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Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Margaret LP Teng,Cheng Han Ng,Daniel Q. Huang,Kai En Chan,Darren JH Tan,Wen Hui Lim,Ju Dong Yang,Eunice Tan,Mark D. Muthiah 대한간학회 2023 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.29 No.-
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The estimated global incidence of NAFLD is 47 cases per 1,000 population and is higher among males than females. The estimated global prevalence of NAFLD among adults is 32% and is higher among males (40%) compared to females (26%). The global prevalence of NAFLD has increased over time, from 26% in studies from 2005 or earlier to 38% in studies from 2016 or beyond. The prevalence of NAFLD varies substantially by world region, contributed by differing rates of obesity, and genetic and socioeconomic factors. The prevalence of NAFLD exceeds 40% in the Americas and South-East Asia. The prevalence of NAFLD is projected to increase significantly in multiple world regions by 2030 if current trends are left unchecked. In this review, we discuss trends in the global incidence and prevalence of NAFLD and discuss future projections.
( Wei Ying Jen ),( Margaret L Teng ),( Wee Chuan Hing ),( Valerie Ma ),( Shridhar Ganpathi Iyer ),( Chung Cheen Chai ),( Horng Ruey Chua ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술발표논문집 Vol.2014 No.1
Background: Premixed hypotonic solutions of 0.33% saline + 5% dextrose + 10mmol/ L potassium-chloride (0.33S, tonicity 133mEq/L) and 0.9% saline ±dextrose (NS, tonicity 308mEq/L) are common peri-operative maintenance fiuids, but their effects on serum biochemistry are unclear. Methods: Using a single-centre, prospectively-maintained electronic database, we retrospectively examined post-operative biochemistry in adults maintained on exclusively 0.33S or NS peri-operatively, from March 2012 to September 2013. Outcomes included new-onset post-operative hyponatremia, hypokalaemia, hypoglycaemia, and acute kidney injury (AKI, =1.5x increase in serum creatinine); multivariate analyses were adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, surgery-types/duration, infusion time/ volumes, and hospital length-of-stay. Results: We studied 279 patients given 0.33S, and 279 NS controls matched for cumulative infusion volume. Mean age was 59(±18) years. More NS patients had diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease and chronic kidney disease (p<0.05). Surgery types included gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary (43%), orthopaedic (30%) and nephrectomy (3%). Mean fi uid volumes administered were 6.9(±3.3)L of 0.33S and 7.1(±5.6)L of NS (p=0.57), with 100% versus 52% of drips containing dextrose, respectively. More 0.33S patients (versus NS) developed hyponatremia (30% versus 17%, p<0.001); this difference was signifi cant for gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary (p=0.001) but not orthopaedic (p=0.74) surgeries. Less 0.33S patients (versus NS) had hypokalaemia (1% versus 10%, p<0.001), hypoglycaemia (1% versus 4%, p=0.01), and AKI (3% versus 8%, p=0.007). On multivariate analyses, 0.33S, gastrointestinal/hepatobiliary surgeries and nephrectomy were independently associated with hyponatremia; while NS, hypertension, longer infusion hours, and nephrectomy were independently associated with AKI (p<0.05). Conclusions: 0.33S infusion in post-surgical patients, especially post-gastrointestinal/ hepatobiliary surgeries, is strongly associated with hyponatremia, but with less hypokalaemia or hypoglycaemia, compared with NS. The association between NS administration and AKI is heavily confounded by baseline comorbidities and requires further prospective evaluation. Both fi uid types are not appropriate for isolated use, and more balanced maintenance fi uids are desired.
Ansel Shao Pin Tang,Kai En Chan,Jingxuan Quek,Jieling Xiao,Phoebe Tay,Margaret Teng,Keng Siang Lee,Snow Yunni Lin,May Zin Myint,Benjamin Tan,Vijay K Sharma,Darren Jun Hao Tan,Wen Hui Lim,Apichat Kaewd 대한간학회 2022 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.28 No.3
Background/Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. While existing studies have examined cardiac remodeling in NAFLD, there has been less emphasis on the development of carotid atherosclerosis and stroke. We sought to conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the prevalence, risk factors, and degree of risk increment of carotid atherosclerosis and stroke in NAFLD. Methods: Embase and Medline were searched for articles relating to NAFLD, carotid atherosclerosis, and stroke. Proportional data was analysed using a generalized linear mixed model. Pairwise meta-analysis was conducted to obtain odds ratio or weighted mean difference for comparison between patients with and without NAFLD. Results: From pooled analysis of 30 studies involving 7,951 patients with NAFLD, 35.02% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.36–43.53%) had carotid atherosclerosis with an odds ratio of 3.20 (95% CI, 2.37–4.32; P<0.0001). Pooled analysis of 25,839 patients with NAFLD found the prevalence of stroke to be 5.04% (95% CI, 2.74–9.09%) with an odds ratio of 1.88 (95% CI, 1.23–2.88; P=0.02) compared to non-NAFLD. The degree of steatosis assessed by ultrasonography in NAFLD was closely associated with risk of carotid atherosclerosis and stroke. Older age significantly increased the risk of developing carotid atherosclerosis, but not stroke in NAFLD. Conclusions: This meta-analysis shows that a stepwise increment of steatosis of NAFLD can significantly increase the risk of carotid atherosclerosis and stroke development in NAFLD. Patients more than a third sufferred from carotid atherosclerosis and routine assessment of carotid atherosclerosis is quintessential in NAFLD.