored to improve the understanding of the indoor thermal environment, which may possibly be used when one consider air-conditioning for preservation. Total of 12 channel data are collected by using remote data acquisition system based on the cdma(Code Division Multiple Access) technology. Three-month-data representing winter season is reported with discussions.

벼 무논골뿌림栽培時 播種期 및 立毛數가 生育 및 收量에 미치는 影響

洪性澤,朴栽成,朴成圭,李尙榮,池在浚,孫錫龍 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1999 農業科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

This study was conducted to establish the cultural techniques of the puddled-soil drill seeding of race (Oryza sativa L.), which is one of the efficient labor saving cultural methods, in the central part of Korea. Seoanbyeo was seeded at three times from April 10 to May 20 with the 20 day interval in 1994. The number of seedling stands per m2 at each seeding date were 50, 90, 130 and 170. The tillering characteristics, lodging characters, dry matter production, yield components and yield were investigated. The number of days to the maximum tillering stage was reduced at the later seeding date. It was 70, 55 and 25 days in seedings on April 10, April 30 and May 20, respectively. The critical effective tillering stage was also shortened at the delayed seeding. The higher the number of seedling stands was, the higher number of tillers, the shorter duration to the maximum tillering stage and the earlier critical effective tillering stage were resulted. The number of tillers was higher at the earlier seeding date. The number of tillers was increased in the order of 50, 90, 130 and 170 seedling stands per m2. The ratios of effective tillers were 53, 61 and 63% at seeding on April 10, April 30 and May 20, respectively. The ratios were not significantly different at April 10. But the ratios in seeding on April 30 and May 20 were reduced as the number of seedling stands was increased. The weight of stem base related to lodging was the highest with 2.01g/10 plants in the optimum seeding on April 30, while it was 1.59g/10 plants in the late seeding on May 20. It was also decreased as the number of seedling stands was increased. The dry weights at 30 days before the heading stage were increased at the later seeding, while the dry weight at the heading stage was the highest at seeding on April 30 which is considered as the adequate seeding time. The dry weights at 30 days before the heading stage were increased as the number of seedling stands was increased and they were increased up to 130 seedling stands per m2 at the heading stage. The length of panicle exsertion was shortened at the later seeding. The length of panicle exsertion was increased up to 130 seedling stands. but it was shorter at 170 seedling stands. The heading dates were later at seeding on April 30 and May 20 than at seeding on April 10. They were not remarkedly different among seeding dates at 50 seedling stands, it was earlier at the higher number of seedling stands over 90. The number of spikelets per panicle was decreased at the higher number of seedling stands. The ratio of ripened grains was higher at earlier seeding than at later seeding. It was not significantly different among the number of seedling stands at the same seeding time. Yields at seeding on April 30, April 10 and May 20 were 644, 624 and 551kg/10a, respectively. The seeding on April 30, the optimum seeding time, resulted the highest yield. Rice quality was decreased due to the increase of the green kerneled rice as the seeding date was delayed.

산재보상을 신청한 뇌심혈관질환의 특성 분석

유재홍,하은희,김수근,김정연,김용규,이의철,이철호,손준석 대한산업의학회 2007 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.19 No.1

목적: 이 연구는 뇌 · 심혈관 질환으로 업무상재해를 신청한 사례 중에서 승인된 사례와 불승인된 사례의 특성을 비교하여 뇌 · 심혈관 질환의 업무상 재해여부를 판단하는데 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 2000년부터 2004년까지 근로복지공단에 업무상 재해로 요양이 신청되어 승인여부가 결정된 뇌 · 심혈관 질환자 12,309명을 대상으로 하였다. 승인여부와 관련된 특성을 확인하기 위해 연도별, 업종별, 규모별, 직업별, 성별, 연령별, 질환별, 생존유무별 그리고 기존질환 유무에 대하여 카이제곱 검정과 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하였다. 결과: 다변량 로지스틱 분석에서 뇌 · 심혈관 질환의 불승인에 대한 승인의 비차비는 광업을 기준으로 하였을 때에 전기가스 상수도업이 4.18(95% CI=1.43~12.17), 건설업이 2.39 (95% CI=1.22~4.69), 제조업이 2.10 (95% CI=1.08~4.07)이었고, 장치기계조작원 및 조립원에 비하여 서비스 근로자 및 상점과 시장 판매근로자 군이 1.90(95% CI=1.47~2.47), 전문가 군이 1.83(95% CI=1.50~2.23), 기술공 및 준전문가 군이 1.63(95% CI=1.35~1.97), 입법 공무원과 고위 임직원 및 관리자 군이 1.62(95% CI=1.24~2.12)이었고, 여성이 남성에 비하여 1.31(95% CI=1.13~1.53), 심장질환에 비하여 뇌혈관질환이 2.75(95% CI=2.42~3.13), 사망한 경우가 생존한 경우에 비하여 6.01(95% CI=4.89~7.38)이었다. 결론: 우리나라에서 뇌심혈관질환으로 업무상 재해를 신청하는 건수는 증가하고 있고 승인율은 비교적 높았으며 승인에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 업종, 규모, 직종, 성, 연령, 질환, 생존유무 등이 확인되었다. 특히 업종과 직종에 따라서 승인율의 차이가 큰 것이 어떠한 요인의 영향 때문인지에 대한 검토가 필요하고, 특히 뇌실질내 출혈의 경우에 다른 질환에 비하여 승인율이 매우 높았던 것은 업무수행성에 대한 인정기준의 잘못된 적용의 결과 이므로 시정이 필요하겠다. Objectives: This study was performed to provide fundamental data to judge whether or not cerebro and cardiovascular diseases are work-related, by comparing the characteristics between approved and non-approved cases among the worker's compensation claims. Methods: We collected 12,309 cerebro and cardiovascular disease claims based on the worker's compensation records of the Labor Welfare Corporation from 2000 to 2004. The approved and non-approved cases were analyzed according to factors such as the calendar year, industry, company size, occupation, gender, age group, classification of cerebro and cardiovascular diseases, fatality and underlying diseases. We used x²-test and multivariate logistic regression for the analysis. Results: According to multivariate logistic regression, electricity gas and water supply (OR=4.18, 95% CI=1.43~12.17), construction (OR=2.39, 95% CI=1.22~4.69) and manufacturing (OR=2.10, 95% CI=1.08~4.07) industries had a higher approval rate than mining and quarrying industries. Service workers and sales & marketing department workers (OR=1.90, 95% CI=1.47~2.47), professionals (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.50~2.23), technicians and associate professionals (OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.35~1.97) and legislators and senior officials and managers (OR=l.62, 95% CI=1.24~2.12) had a higher approval rate than plant and machine operators and assemblers. Female workers had a higher approval rate (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.13~1.53) than male workers. Cerebrovascular diseases had a higher approval rate (OR=2.75, 95% CI=2.42~3.13) than cardiovascular diseases. Fatal cases had a higher approval rate (OR=6.01, 95% CI=4.89~7.38) than surviving cases. Conclusion: For cerebro and cardiovascular diseases, workers' compensation claims are increasing, approval rates are relatively high and factors such as industry, company size, occupation, gender and fatality are related. A remarkable difference in the approval rate was found according to industry and occupation, suggesting the need for further study to identify which factors influence the approval rate. The approval rate for intracerebral hemorrhage arising in the course of employment (COE) was significantly higher than that arising out of employment (AOE), suggesting the need to correct the approval criteria.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

벼 무논골뿌림裁培時 播種期가 生育 및 收量에 미치는 影響

池在浚,朴裁成,朴成圭,李尙榮,洪性澤,孫錫龍 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1999 農業科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

This study was carried out to determine the optimum seeding date for the rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivation of the puddled-soil drill seeding, which is one of the efficient labor saving cultural methods, at the central part of Korea. Namweonbyeo, Anjungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo were seeded on four dates from April 10 to May 25, 1994 with the 15 day interval in the paddy field. In order to examine the adequate seeding date, the growth characters, yield components and yields were investigated. The coleoptile emerged 1 or 2 days earlier in Namweonbyeo than in Anjungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo, and later seeding resulted earlier coleoptile emergence. The number of seedling stands were higher in the order of Namweonbyeo, Anjungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo, was increased at the later seeding and was 81 to 88 seedlings on April 10 seeding. The plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers and dry weight at 50 days after seeding of all three cultivars were higher at later seeding. Leaf area index(LAI) were higher in the order of Ilpumbyeo, Anjungbyeo and Namweonbyeo. LAIs at the heading stage, at 30 days after heading and at 30 days before heading were higher in that order. The dry matter weight at the 30 days before heading was higher in sheath and stem than that in leaf blade, while, at heading stage, it was higher in the order of sheath and stem, leaf blade and panicle. On the other hand, at 30 days after heading, it was higher in the order of panicle, sheath and stem and leaf blade. The number of panicles per m2 was greater in the order of Ilpumbyeo, Anjungbyeo and Namweonbyeo. The ratio of ripened grain was reduced as the later seeding date. Its ratio was higher in Namweonbyeo than in Anjungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo. Yield of Namweonbyeo was lower than those of Anjungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo. Yield was decreased as the seeding date was delayed. Namweonbyeo showed the highest yield at seeding on May 10, while Anjungbyeo and Ilpumbyeo showed at seeding on April 25. The seeding date was negatively correlated with the ratio of ripened grain. while the number of seedling stands was positively correlated with the number of panicle per m2.

혈액투석요법 환자의 우울, 불안 및 수면장애에 대한 연구

윤석준,양창국,한홍무 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.5

연구목적 : 혈액투석요법을 받는 말기 신부전증 환자들은 불안이나 우울 등의 심인증상 외에도 여러 가지 수면장애를 호소할 수 있다. 말기 신부전증 환자에서 심인증상과 수면장애가 많을수록 삶의 질에 장애를 초래하며 혈액투석요법 도중 탈락이 높다. 저자는 본 연구에서 혈액투석요법 중인 환자의 우울, 불안 및 수면장애 등을 조사하여 향후 환자가료에 활용하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 부산시내 4곳의 혈액투석요법기관에서 혈액투석요법을 받는 말기 신부전증 환자 153명(남 87, 여 66)과 정신적, 신체적으로 건강한 동아대학교병원 행정직원 및 의과대학 학부모 113명(남 58, 여 55)을 대상으로 구조화된 면담과 자기평가척도를 실시하였다. 연구도구는 저자 등이 본 연구에 알맞게 개발한 인구통계학적 자료를 포함한 수면관련 설문지, 우울증 자가평가 척도인 Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), 불안 자가평가 척도인 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI)를 이용하였다. 결 과 : 환자군이 대조군에 비하여 신체증상 및 심인증상을 더 많이 호소하였고(p<0.05), 수면관련 불편을 더 많이 나타내었다(p<0.001). 환자군의 BDI 평균은 22.9로 대조군의 11.2보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). BDI 점수를 기준으로 볼 때 남자환자 64명(74.7%), 여자환자 47명(71.2%)은 우울증군에 속하였다. STAI 평균 점수는 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 환자군은 대조군에 비하여 입면잠복기와 수면 중 깨어 있는 시간이 더 길었고, 낮 동안의 졸리움 등 수면관련 불편을 더 많이 호소하고 있었다. 또한 환자군은 불면증(65.4%), 하지불편증후군(46.4%), 악몽(27.3%), 주기성사지운동장애(23.5%), 수면 식사장애(18.3%), 야경증(14.4%) 등을 유의하게 더 많이 호소하고 있었다(p<0.05). 결 론 : 혈액투석요법을 받고 있는 말기 신부전증 환자들은 대조군에 비해서 신체적, 심인적 증상을 유의하게 더 호소하고 불면증을 포함한 다양한 수면장애를 동반하고 있다. 또한 이들 사이에 높은 상호관계가 있는 바, 이는 혈액투석요법 증인 환자들에서 신체적 증상 및 심인적 증상뿐만 아니라 수면장애에 대한 치료적 접근이 필요함을 시사한다. Objectives : Psychological distresses and complaints in sleep, in addition to physical distresses such as pruritus and bone pain, are common in patients with hemodialysis. The purposes of this study were to investigate 1) the severity of physical distresses, 2) the severity of depression and anxiety, 3) the sleep disturbances, and 4) the correlation of the above variables in patients with hemodialysis. Methods : The patients with hemodialysis(male 87, female 66) and controls(male 58, female 55) completed a self-administered questionnaire package, which included Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and questions characterizing the reported sleep problems and quantitating the severity of the self-perceived physical and psychological conditions with linear visual analogue scales. Results : The results indicated that patients with hemodialysis complained of more physical distresses, more depressed mood, and more sleep disturbances suggesting insomnia, restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, nightmare and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, etc. There were significant positive correlations of physical distresses, depressed mood and sleep disturbances. However, there were no significant differences in state and trait anxiety between both groups. Conclusions : The authors suggest that the quality of life in patients with hemodialysis

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.