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Implicit vs. Explicit Solvent Models for Calculating X-ray Solution Scattering Curves
Prabhakar Ganesan,김종구,이재혁,김정호,이효철 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.3
Theoretical calculation of X-ray solution scattering curves of proteins in the solution phase is strongly influenced by solvent contributions in the form of solvent-excluded volume and hydration layer that are generally represented either implicitly or explicitly. To investigate the effect of the implicit and explicit solvent models on the calculated scattering curves, we developed a new program, X-ray Solution Scattering (XSoS) based on implicit (XSoS-implicit) and explicit (XSoS-explicit) solvent models. Both XSoS-implicit and XSoS-explicit can calculate X-ray solution scattering curves with high accuracy. Overall, the implicit solvent model has practical advantages over the explicit solvent model for the analysis of experimental X-ray solution scattering data.
Use of GammaPlan convolution algorithm for dose calculation on CT and cone-beam CT images
Prabhakar Ramachandran,Ben Perrett,Orrie Dancewicz,Venkatakrishnan Seshadri,Catherine Jones,Akash Mehta,Matthew Foote 대한방사선종양학회 2021 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.39 No.2
Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of using cone-beam computed tomography images (CBCTs) produced in a Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) Icon system to generate electron density information for the convolution algorithm in Leksell GammaPlan (LGP) Treatment Planning System (TPS). Materials and Methods: A retrospective set of 30 LGK treatment plans generated for patients with multiple metastases was selected in this study. Both CBCTs and fan-beam CTs were used to provide electron density data for the convolution algorithm. Plan quality metrics such as coverage, selectivity, gradient index, and beam-on time were used to assess the changes introduced by convolution using CBCT (convCBCT) and planning CT (convCT) data compared to the homogeneous TMR10 algorithm. Results: The mean beam-on time for TMR10 and convCBCT was found to be 18.9 ± 5.8 minutes and 21.7 ± 6.6 minutes, respectively. The absolute mean difference between TMR10 and convCBCT for coverage, selectivity, and gradient index were 0.001, 0.02, and 0.0002, respectively. The calculated beam-on times for convCBCT were higher than the time calculated for convCT treatment plans. This is attributed to the considerable variation in Hounsfield values (HU) dependent on the position within the field of view. Conclusion: The artifacts from the CBCT’s limited field-of-view and considerable HU variation need to be taken into account before considering the use of convolution algorithm for dose calculation on CBCT image datasets, and electron data derived from the onboard CBCT should be used with caution.
Prabhakar, A.K.,Lai, H.Y.,Potroz, M.G.,Corliss, M.K.,Park, J.H.,Mundargi, R.C.,Cho, D.,Bang, S.I.,Cho, N.J. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2017 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.53 No.-
Pine pollen is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and has been consumed as a food product for thousands of years. Owing to wind pollination, its pollen grains are composed of a sporoplasmic central cavity along with two empty air sac compartments. While this architectural configuration is evolutionarily optimized for wind dispersal, such features also lend excellent potential for encapsulating materials, especially in the context of preparing sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs). Herein, we systematically evaluated one-pot acid processing methods in order to generate pine pollen SECs that support compound loading. Morphological properties of the SECs were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic imaging particle analysis (DIPA), and protein removal was evaluated by CHN elemental analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). It was identified that 5-h acidolysis with 85% w/v phosphoric acid at 70<SUP>o</SUP>C yielded an optimal balance of high protein removal and preservation of microcapsule architecture, while other processing methods were also feasible with an additional enzymatic step. Importantly, the loading efficiency of the pine pollen SECs was three-times greater than that of natural pine pollen, highlighting their potential for microencapsulation. Taken together, our findings outline a successful strategy to prepare intact pine pollen SECs and demonstrate for the first time that SECs can be prepared from multi-compartmental pollen capsules, opening the door to streamlined processing approaches to utilize pine pollen microcapsules in industrial applications.
Improved flame-retardant and tensile properties of thermoplastic starch/flax fabric green composites
Prabhakar, M.N.,Rehman Shah, Atta ur,Song, Jung-Il Applied Science Publishers 2017 Carbohydrate Polymers Vol.168 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This article highlights the development of biodegradable flame-retardant composites using a compression technique on low-cost starch, flax fabric (FF) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) raw materials. The starch was plasticized into thermoplastic starch through a mechano-ball milling process and composites were developed by reinforcing the FF and incorporating varying amounts of APP. The effects of APP on the flammability and thermal properties of the composites were studied. Limited oxygen index and horizontal-burning tests exhibited significant sustainability of the composites toward flame and direct flame self-extinguishment. It was observed that at higher temperatures, APP leads to formation of thermally stable char. The flame retardant properties of the composites were speculated to be due to the protective compact crosslinked network (POP and POC) of the char. The reported effects of APP include improvement in mechanical and biodegradation properties. This investigation provides the design of novel flame-retardant green composites with excellent properties.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Flame retardant green composites were developed from plasticized starch and APP. </LI> <LI> Mechano-ball milling process was employed to prepare plasticized starch powder. </LI> <LI> The properties of the composites were investigated as a function of APP. </LI> <LI> The composites exhibit superior flame retardant and mechanical properties. </LI> </UL> </P>
Electroencephalography-based imagined speech recognition using deep long short-term memory network
Prabhakar Agarwal,Sandeep Kumar 한국전자통신연구원 2022 ETRI Journal Vol.44 No.4
This article proposes a subject-independent application of brain–computer interfacing (BCI). A 32-channel Electroencephalography (EEG) device is used to measure imagined speech (SI) of four words (sos, stop, medicine, washroom) and one phrase (come-here) across 13 subjects. A deep long short-term memory (LSTM) network has been adopted to recognize the above signals in seven EEG frequency bands individually in nine major regions of the brain. The results show a maximum accuracy of 73.56% and a network prediction time (NPT) of 0.14 s which are superior to other state-of-the-art techniques in the literature. Our analysis reveals that the alpha band can recognize SI better than other EEG frequencies. To reinforce our findings, the above work has been compared by models based on the gated recurrent unit (GRU), convolutional neural network (CNN), and six conventional classifiers. The results show that the LSTM model has 46.86% more average accuracy in the alpha band and 74.54% less average NPT than CNN. The maximum accuracy of GRU was 8.34% less than the LSTM network. Deep networks performed better than traditional classifiers.
Prabhakar, M. N.,Sudhakara, P.,Subha, M. C. S.,Rao, K. Chowdoji,Song, Jung Il Taylor Francis 2015 Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials Vol.54 No.16
<P>Nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared through a blend solution of poly(lactic acid) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-co-acrylamide via free radical polymerization. Plant extractions were used for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles to study the antibacterial activity of the hydrogels. Similarly, 5-Fluorouracil drug was loaded through both in situ and ex situ methods to study thecontrolled release profiles. The nanocomposite hydrogels were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermo gravimetric analysis - Differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscope. The dissolution and the agar diffusion test were performed to evaluate the drug release and antibacterial activity, respectively. The results suggested that the fabricated nanocomposite hydrogels can be used as a promising candidate for dual functions in biomedical applications.</P>