서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

소프트웨어 아키텍처 기반 프레임워크 개발에 관한 연구

이창훈,김태균,이경환 중앙대학교 정보통신연구소 1999 정보통신연구소논문집 Vol.1 No.1

소프트웨어 개발에 있어 재사용의 필요성은 오랫동안 주장되어 왔고, 코드 수준의 재사용에서 지식 수준의 재사용을 목적으로 한 프레임워크를 통한 어플리케이션 개발 기술로까지 이어져 왔다. 프레임워크는 기본적으로 소프트웨어 개발 시 얻어진 생산물들을 상위레벨의 추상화 과정을 통해 그 분석 및 설계 정보의 재사용을 통해 소프트웨어의 재사용 범위를 넓히고자 하는 시도이다. 그러나 이 프레임워크는 역호출관계를 통한 어플리케이션 개발 시스템이기 때문에 어플리케이션에 대한 아키텍처 정보를 모두 가지고 있어야 한다. 기존의 프레임워크의 경우 이런 아키텍처 정보는 설계 수준에서만 머물고 바로 코드 수준에서 정의, 사용되는 형태를 가져왔다. 그래서 프레임워크의 확장이나 컴포지션 시 코드를 재 설계하고 구현해야 하는 문제점이 있다. 즉 아키텍처 정보를 설계 수준과 코드 재사용 수준의 중간 형태인 언어로서 개발, 사용해야할 필요성이 생겼다. 이에 본 논문에서는 다음과 같은 연구에 중점을 두었다. 첫째로 아키텍처 정보를 보다 구체화하는 방법으로 ADL을 통한 표현 방법에 대해 정의하였다. 둘째로 기존의 추상화된 컴포넌트 기반 프레이워크 개발 공정을 아키텍처 정보를 구체화하여 개발하는데 적합하도록 그 공정을 개선하였다. 셋째로 ADL로 표현된 아키텍처 정보를 프레임워크를 통한 어플리케이션 개발에 필요한 정보로 활용하여 개발할 수 있도록 제안하였다. 전체적으로 논문에서 연구된 내용은 아키텍처 기반 프레임워크를 개발하고자 할 때 필요한 개념의 ADL을 통한 표현과 개발 방법을 정의하는 것이다. The need of reuse has been emphasized in the process of software development, so the current reuse technology is able to provide reuse of the analysis and designing process, and the reuse of code by providing reusable class and component library. The reuse by using framework is proposed to improve productivity. It is a set of usable and expandable classes and their connectivity. But frameworks are described with programming languages, it is hard for developers to learn the collaborative patterns of a framework by reading it. Patterns are one approach to improving the documentation. But this should be redesigned to expand and redefine the framework. The necessity of the formal description of architecture information is being proposed to relate to programming language. This paper support the following points. First of all, it has been proposed the description of the needed elements when developing a framework using ADL. Secondly, the current development process has been refined to be suitable for developing the domain framework. Thirdly, it has been proposed the development of a application using a framework implemented by an architecture information described with ADL. Overally, the main contents of this research is defining the ideas of a description and development of an architecture framework using ADL.

자기공명 분석법을 이용한 백서 피판의 대사에 대한 연구

이윤,이대근,임태환,윤근철,고경석,이춘신,정복성 대한성형외과학회 1992 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.19 No.3

Innumerable techniques have been used to measure, index, or predict the viability of skin flaps after elevation. However, these are largely indirect and don't accurately reflect the events that occur at kthe cellular level. A method was sought that gives direct, reproducible, and accurate data about physiological and biochemical changes that occur during flap elevation. Because of its ability to monitor changes in the levels of high energy phosphorus metabolites(ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, PC or phosphocreatine, Pi or inorganic phosphate), 31-P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) holds promise of providing direct assessment of the metabolic status and biochemical changes that occur during skin flap elevation. MRS monitoring was performed on three portions of raised random pattern skin flaps of 5 rats. The spectrometer used for 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was a Bruker Biospec(4.7 Tesla) system, and a modified surface coil constructed of two layers of copper coil was used. The results have validated the ability of 31-P MRS to : 1. define the regional flxes in the levels of ATP, PCr, and Pi in skin flaps. 2. demonstrate that, of these, PCr levels represent the most sensitive indicator of flap well being. 3. measure intracellular pH through the chemical shift of the Pi resonance. 4. establish predictive correlations between profile of normal, compromised, and failing skin flaps and have thus prepared the way for noninvasive in vivo topical magnetic resonance investigations of flaps.

컴포넌트 및 커넥터 상호작용에 대한 계약 및 명세방법

이창훈,이경환 중앙대학교정보통신연구소 2000 정보통신연구소논문집 Vol.2 No.1

컴포넌트를 사용하여 시스템을 개발한다는 것은 이미 검증된 소프트웨어 부품으로부터 시스템을 구성한다는 것을 의미한다. 이와 같이 미리 구현된 컴포넌트는 실행단위로 개발자에게 인터페이스만을 제공하여 컴포넌트의 내부적인 상세한 부분을 숨기므로 쉽고 빠르게 새로운 시스템을 개발할 수 있다. 즉, 컴포넌트를 사용하여 시스템을 개발하는 개발자들은 완전히 내부를 볼 수 없는 블랙박스 형태의 컴포넌트를 사용하는 것이다. 따라서 개발자들이 자신에게 알맞은 컴포넌트를 얻기위해서는 컴포넌트에 대한 정확한 이해와 정보가 요구된다. 컴포넌트는 시스템으로부터 분리될 수 있는 검증된 부품이지만 특징 아키텍쳐를 고려하지 않고는 존재할 수없는 특징을 갖는다. 이러한 특정 아키텍쳐상에서 컴포넌트들은 상호작용을 하게 되는데 이에대한 중재자 역할을 수행하는 것이 곧 커넥터의 기능이다. 본 논문에서는 컴포넌트합성 시 개발자에게 컴포넌트와 커넥터에 대한 정확한 정보와 이해를 증진시키므로써 보다 효율적인 재사용을 지원하고자 한다.

비만을 동반한 위암 환자에서 두 병을 같이 수술 치료한 경험(증례)

최경현,윤기영,문형환,신연명,서경원,안수미,송윤미,석정희,정경연,이은하 고신대학교의과대학 2008 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.23 No.3

Obesity is growing problem in Korea. We had a case of bariatric surgery during gastric cancer operation. Patient was 29 year old Korean lady with early gastric cancer located in the lesser curvature side of the middle 1/3 of the stomach. Her body weight was 89 kg, height 163 cm, and thus body mass index was 33.5 kg/m2. Preoperative blood pressure was 130/90 mmHg, hemoglobin 12.9 g/dL, total lymphocyte count 3,280/mL, serum albumin 4.3 g/dL, CEA 1.1 ng/mL, CA 19-9 9.1 ng/mL, and alpha fetoprotein 2 ng/mL. Another associated disease was right thyroid follicular neoplasm. The chest X-ray was normal. After IM injection of 2,500 units of heparin 30 minutes before the induction of general anesthesia, she received curative subtotal gastrectomy and Roux en Y gastrojejunostomy when a malabsorption loop of 120 cm jejunum was incorporated between the Treitz ligament and the end to side jejuno-jejunostmy site at May 29th 2006. Her postoperative course was uneventful except a minor wound seroma and the elevations of serum amylase(up to 4 folds) and lipase(up to 2 folds). She lost her body weight 9 kg in 5th, 21 kg in 7th, and 27 kg in 10th postoperative months to became 61.5 kg. On follow up exams in July 2008, she gained 4 kg to overcome her weakness and fatigue. From the above result, the incorporation of a malabsorption loop during reconstruction phase of gastric cancer operation was a good option for obese gastric cancer patients especially in cases of early gastric cancer.

객체지향 개념을 이용한 시스템의 프로세스 모델링 방법

이은정,임근,이경환 한국정보과학회 1994 韓國情報科學會誌 Vol.21 No.1

골수구성 백혈병 환자에게 발생한 결핵성 림프절염

이창섭,송진수,최평균,조재현,방지환,박경화,박완범,김홍빈,김남중,윤성수,박선양,김병국,오명돈,최강원 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.5

혈액질환 가운데 결핵 발생이 증가한다고 알려진 것은 호지킨 림프종을 포함한 림프증식성질환 그리고 모양세포성 백혈병 등이 있다. 또한 동종 골수이식을 받은 환자에서도 결핵은 증가한다고 알려져있다. Kaplan 등은 골수구성 백혈병 환자에서 결핵 발생이 증가한다고 보고하였다. 그러나 골수구성 백혈병 환자에서 결핵의 발생이 증가하는 이유에 대해서는 아직까지 정확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 저자들이 2년 동안 후향적으로 조사한 180명의 성인 골수구성 백혈병 환자들 가운데 결핵이 발생한 환자는 4명이었고, 발생 부위는 모두 림프절이었다. 결핵은 골수구성 백혈병의 특정 아형에만 국한되어 발생하지 않았지만, 50%에서 FAB 분류에 의한 M4였다. 림프절이 종대된 골수구성 백혈병 환자에서 특히, 결핵의 유병율이 높은 나라에서는 결핵성 림프절염도 감별진단에 포함시켜야 한다. During the neutropenic phase, leukemia patients receiving chemotherapy are prone to bacterial and, fungal infections; occasionally mycobacterial, viral and protozoal organisms may also cause infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was reported very rarely in these patients. This report describes four patients with M. tuberculosis infection identified from 185 adult patients who were diagnosed myelogenous leukemia between January 2003, and December 2004. There was no patient with M. tuberculosis infection from 44 lymphoid leukemia and 11 acute biphenotypic leukemia patients. Sites of infection were all lymph nodes. Three among four patients were presented with lymphadenopathy at initial diagnosis of leukemia, and the other one presented with lymphadenopathy after induction chemotherapy. There was no patient presented with lymphadenopathy during the neutropenic phase. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was presented in a patient with three acute myelogenous leukemia (FAB class 2 M4, 1 M2) and a chronic myelogenous leukemia, accelerated phase. An acute myelogenous leukemia patient had a leukemic cell and tubercle bacilli in the same lymph node. Tuberculosis should also be included as a differential diagnosis in myelogenous leukemia patient with lymphadenopathy, especially in the countries in which the disease is endemic.

미용성형수술 환자의 심리적 특성과 미용수술이 이에 미치는 영향

지경환,이상익 大韓神經精神醫學會 2001 신경정신의학 Vol.40 No.4

최근 일반인의 미용수술에 대한 인식이 달라지게 되면서, 많은 수의 일반인들이 미용성형 수술에 대해보다 긍정적인 태도를 가지게 되었다. 하지만 지금까지의 연구 결과는 미용성형 수술을 받은 환자의 경우 정신과적 이상이 있다는 보고가 많았다. 본 연구는 미용성형수술을 받은 환자군을 대상으로 다양한 심리학적 평가를 실시하여, ① 미용성형수술환자의 정신과적·심리적 특성을 밝혀낸 후 ② 재건수술군 및 일반 대조군과의 비교를 통해, 최근 미용성형수술을 원하는 환자들의 변화되었을 것으로 추정되는 성형과 ③ 미용성형수술이 이들에게 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 방 법 : 충북대학교병원 성형외과와 청주시내의 두 개인 성형외과를 방문하여 미용성형수술과 재건수술을 받은 환자군 50명을 대상으로 하였다. 각 집단의 심리적 특성을 알아보기 위해 기초 설문조사, 신체상 척도, 자아주체성, 간이정신진단검사 등의 측정도구로 수술 전과 수술 후의 심리상태를 측정하였다. 결 과 : 1) 재건수술 환자군이 미용수술군 및 대조군에 비해 신체적 문제로 인한 심리적 스트레스를 더 심하게 받고 있었다. 2) 신체상 척도, 자아주체성 척도, 간이정신진단검사에 미용수술군과 대조군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) 미용수술군은 수술 후 신체화, 강박증, 대인예민성, 우울, 불안, 적대감, 편집증 GSI, PSDI, PST등 간이 정신진단검사의 거의 모든 항목에서 호전이 있었다. 4) 미용수술군에서 수술후 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 자아주체성 척도의 자기수용, 도특성 항목과 간이정신진담검사의 강박증, 신체와 척도가 있었다. 자기 수용이 낮고, 자신에 대한 독특성이 높을수록 만족도가 높았고, 신체적 증상 호소가 많을수록 만족도가 낮았다. 5) 미용수술군에서 수술전 기대감이 높을수록 만족도가 낮은 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결 론. 이상의 결과에서 미용성형수술은 원하는 환자들이 정신 병리적으로 일반인과 차이가 없었으며, 미용성형수술이 환자들의 정신건강을 호전시킬 수 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 또 신체적 증상 호소 정도와 자신의 건강에 대한 생각, 그리고 안전성과 강박성에 대한 평가를 할 수 있는 간편한 검사 방법이 개발된다면 수술 후 만족도가 낮거나 재수술을 반복할 경향이 있는 환자를 선별할 수 있는 좋은 도구가 될 것이다. Objectives : Along with the fact that people change their attitude on aesthetic surgery, many people become to have positive viewpoint on aesthetic surgery. However, according to the recent study result, it showed that aesthetic surgery patients tend to have psychopathology. To investigate effects of aesthetic surgery and tendency of aesthetic surgery patients which is presumed to be changed, various psychological evaluations were performed in the sample who had undergone aesthetic surgery. Also psychiatric and psychological attributes of aesthetic plastic surgery patients were compared with those of reconstructive surgery group and those of normal controls. Method : 50 of reconstructive surgery group and 50 of normal control group were selected from Dept. of Plastic Surgery of Chungbuk National University Hospital and two private plastic surgery clinics in Cheong-ju. To find out each group's psychological attributes, pre-and post-operative psychological conditions were evaluated by administering basic survey, body image scale, ego identity scale, and SCL-90-R. Result : 1) Patients in the group of reconstructive surgery received more stress than those in the group of aesthetic surgery and normal controls. 2) There were no significant differences in the scores of body image scale, ego identity scale and SCL-90-R between reconstructive surgery group and normal control group. 3) After aesthetic surgery, aesthetic surgery group showed improvement in almost every item in SCL-90-R, such as somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, GSI, PSDI and PST sub-scales. 4) The factors which affected on the satisfaction after surgery among group of aesthetic surgery were self-acceptance, uniqueness in self-identity scale and obsessive-compulsive, somatization in SCL-90-R. When self-acceptance was low and self-uniqueness was high, satisfaction was high. And the more patients complained about physical symptom, satisfaction was low. 5) The factors which influenced on the opinion of re-operation among group of aesthetic surgery were stability in self-identity scale, obsessive-compulsive and somatization in SCL-90-R, and physical health in body image scale. When stability was low, complaints about physical wymptoms were high, viewpoint on one's health was negative and the chance of re-operation was high. 6) In group of aesthetic surgery, the higher the expectation was before surgery, the lower the satisfaction was after surgery. Conclusion : As described in above study result, patients who planned to have aesthetic surgery were not different from common people in terms of psychopathology. And it was also found that aesthetic surgery could improve patient's mental health. If simply administrable evaluation method to measure complaints about physical symptoms, viewpoint on one's health, stability and obsessive-compulsive is invented in the near future, it will be possible to screen patients who are likely to have low satisfaction after surgery and high tendency to have re-operation.

국내선 항공여객교통 수요예측

김경환,이정호 慶尙大學校生産技術硏究所 1996 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The purpose of this study is not only to establish models and methods for forecasting the demand of domestic air transportation passengers but also to provide useful data for forecasting the demand of air passengers through statistical test. The first step of this study was analyzing the demand of air passengers by using the gravity and the abstract models that generally used for city-pair travel demand studies. The second step was analyzing the demand of air passengers by using the multinomial logit model that calculates the split rate of each mode by using travel service variables. And the estimated air passengers by these models and the observed air passengers were compared. The third step was estimating the changed modal split that caused by introducing the High Speed Rail. In order to estimate the change, the Pivot-Point Method was applied. The results of this study are as follows: - The statistical significance of the gravity model is not high enough. - The statistical values of the abstract and the logit models are significant, but the logit model is more realistic than the abstract model, based on estimated values. - It is estimated that the air passengers of Seoul-Pusan and Seoul-Taegu routes may be decreased by 88% and 90% respectively by introducing the High Speed Rail.

영어 청취력 단계별 문항연구

차경환,이경민 中央大學校 韓國敎育問題硏究所 1994 韓國敎育問題硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.9

The purpose of this study was to investigate items of English listening materials and to analyze them according to the learners' levels of proficiency and the kinds of listening processes. Learners were divided into three levels (beginning, intermediate, and advanced level), and the listening processes were also categorized into three kinds (top-down, bottom-up, and interactive process). Consequently, the listening items were subdivided into nine classes. Nineteen listening textbooks were used for the analysis. Each listening item was given explanations of the aim, task, characteristic, type of listening process and some advice applicable to study. The use of listening items appropriate for the learners' level and target listening process can find the maximum efficiency in studying listening. The results presented here can be widely used in designing listening materials and listening test items for the Korean Scholastic Aptitude Test for college entrance.