토양별(土壤別) 암모늄의 흡착(吸着)및 탈착(脫着)에 관한 연구 -II. 암모늄의 탈착(脫着)

심상칠,박훈,김무성,김광래,Shim, Sang-Chil,Park, Hoon,Kim, Moo-Sung,Kim, Kwang-Rai 한국토양비료학회 1979 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.11 No.2

암모니움 탈착(脫着)을 16개(個) 토양에 대하여 $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$를 처리하여 0.01M $CaCl_2$로 7회(回) 연속침출(連續浸出)하여 검토하였다. 1. 탈착(脫着)은 2~4개의 속탈(速脫) 또는 완탈단계(緩脫段階)의 반복(反復)으로 진행(進行)된다. 2. 탈착단계(脫着段階)는 탈착량(脫着量)(y)과 침출회수(浸出回數)(x)간(間)에 log y=b-ax의 관계식(關係式)이 성립(成立)된다. 3. 탈착율(脫着率)(100${\times}$탈착량(脫着量)/흡착량(吸着量))은 15개(個) 토양평균이 65%였고 최고(最高)는 김천통(金泉統)의 87% 최소(最小)는 삼각통(三角統)의 32%였으며 이탄토(泥炭土)인 용호통(龍湖統)은 156%로 토양 ammonium 이 다량방출(多量放出)되었다. 4. 탈착률(脫着率)은 흡착량(吸着量)과 부(否)의 상관을 보이며 이 관계에서 토양은 세개의 계열(系列)로 분류(分類)되었다. 5. 탈착누적곡선(脫着累積曲線)은 최대치(最大値)에 접근(接近)하고 있으며 7회탈착(回脫着)으로 모든 토양이 최대치(最大値)에 접근(接近)하였다. 이때의 흡착량(吸着量)은 CEC의 502%(삼각통(三角統))에서 25%(김해통(金海統))의 범위(範圍)에 있었다. 6. 탈착량(脫着量) 또는 탈착률(脫着率)은 LAMA, (암모니움 Langmuir 최대흡착) CEC, 점토함량(粘土含量), 유효인산, 유기물함량등(有機物含量等)과 아무런 관계가 없었다. 7. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)들은 ammonium의 흡착(吸着)과 탈착(脫着)에 있어 Fe, Al Si 등(等)의 관련성과 동반음(同伴陰) ion 흡탈착(吸脫着)이 관여함을 강하게 암시하는 것 같다. Ammonium desorption from 16 soils treated with $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ solution (2000 ppm $NH_4$) was investigated by seven extractions with 0.01M $CaCl_2$. 1. There were 2 to 4 steps alternately appeared with fast and slow mode. 2. Desorption equation, log y=b-ax where y is desorption amount, b a constant indicating adsorption maximum, a retention constant, and x extraction number, was held for each step. 3. Desorption rate (100${\times}$desorption / adsorption) was 65% for the average of 15 soils, maximum 87% in Gimcheon series, minimum 32% in Samgag series. Yongho series (a peat soil) showed 156% indicating the release of large quantity of indigenous soil ammonium. 4. Desorption rate was negatively correlated with initial adsorption and in this relation the tested soils were classified into 3 groups. 5. The cumulative desorption curve was approaching almost to maximum in all tested soils with seven extractions. The final retention amount, ranged from 25% of CEC (Gimhae series) to 502% (Samgag Series). 6. Amount and rate of desorption did not have any significant relation with Langmuir adsorption maxima of ammonium, CEC and contents of clay, available phosphorus and organic matter. 7. The above results may indicate that adsorption and desorption of ammonium is closely related with iron, aluminum silicate and adsorption and desorption characteristics of accompanied anions.

토양별(土壤別) 암모늄의 흡착(吸着) 및 탈착(脫着)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (I) -암모늄의 Langmuir 등온흡착(等溫吸着)

심상칠,김광래,김무성,박훈,Shim, Sang-Chil,Kim, Kwang-Rai,Kim, Moo-Sung,Park, Hoon 한국토양비료학회 1977 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.10 No.1

화산회토(火山灰土), 특이산성토(特異酸性土), 퇴화염토등(退化鹽土等) 15개토양(個土壤)에 대(對)하여 $NH_4H_2PO_4$를 사용(使用), 암모늄의 Langmuir 등온흡착(等溫吸着)을 본 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 암모니움 Langmuir 흡착최대량(吸着最大量)(LAMA)은 2.4me/100g에서 12.3이었고 평균(平均)은 5.3이었으며 30, 60ppm 또는 40과 80ppm의 두 농도(濃度)에서 측정(測定)할 수 있다. 2. LAMA는 토양(土壤)에 따라 두개가 존재하였으며 LAMA의 차이보다 흡착상수(결합에너지)의 차이가 더욱 컸다. 3. LAMA는 CEC의 9.4%에서 72%까지 해당되며 그 평균(平均)은 47%였고 토양(土壤)의 점토함량(粘土含量), CEC, pH, 유기물(有機物), 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度), 인산(燐酸), Ca, Mg, K, Na 어느 것과도 분명(分明)한 경향(傾向)을 보이지 아니하였다. 4. LAMA는 화산회토(火山灰土)를 제외(除外)하면 200ppm에서의 흡착량(吸着量)과 고도(高度)의 유의상관(有意相關)(r=0.951, 1% 유의)을 보이므로 200ppm 단일농도(單一濃度)에서 측정가능(測定可能)하다. 화산회토(火山灰土)는 암모늄 흡착양상(吸着樣相)에 의(依)하여 2군(群)으로 분류(分類)될 수 있다. 5. 암모늄의 흡착양식(吸着樣式)은 토양철(土壤鐵)이나 Al과 동반음(同伴陰) ion이 결합(結合)하고 이 음(陰) ion에 암모늄이 흡착(吸着)하는 것으로 추론(推論)되며 Langmuir 등온흡착모형(等溫吸着模型)의 포장토양(圃場土壤)에의 적용(適用)에 관(關)하여 검토(檢討)하였다. Fifteen soils including volcanic ash, acid sulfate and degraded saline soils were investigated for Languir adsorption isotherm of ammonium using $NH_4H_2PO_4$. The results are as follows. Languir adsorption maxima of ammonium (LAMA) ranged from 2.4me/100g soil to 12.3 and the average was 5.3. Initial concentration of 30 to 60 or 40 to 80 ppm(as N) appears to be suitable for LAMA measurement. There were two LAMA in some soils. Difference between adsorption constants (bonding energy) was mostly greater than that between LAMA. LAMA ranged from 9.4% to 72% of cation exchange capacity and average was 47%. It did not show any clear tendency with CEC, pH, organic matter content, base saturation percent, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Si. Except volcanic ash soils which were grouped into two groups according to ammonium adsorption LAMA was significantly (r=0.951 at 1%) correlated with adsorption at 200ppm. This single concentration seems suitable for LAMA measurement. Probable mechanism of ammonium adsorption was discussed, in which the associated anions were combined with iron and aluminum and then ammonium was bound to phosphorus. Applicability of Langmuir adsorption isotherm model to the soils under field condition was also discussed.

The Clay Mineralogy of some Low Productive Paddy Soils In Kyonggi-Do

심상칠,김태순,이형구,송기준,발렌시아,Shim, Sang Chil,Kim, Tai Soon,Lee, Hyung Koo,Song, Ki Joon,Valencia, I.G. 한국토양비료학회 1974 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.7 No.3

The samples were taken from the following localities previously classified as "Akiochi" area: Yangpyung, Puchun, and Pyungtaik, all of Kyonggi-do province. Five soil profiles were described in the field, and taken to the laboratory for physical and chemical analysis and mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction. The predominant clay minerals consist mainly of illite, vermiculite, chlorites and intergrade with vermiculite, and kaolinite. Illite or mica was found present in all samples and in all horizons. This was identified by the 9.83 to $10{\AA}$ (0.01) and $3.32{\AA}$ (003) basal reflections, Interhorizontal variations in mineral content and crystallinity are illustrated in their respective Xray diffractogram. Comparing the peak intensity, of the $14{\AA}$, $10{\AA}$ and $7{\AA}$ indicated the degree of weathering from the surface to the lower horizons. In general, the weathering of illite on the surface produced less pronounced $10{\AA}$ and $14{\AA}$ peak as compared to the lower horizons. The same may be said with kaolinite. On K-saturation, the $14{\AA}$ peak broadening on the low angle side was observed. This is interpreted to be due to chlorization. Heat treament from $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, and $800^{\circ}C$. caused significant changes in the different diffractograms. Heating caused collasped of the $14{\AA}$ to $10{\AA}$ and the appearance of scattered peaks between $10-14{\AA}$. This is interpreted to the presence of vermiculite chlorite intergradient. The complete collapse of the $14{\AA}$ at $800^{\circ}C$ to $10{\AA}$ with increased intensity was attributed to the preservce of vermiculite. The principal difference among the clay minerals in each horizon is the concomitant increase and decrease in intensity with depth of the $14{\AA}$, $10{\AA}$ and $7{\AA}$ diffraction spacings. Apparently the weathering of illite ($10{\AA}$) is resulting in the formation of vermiculite ($14{\AA}$) and the interstratified material being an intermediate stage and the beginning of the formation of vermiculite. Some broadening- in the 17 to $18{\AA}$ was observed in Puchun-1 Pyungtaik-1 and Pyungtaik-2 specially so in the lower horizon in the Ca or Mg-saturated sample. Heated treatment tend to shift this peak to $14{\AA}$ indicating the presence of regular layering of the interstratified complex. The high amount of extractable aluminum and iron coupled with low exchange capacity indicate that iron and aluminum plays an important role in the weathering of these soils and is responsible to the low exchange capacity, high acidity and high phosphate absorptive capacity. The results presented substantiated the weathering sequence of Jackson in that mica ${\rightarrow}$ vermiculite ${\rightarrow}$ chloritezed vermiculite ${\rightarrow}$ kaolinite.

The Clay Minderalogy of some Low Productive Paddy Soils in Kyonggi-Do

Sang Chil Shim(沈相七),Tai Soon Kim(金台淳),Hyung Koo Lee(李亨求),Ki Joon Song(宋基俊),I. G. Valencia 한국토양비료학회 1974 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.7 No.3

低位生産沓 土壤에 對한 改良劑와 燐酸의 效果

沈相七(Shim, Sang Chil),宋基俊(Ki Joon Song),金貞子(Chung Ja Kim) 한국토양비료학회 1971 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.4 No.1

液肥葉面撤布의 水稻登熟向上 効果

沈相七(Sang Chil Shim),金武成(Moo Sung Kim),李承雨(Soung Woo Lee),朴薰(Hoon Park) 한국토양비료학회 1976 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.9 No.2

土壤別 암모늄의 吸着 및 脫着에 關한 硏究

沈相七(Sang-Chil Shim),朴薰(Hoon Park),金武成(Moo-Sung Kim),金侊來(Kwang-Rai Kim) 한국토양비료학회 1979 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.11 No.2

土壤別 암모늄의 吸着 및 脫着에 關한 硏究 (Ⅰ)

沈相七(Sang-Chil Shim),金侊來(Kwang-Rai Kim),金武成(Moo-Sung Kim),朴薰(Hoon Park) 한국토양비료학회 1977 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.10 No.1

窒素 施用時期別 窒素吸收率과 水稻體內의 分布에 관한 硏究

沈相七(Sang Chil Shim),金台淳(Tai Soon Kim),宋基俊(Ki Joon Song) 한국토양비료학회 1974 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.7 No.2

한국산(韓國産) 식용(食用) 해조류(海藻類)의 성분(成分)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -I. 수종(數種) 식용(食用) 갈조류(褐藻類)의 구성(構成) 성분(成分)에 대(對)하여-

이인규,심상칠,조한옥,이종욱,Lee, In-Kyu,Shim, Sang-Chil,Cho, Han-Ok,Rhee, Chong-Ouk 한국응용생명화학회 1971 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.14 No.3

한국산(韓國産) 식용해조류(食用海藻類)의 구성성분(構成成分)을 조사(調査)하기 위하여 10종(種)의 식용(食用) 갈조류와 2종(種)의 비식용(非食用) 갈조류를 재료로 하여 일반화학성분(一般化學成分)과 각종 무기염류를 분석 검토하였다. 시료(試料)는 1970년(年) 10월(月) $28{\sim}30$일(日) 제주도에서 채집(採集)하였다. 1) 일반성분(一般成分) 중(中) 수분(水分)은 건물량(乾物量)의 $14{\sim}16%$를 함유하고, 조단백질은 대부분(大部分)이 16% 정도여서 육상야생 식용식물의 경우와 비슷하였다. 조지방(粗脂肪)은 $0.7{\sim}2.0%$ 정도이고, 조섬유(粗纖維)는 $3{\sim}8%$였으나 조회분(粗灰分)은 $9.17{\sim}16.89%$로 매우 높은 함량을 나타내고 있다. 환원당으로 정량한 유리 단당류는 $0.27{\sim}2.49%$를 포함하고 있다. 2) 무기염류 중에서는 Ca이 가장 많아서 $1.73{\sim}2.51%$였고, S이 그 다음으로 $1.0{\sim}1.8%$, Na 과 K이 약 1% 정도였다. Mg과 옥소(沃素)는 약 $0.1{\sim}1%$였고 미량원소에 속하는 Fe과 Zn은 약 $0.01{\sim}0.03%$, Cu와 Mn은 $0.001{\sim}0.005%$ 정도였다. 3) 식용성(食用性) 갈조류와 비식용성(非食用性)인 것 사이에 그 구성성분상(構成成分上) 특기할 차이는 없었고 더욱이 본 실험 결과만으로는 이들의 분류(分類) 내지(乃至) 계통학적(系統學的) 유연관계를 설명해 줄 수 있는 성분상의 차이는 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 4) 해조류가 식품(食品)으로서 지니는 가치는 지방 단백질 및 탄수화물의 함량보다 각종(各種) 무기염류가 다량(多量)으로 또한 다양(多樣)하게 들어 있는 점(點)에 있다고 할 것이다. In order to investigate chemical components of edible marine algae in Korea, the present work is carried out with ten edible and two non-edible species of brown algae, collected from Cheju-island during October, 28-30 in 1970. Among the general components, water content is about 14-16% to dry weight and the crude protein about 16%, which are almost similar in content compared with several non-cultivate edible land plants. The content of crude fat is about 0.7-2.0%, and that of crude fiber about 3-8%, while the content of crude ash is 9.17-16.89%. The last one is more than two times in content compared with the land plants. The reducing sugar is about 0.27-2.49% in general. On the other hand, among the minerals Ca content is the most abundant, 1.73-2.51%, and the next is S, 1.0-1.8%. Mg and I are around 0.1-1%, while K and Na are about 1% in content. Among the micro-elements, Fe and Zn are about 0.01-0.03%, and Cu and Mn 0.001-0.005% in content. There is no special significant difference in chemical components between the edible and non-edible species of brown algae. Moreover, so far as the present investigation is concerned, there can be found no significant inter-species relationship on the taxonomical or phylogenetical points of view, considering their components.