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武后 新字의 創製의 興廢 및 文字의 正俗 問題에 관한 논의
王三慶(Wang San-ching),李美京(번역자) 구결학회 2006 구결연구 Vol.17 No.-
중국역사에서 武后는 여성의 신분으로 천하를 군림함으로써 어느 누구와도 비할 바 없는 정치적인 재능을 펼쳐보였다. 前後의 군왕과 함께 盛唐의 웅장한 기풍을 이끌어내기도 하였다. 그녀가 황제에 등극한 이후, 새로운 시대를 맞이하기 위해 연호를 바꾸고 새로운 형태의 문자를 만들어 기존에 오랫동안 사용되어 왔던 것을 대신하게 되었는데, 이 글자가 이른바 「武后新字」17文이다. 이 17개의 글자의 창조과정은 다섯 가지 서로 다른 단계를 거쳤는데 이는 각각 정치적인 목적과 문화체계의 내재적인 의미를 가지고 있다. 사람이 세상을 떠나고 정치력이 약해짐에 따라 이 문자도 시대적 의미를 잃고 점점 사라져서 본래의 글자를 사용하게 되었다. 이 문자들의 창제와 사용과정에 대해서는 오랜 시간동안 여러 학지들이 자세히 밝히지 않고 있어서 관련된 문지부호의 실질적인 의미에 관해서도 심도 있는 연구나 해석을 하지 않고 있는 상태이다. 따라서 필자는 이전의 논문 〈敦煌寫卷 중 武后新字에 관한 조사 연구〉(《漢學硏究》제4권 2기, p.437-464. 中央圖書館漢學硏究中心 주최 國際 敦煌學 세미나 논문집)를 기초로 이 武后新字에 대해서 심도 있는 논의를 하고, 흥패 문제에 대해서도 살펴보겠다. 문자의 흥망과 書寫적 습관에 관한 상호작용에 대해서 논하고, 정치적인 교섭문제, 나아가 중국 역대 字書 辭書에서의 複體와 正俗字문제도 논의하겠다. In Chinese history, the sovereign of Wu Tse-t'ien descended the world, which exhibited her unequaled political talents and developed a thriving period of Tang Dynasty, together with the former and the succeeding emperors. After her ascending the throne, for coming of a new epoch, a bundle of new words were made to replacethose having been accepted through common practice, as called 'the seventeen new words made by Wu Tse-t'ien'(武后新字 十七字). The process to create these seventeen words underwent five different stages, each containing its political purpose and cultural meaning. Following her past, her sovereignty declining, these words were obsolete gradually from degrading of theirepochal meanings and returned to the original ones. Regarding the course of creating and using these words, for hundreds of years, little were mentioned by scholars, and scarcely were studied or explained on real meanings of their alphabets. For this reason, author is planning to do deeper discussions about these words on basis of the previous paper (see Research and Studies of Queen Wu's New Words in Tun-huang Manuscripts' Chinese Studies Vol. 4 No.2, pp. 437~464, Proceedings of the International Conference on Tun-huang Studies held by Center for Chinese Studies in National Taiwan Library). Starting fromestablishment and abolishment of new words, such issues as interaction between writing habits, rise and fall of written languages, and negotiations of politics were discoursed and expanded into discussions related to multiple versions(複體) of words, including the official and the folk, in dictionaries of each Chinese generatio.
Pei Ing Ngam,Ching Ching Ong,Edgar Lik Wui Tay,Jimmy Kim Fatt Hon,Chongri Liang,Lynette Li San Teo 아시아심장혈관영상의학회 2021 Cardiovascular Imaging Asia Vol.5 No.3
Objective: The aim of the study is to assess feasibility of using aortic valve calcification volume (AVCV) as a surrogate marker for aortic stenosis (AS) by studying the correlation between AVCV on contrast enhanced CT (CECT) and severity of AS using echocardiographic indices. Materials and Methods: Ninety-four patients with AS, who underwent CECT and echocardiography as part of pre-transcatheter aortic valve implantation assessment were analysed. AVC was quantified on CECT using methodology validated by Bischoff et al. Severity of AS was categorized by echocardiography indices [transaortic jet velocity, mean pressure gradient, aortic valve area (AVA) by continuity and planimetry equations, indexed AVA to body surface area and dimensionless index (DI)]. Results: Moderate to strong correlation was found between AVCV with transaortic jet velocity (rs=0.397, p<0.001), peak pressure gradient (rs=0.410, p<0.001) and mean pressure gradient (rs=0.381, p<0.001). There was statistically significant correlation between AVCV with indexed AVA (rs=-0.225, p<0.001) and DI (rs=-0.644 p<0.001) but not with AVA by continuity equation (rs=-0.024, p<0.826) and by planimetry (rs=-0.185, p<0.158). Although not statistically significant, patients with higher degree of AS were noted to have higher AVCV burden on CECT. Conclusion: Quantification of AVCV using CECT is a potential complementary marker for grading of AS severity. AVCV has additive value when there is discrepancy between clinical and echocardiography examinations or discordant echocardiographic indices due to variation in techniques of imaging and small body size in Asian population.
Chen, Ming-Yu,Tu, Ching-Fu,Huang, San-Yuan,Lin, Jyh-Hung,Tzang, Bor-Show,Hseu, Tzong-Hsiung,Lee, Wen-Chuan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.1
A high environmental temperature affects the economic performance of pigs. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been reported to participate importantly in thermotolerance. This study aims to produce transgenic pigs overexpressing porcine HSP70.2, the highly inducible one of HSP70 members, and to prove the cellular thermotolerance in the primary fibroblasts from the transgenics. A recombinant plasmid in which the sequence that encodes the porcine HSP70.2 gene is fused to green fluorescence protein (GFP) was constructed under the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer and promoter. Two transgenic pigs were produced by microinjecting pCMV-HSP70-GFP DNA into the pronucleus of fertilized eggs. Immunoblot assay revealed the varied overexpression level (6.4% and 1.4%) of HSP70-GFP in transgenic pigs. After heating at $45^{\circ}C$ for 3 h, the survival rate (78.1%) of the primary fibroblast cells from the highly expressing transgenic pig exceeded that from the non-transgenic pig (62.9%). This result showed that primary fibroblasts overexpressing HSP70-GFP confer cell thermotolerance. We suggest that transgenic pigs overexpressing HSP70 might improve their thermotolerance in summer and therefore reduce the economic loss in animal production.
Prevention of Natural Flowering in Pineapple (Ananas comosus) by Shading and Urea Application
Meng-Tzu Lin,Alfred Ming Chen1,Tzong-Shyan Lin,Ching-San Kuan,Ching-Lung Lee,Wen-Ju Yang 한국원예학회 2015 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.56 No.1
The year-round production of pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) is often interrupted by natural flowering during winter in Taiwan. A stable and promising technique for preventing natural flowering is required. In this study, we have tested the effect of shading and urea application on the flowering of pineapple. Shading 90% of sun light(s) before mid-November delayed the natural flowering of pineapple and the delay was affected by the plant age. For pineapples planted less than 11 month before mid-November, applying 1% urea plus shading treatment (SN) completely inhibited natural flowering. All the flowering-inhibited plants could be forced to flower by applying calcium carbide. Long-term shading might result in a decreased number of fruitlets within a fruit. However, 6 weeks of recovery before forcing flowering was sufficient for plants to produce fruits with quality equal to that of the control plants. In winter, pineapple plants that were prone to flowering tended to accumulate more leaf starch and increase their C/N ratio. The SN treatment increased the leaf nitrogen concentration and thus effectively maintained a low leaf C/N ratio. Furthermore, flowering-inhibited plants exhibited a constantly low level of leaf starch during the winter and their flowering forced by calcium carbide did not accompany with leaf starch accumulation.
The Reproductive Characteristics of the Mare in Subtropical Taiwan
Ju, Jyh-Cherng,Peh, Huo-Cheng,Hsu, Jenn-Chung,Cheng, San-Pao,Chiu, Shaw-Ching,Fan, Yang-Kwang Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.4
The objectives of this study were to document the reproductive traits of mares as influenced by the month of the year in Taiwan. Reproductive records, lactation traits, foal birth weight (FBW) and foal height (FBH) were collected from Holi Equine Station of Taiwan. The effects of month on these parameters were analyzed. The length of estrus (LE) was shortest in December each year. The increasing trend was recorded from January to September with a significantly (p<0.05) longer period of $12.4{\pm}0.4$ days in September than in January and February. A gradual shortening in LE was observed from September to December ($10.1{\pm}0.6$ days, p<0.05), when the shortest period of the year was observed. Mares showed signs of estrus throughout the year, but more than 80% were found in estrus during March through October. The FBW was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the breeding month of the year. The lowest foal weights were recorded in both September ($36.7{\pm}0.7$ kg) and December ($36.8{\pm}0.9$ kg), which were also significantly lower than those in other months except in March, August, and November. A trend of lower FBH from September to December (93.5-93.8 cm) than those from January to August was observed. The greatest FBH was in June (96.2 cm). Breeding months and onset of estrus of the mares exerted a significant effect on the incidence of agalactia during the lactation period. These analyses provide fundamental information on adaptive processes in respect to reproductive characteristics of mares, which indicated an extent of acclimation by these animals in subtropical Taiwan.
Kit-Fai Lee,Kandy Kam Cheung Wong,Eugene Yee Juen Lo,Janet Wui Cheung Kung,Hon-Ting Lok,Charing Ching Ning Chong,John Wong,Paul Bo San Lai,Kelvin Kwok Chai Ng 한국간담췌외과학회 2022 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.26 No.1
Backgrounds/Aims: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains a dreadful complication. Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy (DTMPJ) is a commonly performed anastomosis after PD. This study aims to evaluate whether there is a size limit of pancreatic duct below which POPF rate increases significantly after DTMPJ. Methods: A retrospective study was performed from a database with prospectively collected data on consecutive patients undergoing DTMPJ. Results: Between the years 2003 and 2019, a total of 288 patients with DTMPJ were recruited. POPF occurred in 56.3% of the patients, of which 43.8% were biochemical leak, 8.7% were grade B, and 1.4% were grade C. Overall operative morbidity was 51.4%, of which 19.1% were major complications. Five patients (1.7%) died within 90 days of operation. Patients with grade B/C POPF had significantly soft pancreas (p < 0.001), smaller duct size (p = 0.031), and a diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas (p = 0.027). When a clinically significant POPF rate was analysed based on the pancreatic duct diameter, pancreatic duct size ≤ 1 mm had the highest POPF rate (35.7%). There was a significant difference in POPF rate between adjacent ductal diameter ≤ 1 mm and > 1 mm to 2 mm (35.7% vs 13.3%; p = 0.040). Multivariable analysis showed that for the soft pancreas, pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 1 mm was the only significant predictive factor for POPF (p = 0.027). Conclusions: DTMPJ can be safely performed for pancreatic duct > 1 mm without significantly increased POPF risk.