True Digestibility of Phosphorus in Different Resources of Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs

Wu, X.,Ruan, Z.,Zhang, Y.G.,Hou, Y.Q.,Yin, Y.L.,Li, T.J.,Huang, R.L.,Chu, W.Y.,Kong, X.F.,Gao, B.,Chen, L.X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.1

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

Quantitative analysis of melamine in milk powders using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and band ratio

Huang, M.,Kim, M.S.,Delwiche, S.R.,Chao, K.,Qin, J.,Mo, C.,Esquerre, C.,Zhu, Q. Applied Science Publishers 2016 Journal of food engineering Vol.181 No.-

<P>Since 2008, the detection of the adulterant melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) in food products has become the subject of research due to several food safety scares. Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging offers great potential for food safety and quality research because it combines the features of vibrational spectroscopy and digital imaging. In this study, NIR hyperspectral imaging was investigated for quantitative evaluation of melamine particles in nonfat and whole milk powders. Melamine was mixed into milk powders in a concentration range of 0.02-1.00% (w/w). A NIR hyperspectral imaging system was used to acquire images (938-1654 nm) of melamine powder, whole milk powder, nonfat milk powder, and mixtures of melamine and each of the milk powders. Two optimal bands (1447 nm and 1466 nm) were selected by a linear correlation algorithm with pure milk and pure melamine. Band ratio (13144711455) images coupled with a single threshold were used to create resultant images to visualize identification and distribution of the melamine adulterant particles in milk powders. The identification results were verified by spectral feature comparison between separated mean spectra of melamine pixels and milk pixels. Linear correlations (r) were found between the number of pixels identified as containing melamine and melamine concentration in nonfat milk and whole milk powders, which were 0.980 and 0.970 or higher, respectively. The study demonstrated that the combination of NIR hyperspectral imaging and simple band ratioing was promising for rapid quantitative analysis of melamine in milk powders. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</P>

Field dependence of antiferromagnetic domain switching in epitaxial Fe/CoO/MgO(001) systems

Li, Q.,Ma, T. P.,Yang, M.,Sun, L.,Huang, S. Y.,Li, R. W.,Won, C.,Qiu, Z. Q.,Wu, Y. Z. American Physical Society 2017 Physical Review B Vol.96 No.2

<P>Utilizing the magneto-optic Kerr effect and Kerr microscopy measurements, we investigated the antiferro-magnetic (AFM) domain switching process at different magnetic fields in a single-crystalline Fe/CoO bilayer grown on MgO(001) substrate. In spite of the zero-net magnetic moment in the CoO layer, we find that the activation energy barrier of CoO AFM domain switching decreased at larger magnetic field. To separate the different behaviors of domain nucleation and domain wall motion during the CoO spin switching process, a new analytical method was developed. Using this method, we found that the CoO domain nucleation energy barrier exhibited a jump at a critical magnetic field while the CoO domain wall motion experienced only a tiny energy barrier variation. The field-dependent behaviors of the energy barriers were attributed to the formation of a spiral domain wall in the Fe layer during its magnetization reversal and this was supported by micromagnetic simulations.</P>

Controllable seeding of single crystal graphene islands from graphene oxide flakes

Li, Q.,Zhang, C.,Lin, W.,Huang, Z.,Zhang, L.,Li, H.,Chen, X.,Cai, W.,Ruoff, R.S.,Chen, S. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2014 Carbon Vol.79 No.-

Graphene oxide (G-O) flakes were used to seed the growth of single crystal graphene islands by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on Cu foil. Such islands have the G-O seed (which converts to a 'reduced graphene oxide' (rG-O) seed due to the CVD growth conditions used) roughly in the center of the islands. The lateral growth of such single crystal graphene islands was studied by carbon isotope labeling and Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. By changing the concentration of G-O in the aqueous dispersion used to deposit the G-O flakes onto the Cu foil by dip-coating, the size of the seeded graphene islands could be precisely controlled on the Cu foil. The crystal orientation of the single crystal graphene islands was found to be identical to that of the G-O seeds.

Safety Analysis of Structures with Probability and Evidence Theory

Y. R. Tao,L. Cao,G. Q. Cheng,ZH. H. Huang 한국강구조학회 2016 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.16 No.2

In safety analysis of structures, classical probabilistic analysis has been a popular approach in engineering. However, it is not always to obtain sufficient information to model all uncertain parameters of structures system by probability theory, especially at early stage of design. Under this circumstance, probability theory (used to model random uncertainty) combined with evidence theory (used to model epistemic uncertainty) may be utilized in safety analysis of structures. This paper proposed a novel method for safety analysis of structures based on probability and evidence theory. Firstly, Bayes conversion method is used as the way for precision of evidence body, and the mean and variance of epistemic uncertain variables is defined. Then epistemic uncertainty variables is transformed to normal random variables by reflection transformation method, and the checking point method (J-C method) is used to solve most probability point and reliability. A numerical example and two engineering examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. The results show both precision and computational efficiency of the method is high. Moreover, the proposed method provides basis for reliability-based optimization with the hybrid uncertainties.

A novel evidence theory model and combination rule for reliability estimation of structures

Y.R. Tao,Q. Wang,L. Cao,S.Y. Duan,Z.H.H. Huang,G.Q. Cheng 국제구조공학회 2017 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.62 No.4

Due to the discontinuous nature of uncertainty quantification in conventional evidence theory(ET), the computational cost of reliability analysis based on ET model is very high. A novel ET model based on fuzzy distribution and the corresponding combination rule to synthesize the judgments of experts are put forward in this paper. The intersection and union of membership functions are defined as belief and plausible membership function respectively, and the Murfhy’s average combination rule is adopted to combine the basic probability assignment for focal elements. Then the combined membership functions are transformed to the equivalent probability density function by a normalizing factor. Finally, a reliability analysis procedure for structures with the mixture of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties is presented, in which the equivalent normalization method is adopted to solve the upper and lower bound of reliability. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by a numerical example and an engineering example. The results also show that the reliability interval calculated by the suggested method is almost identical to that solved by conventional method. Moreover, the results indicate that the computational cost of the suggested procedure is much less than that of conventional method. The suggested ET model provides a new way to flexibly represent epistemic uncertainty, and provides an efficiency method to estimate the reliability of structures with the mixture of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties.

One-Dimensional Electrical Contact to a Two-Dimensional Material

Wang, L.,Meric, I.,Huang, P. Y.,Gao, Q.,Gao, Y.,Tran, H.,Taniguchi, T.,Watanabe, K.,Campos, L. M.,Muller, D. A.,Guo, J.,Kim, P.,Hone, J.,Shepard, K. L.,Dean, C. R. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2013 Science Vol.342 No.6158

<P><B>Better Contact Along the Edge</B></P><P>Electrical contact to graphene is normally done with metal contacts on its flat face, where there are few strong bonding sites for the metal. <B>Wang <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 614) encapsulated graphene with hexagonal boron nitride sheets and made metal contacts along its edge, where bonding orbitals are exposed. The resulting heterostructures had high electronic performance, with room-temperature carrier mobilities near the theoretical phonon-scattering limit.</P>

Incorporating Hysteresis in One-dimensional Seepage Modeling in Unsaturated Soils

L. Z. Wu,R. Q. Huang,Q. Xu 대한토목학회 2012 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.16 No.1

To understand better the influence of soil-water characteristic hysteresis on rainfall infiltration and pore-water pressure distributions in unsaturated soils, an analytical solution to the one-dimensional governing partial differential equation considering hysteresis is derived using a Fourier integral transformation. The analytical solution considers time-dependent and arbitrary initial pore-water pressure distributions, as well as a time-varying rainfall flux process at the ground surface. An exponential function is used to represent the hysteretic Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) and the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and pore-water pressure. The calculated results demonstrate that the critical point, the intersection between wetting and drying domains in one-dimensional unsaturated seepage, is influenced by many factors. The hysteresis in soil-water characteristics is an important factor in infiltration process influencing the pore-water pressure profiles in unsaturated soils. The effects of hysteretic parameters on pore-water pressure profiles are also analyzed. The value of α in the hysteresis model is found to be the most significant factor influencing the pore pressure distributions.

Projected climate regime shift under future global warming from multi-model, multi-scenario CMIP5 simulations

Feng, S.,Hu, Q.,Huang, W.,Ho, C.H.,Li, R.,Tang, Z. Elsevier 2014 Global and planetary change Vol.112 No.-

This study examined shifts in climate regimes over the global land area using the Koppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification by analyzing observations during 1900-2010, and simulations during 1900-2100 from twenty global climate models participating in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5). Under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, the models projected a 3<SUP>o</SUP>-10<SUP>o</SUP>C warming in annual temperature over the global land area by the end of the twenty-first century, with strong (moderate) warming in the high (middle) latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and weaker warming in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The projected changes in precipitation vary considerably in space and present greater uncertainties among the models. Overall, the models are consistent in projecting increasing precipitation over the high-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere, and reduced precipitation in the Mediterranean, southwestern North America, northern and southern Africa and Australia. Based on the projected changes in temperature and precipitation, the K-T climate types would shift toward warmer and drier climate types from the current climate distribution. Regions of temperate, tropical and dry climate types are projected to expand, while regions of polar, sub-polar and subtropical climate types are projected to contract. The magnitudes of the projected changes are stronger in the RCP8.5 scenario than the low emission scenario RCP4.5. On average, the climate types in 31.4% and 46.3% of the global land area are projected to change by the end of the twenty-first century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Further analysis suggests that changes in precipitation played a slightly more important role in causing shifts of climate type during the twentieth century. However, the projected changes in temperature play an increasingly important role and dominate shifts in climate type when the warming becomes more pronounced in the twenty-first century.

SOI Structure Formation by Single-Crystal Silicon MBE on Double Layer Different Microstructure Porous Silicon System

ZhEng, D. W.,Huang, Y. P.,Tang, T. A.,Cui, Q.,Li, A. Z.,Zhou, S. X.,He, Z. J.,Chen, Z.,Zhang, X. J.,Kwor, R. 대한전자공학회 1993 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.3 No.1

A novel process for silicon on insulator(SOI) technology has been presented. Single crystal Si is grown by molecular beam epitaxy(MBF) on a porous silicon(PS) system consisting of two layers of PS with different microstructures. Subsequent lateral oxidation converts the structure to SOI wish excellent insulation property. Si islands with a width of 135㎛ and low doping concentration have been achieved.