Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: The Link Between Frankenstein’s Creation of an Intelligent Being and Machine Learning of Artificial Intelligence

( Lee¸ Ran Hee ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2019 영어권문화연구 Vol.12 No.2

Science and technology in the 21st century is accelerating the humanization of machines (artificial intelligence and humanoid) and the mechanization of humans (artificial prosthetics and human cloning) and allowing us to view humans and machines in successive spectra. There are many works in literature and movies that deal with both of them, inspired by Frankenstein’s creation in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. For the 20th and 21st centuries, Frankenstein has been reinterpreted and recreated as science developed. The novel Frankenstein began with “warning us about future developments” (Kellner 302) and has now evolved into cyberpunk fiction and movie. First of all, this paper will examine the limitation of Frankenstein’s creation in the process of his development into a human being, compared to an authentic human; next, in terms of literary and scientific imagination, attempt to shed new light on Frankenstein’s creation by comparing it with machine learning of artificial intelligence from a mechanical point of view; lastly, from the humanities point of view, try to discuss scientists’ ethical responsibility in the production process of artificial intelligence. This paper will specifically compare the learning process of Frankenstein’s creation with the machine learning of artificial intelligence, and try to present a direct link between Frankenstein’s intelligent being and artificial intelligence.

A Posthuman Vision: Transhuman Characters Between Humans and Posthumans from Samuel Beckett’s Endgame

( Lee¸ Ran Hee ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2018 영어권문화연구 Vol.11 No.2

The vision of transhumans and posthumans in the 21st century is a powerful paradigm. The main purpose of this paper is, at the time when our human species are trying to evolve ourselves, 1) to define a transhuman prior to a coming posthuman, based on Nick Bostrom, Francis Fukuama and several futurists’ writings, 2) to analyze the characters in Samuel Beckett’s absurd play Endgame from transhumanist perspective, 3) and to think together about how to find appropriate alternatives by presenting the transhuman problems from the point of view of literature and sociology in humanistic and practical level. The main contents of the paper consists of four parts. First, it shows that transhumanization of the present human being is proceeding through Hamm corresponding to the body of transhuman as a cyborg and the Clov playing a role as the prosthesis connected with Hamm’s body. Next, from Nagg and Nell, Hamm’s parents and old people with extended lives, it suggests that the development of genetic engineering can lead to the social and cultural problems that elderly people with extended lifespan can arise when they rely on transhumans without productivity and any work. Third, it questions whether it is justified that normal people use psychotropic drugs not for treatments but for control and enhancement of their emotions like Hamm that continues to seek a drug. Last, it presents a postmhuman vision of evolving from a human via a transhuman to a posthuman through Hamm standing on the fault line between a human and a nonhuman, and between a human and a posthuman.

이미지 색상, 명도, 채도 감성컴퓨팅의 유사성 검증 연구

이연란(Lee, Yean-Ran) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2015 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.40

사람의 이미지 감성인식은 각기 다른 성향으로 표현된다. 현재는 감성인식을 객관적으로 평가하려는 감성컴퓨팅 연구가 활발하게 연구되고 있다. 그렇지만 기존의 감성컴퓨팅 연구는 실행에 많은 문제점을 갖고 있다. 첫째, 감성인식 면에서 비객관적이고, 부정확하다. 둘째, 감성인식의 상관관계가 불명확한 점이다. 그리하여 본 연구의 필요성으로 이미지 감성의 규칙성을 실험하여 감성컴퓨팅 방식으로 제어하고자 한다. 또한 본 연구의 목적으로 감성인식을 숫자화하고, 객관화하는 이미지 감성컴퓨팅 시스템 방식을 적용하고, 사람의 감성과의 유사 정도를 비교한다. 이미지 감성컴퓨팅 시스템의 주요 특징은 감성인식을 숫자화 된 디지털 형식으로 계산한다. 그리고 감성컴퓨팅의 연구배경은 감성을 디지털화하는 James A. Russell의 핵심 효과(Core Affect)를 활용한다. 핵심 감성으로 쾌정도(X축)인 쾌와 불쾌, 긴장도(Y축)인 긴장과 이완의 감성축이고, 감성컴퓨팅 연구에 적용한다. 감성축은 연관된 대표감성으로 아주 기쁜, 흥분, 의기양양, 행복한, 자족, 고요한, 여유로운, 조용한, 피곤한, 무기력한, 우울한, 슬픈, 화가 난, 스트레스, 불안, 긴장된 감성의 16개로 구분하여 감성컴퓨팅에 적용한다. 본 연구의 과정은 이미지 감성컴퓨팅 계산식의 핵심인 색채 요소를 활용하여 색상, 명도, 채도를 감성속성요소로 적용한다. 감성속성요소는 중요도인 가중치를 적용하여 비율을 계산하고, 쾌정도(X축)와 긴장도(Y축)의 감성점수로 측정한다. 다시 교차된 감성점을 바탕으로 감성원으로 확장하고, 포함된 대표감성크기로 상위 5위인 주요대표감성으로 선별한다. 또한 사람의 이미지 감성을 16개 대표감성점수로 측정하고, 상위 5위의 대표감성으로 구분한다. 연구결과 감성컴퓨팅의 주요대표감성과 사람의 감성인식의 주요대표 감성을 비교하여 일치하는 대표감성수에 따라 감성의 유사 정도를 검증한다. 감성컴퓨팅 유사성 실험 결과 주요대표감성의 평균 일치율은 51%이고, 2.5개의 대표감성이 사람의 감성인식과 일치했다. 본 연구를 통해 감성컴퓨팅 계산 방식과 사람 감성인식의 유사 정도를 측정했고, 감성계산식의 객관적인 평가기준을 제시했다. 향후 연구에서는 좀 더 높은 일치율 향상의 방안과 감성계산식의 가중치 연구가 유지되어야 할 것이다. Emotional awareness is the image of a person is represented by different tendencies. Currently, the emotion computing to objectively evaluate the emotion recognition research is being actively studied. However, existing emotional computing research has many problems to run. First, the non-objective in emotion recognition if it is inaccurate. Second, the correlation between the emotion recognition is unclear points. So to test the regularity of image sensitivity to the need of the present study is to control emotions in the computing system. In addition, the screen number of the emotion recognized for the purpose of this study, applying the method of objective image emotional computing system and compared with a similar degree of emotion of the person. The key features of the image emotional computing system calculates the emotion recognized as numbered digital form. And to study the background of emotion computing is a key advantage of the effect of the James A. Russell for digitization of emotion (Core Affect). Pleasure emotions about the core axis (X axis) of pleasure and displeasure, tension (Y-axis) axis of tension and relaxation of emotion, emotion is applied to the computing research. Emotional axis with associated representative sensibility very happy, excited, elated, happy, contentment, calm, relaxing, quiet, tired, helpless, depressed, sad, angry, stress, anxiety, pieces 16 of tense emotional separated by a sensibility ComputingIt applies. Course of the present study is to use the color of the color key elements of the image computing formula sensitivity, brightness, and saturation applied to the sensitivity property elements. Property and calculating the rate sensitivity factors are applied to the importance weight, measured by free-level sensitivity score (X-axis) and the tension (Y-axis). Emotion won again expanded on the basis of emotion crossed point, and included a representative selection in Sensibility size of the top five ranking representative of the main emotion. In addition, measuring the emotional image of a person with 16 representative emotional score, and separated by a representative of the top five senses. Compare the main representative of the main representatives of Emotion and Sensibility people aware of the sensitivity of the results to verify the similarity degree computing emotion emotional emotions depending on the number of representative matches. The emotional similarity computing results represent the average concordance rate of major sensitivity was 51%, representing 2.5 sensibilities were consistent with the person"s emotion recognition. Similar measures were the degree of emotion computing calculation and emotion recognition in this study who were given the objective criteria of the sensitivity calculation. Future research will need to be maintained weight room and the study of the emotional equation of a higher concordance rate improved.

마라톤 동호인과 일반인의 체력 및 건강관련 변인의 비교

김혜란 ( Hye Ran Kim ),이만균 ( Man Gyoon Lee ),성순창 ( Soon Chang Sung ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2007 체육과학연구 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구는 크게 두 가지의 과제로 구성되어 있다. 제 1과제에서는 중년 남성 마라톤 동호인 45명과 운동습관이 없는 일반인 30명을 대상으로 체격 및 체력수준을 비교하였다. 측정항목은 신장, 체중, 신체질량지수, 체지방률, 1200m달리기, 윗몸일으키기, 팔굽혀펴기, 앉아 윗몸앞으로굽히기, 제자리멀리뛰기, 그리고 50m달리기였다. 제 2과제에서는 중년 남성 마라톤 동호인 15명과 운동습관이 없는 일반인 8명을 대상으로 최대산소섭취량, 젖산역치 수준에서의 산소섭취량, 젖산역치 수준에서의 심박수, 1초 강제 호기량, 그리고 혈액변인을 비교하였다. 두 집단의 데이터를 비교하여 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 마라톤 동호인과 일반인의 체격을 비교한 결과 체중, 신체질량지수, 가슴 피부두겹 두께, 복부와 대퇴 피부두겹 두께, 그리고 체지방률은 마라톤 동호인이 일반인에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 2. 마라톤 동호인과 일반인의 체력을 비교한 결과 윗몸일으키기, 팔굽혀펴기, 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기, 제자리멀리뛰기, 50m달리기, 그리고 1200m달리기 모두 마라톤 동호인이 일반인에 비해 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 3. 마라톤 동호인과 일반인의 호흡순환계 변인을 비교한 결과는 최대산소섭취량, 최대심박수, 그리고 VO2LT에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 HR(LT), FEV1.0은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 4. 마라톤 동호인과 일반인의 대사관련 변인을 비교한 결과 TG, 그리고 HDL-C는 유의한 차이가 나타났으나, 혈중 글루코스, 인슐린, FFA, TC, 그리고 LDL-C에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 마라톤 동호인이 일반인에 비해 높은 체력 및 건강수준을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타나 마라톤 동호회 활동이 건강 유지 및 증진, 노화의 지연에 긍정적인 효과가 있을 것으로 판단 되어 진다. 따라서 일반인들이 건강한 삶을 위해 마라톤 동호회의 활동에 적극적으로 참여하기 위한 다양한 방법이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. The purposes of the study were twofold. The first study was designed to compare physical fitness between 45 marathon club participants(MCP) and 30 general individuals(GI) who have not participated in any systematic exercise training before. Test items in the first study included the standing height, body weight, body mass index, percent body fat, 1200m run/walk, sit-up, push up, sit-and-reach, standing long jump, and 50m dash. The second study was designed to compare maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, oxygen consumption at lactate threshold(VO2LT), heart rate at lactate threshold(HR(LT)), forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1.0), and blood variables between 15 MCP and eight GI. All data obtained in the two studies were analyzed by independent-t test and the results were as follows: 1) The body weight, body mass index, chest thickness, abdomen thickness, anterior thigh thickness, and percent body fat of MCP were significantly lower than them of GI. 2) Sit-up, push up, sit-and-reach, standing long jump, 50m dash, and 1200m run/walk of MCP were significantly superior than them of GI. 3) There were significant differenced in maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate, and VO2LT between the two groups. However, there was not significant difference in HR(LT), and FEV1.0 between the two groups. 4) There were significant differences in TG, and HDL-C between the two groups, whereas no significant difference was found in blood glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, TC, and LDL-C between the two groups. The aforementioned results indicated that MCP had higher level of physical fitness than them of GI, concluding that the activities in the marathon club could enhance health and physical fitness and prevent aging. The efforts should put for the general individuals into participate sports club activities.

유아의 다중지능 향상을 위한 요리 활동프로그램의 효과 검증

김혜란 ( Hye Ran Kim ),이경화 ( Kyung Hwa Lee ),서호찬 ( Ho Chan Seo ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 뇌교육연구소 2014 뇌교육연구 Vol.14 No.-

본 연구는 유아기의 다중지능 발달의 중요성을 인식하고 유아를 위한 효율적인 교육프로그램을 제공할 수 있는 기초자료를 확보하고자 요리활동 프로그램을 제작하고 적용해봄으로써 요리활동이 유아의 다중지능 향상에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 교육적 의의를 가진다. 연구의 대상자는 서울시에 소 재한 S유치원의 만 5세 유아 30명을 무선 선정한 후 실험집단과 통제집단에 15명씩 무선 배치하였다. 연구도구는 만 3, 4, 5세를 대상으로 개발하여 표준화시킨 유아 다중지능 검사 도구를 사용하였으며, 수집된 자료는 사전·사후 검사로 t-test를 실시하여 집단 간의 차이를 확인하였다. 8주간의 요리활동으로 실험집단과 통제집단을 비교하여 볼 때 실험집단에서 유아들의 다중지능 향상에 도움을 주었으며 구체적으로 언어 지능, 논리·수학 지능, 시각·공간 지능, 신체운동감각 지능, 음악 지능, 개인이해 지능, 자연탐구 지능에 각각 유 의미한 결과를 나타내었다. 이상과 같은 결과로 요리활동은 유아의 오감을 모두 사용하는 최적의 활동으로 지식이나 기술 습득뿐 아니라 공감과 만족감을 맛볼 수 있다는 점에서 가치 있는 활동으로 제시될 수 있으며 유아 개개인이 지니고 있는 각자의 다 양한 지적 특성에 적합한 교육적 경험의 기회로 요리활동이 활용되어지기를 기대한다. This study has its educational significance in the sense that I have tried to identify the importance of multiple intelligence development during ch ildhood and find out whether or not children``s multiple intelligence can be improved by such programs as cooking activities that have been produced and applied for the purpose of securing basic materials that can provide young children with efficient programs. To attain at its gold of study, I have established the following assumptions and verified its effects. The targets of research were randomly selected from 5-aged 30 children of S kindergarten located in Seoul and 30 of them were arranged into a test group and a control group. The measurement in this research were taken using inspection tools for children``s multiple intelligence developed and standardized for ages of 3, 4, and 5 by Kyung-Hwa Lee. The collected materials have been processed using t-test to find out effect of pre and post-examination through t-test in order to verify significance between those two groups. These are summaries of the result carried out on this study. At first, cooking activities have had impact on children``s linguistic intelligence, showing significant difference statistically, therefore cooking activities having always positive effect on improvement of children``s linguistic intelligence. Second, cooking activities have had impact on children``s logics`` math intelligence, showing significant difference statistically, therefore cooking activities having always positive effect on improvement of children``s logics`` math intelligence. Third. cooking activities have had impact on children``s visual`` spacial intelligence, showing significant difference statistically, therefore cooking activities having always positive effect on improvement of children``s visual`` spacial intelligence. Fourth, cooking activities have had impact on children``s music intelligence, showing significant difference statistically, therefore cooking activities having always positive effect on improvement of children``s music intelligence. Fifth, cooking activities have had impact on children``s inter-personal intelligence, showing significant difference statistically, therefore cooking activities having always positive effect on improvement of children``s inter-personal intelligence. Sixth, cooking activities have had impact on children``s personal understanding intelligence, showing significant difference statistically, therefore cooking activities having always positive effect on improvement of children``s personal understanding intelligence. As a result of taking universal consideration of such results of the study, cooking activities is regarded as a worthy activity not only for acquiring knowledge or technology as an optimal activity that uses all of children``s five senses, but also for experiencing successive feeling and satisfaction. Accordingly, I hope that these cooking activities might be utilized as a educational opportunity from which children enjoy various intellectual characteristics of their own.

The effects of antibiotics on the reproductive physiology targeting ovaries in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus

Ha Young‐Ran,Jeong Se‐Jin,Jang Chang‐Won,Chang Kyu‐Sik,Kim Hyun‐Woo,Cho Shin‐Hyoung,Lee Hee‐Il 한국곤충학회 2021 Entomological Research Vol.51 No.2

Mosquitoes have adapted to various environmental conditions. Symbionts with mosquitoes impact this adaptation in different environments. In the field, mosquitoes could get exposed to antibiotics during their developmental period, which could reduce or eliminate their symbiotic microbes. However, the side effects of the antibiotics on the ovary and reproductive physiology of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of tetracycline and combinations of rifampicin and tetracycline at environmentally acceptable levels on the reproductive physiology of ovaries in Ae. albopictus. Rifampicin and tetracycline in combination reduced the hatching rate and fertility of Ae. albopictus compared to the untreated control group. These antibiotics induced histopathological damage and reactive oxygen species production in the ovaries. The combination of antibiotics decreased the expression of surface protein of Wolbachia (WSP) in Ae. albopictus. Additionally, the expression of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Myd88 were triggered by the combinations. The findings demonstrate the detrimental effects of antibiotics, particularly combinations of rifampicin and tetracycline, on the reproductive capacity of Ae. albopictus females.

마루운동에서의 앞공중돌기에 대한 운동역학적 분석

김영란,윤희중,이연종 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1993 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.12 No.1

The Purpose of this study was to describe. the biomecanical factors on forward somersault on floor exercise. Five highly-skilled male collegiate gymnasts were filmed on a high speed video camera form the start to the landing. Also experimental set-up consisted of a force plateform interfaced to a laboratory computer. The results of this study could be summarized as follows. l. It showed that vertical ground reaction force patterns, including only single peak point, indicated that the subjects did not contact the force platform with heel of both feet but rather contacted on the mid hall of feet. 2. It showed that anteroposterior ground reaction force were charecterized a braking force posteriorly directed during the most of support phase and a propelling force anteriorly directed the last short period of support phase. 3. It showed that the wave forms of the mediolateral ground reaction force curve indicated a little changes. 4. It Showed that the support time of both feet on the force platform took 0.127 sec, but lack the velocity transfer ability from horizontal velocity at run-up to vertical velocity at take-off.

Original Articles : Clinical significance of occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic hepatitis C patients

( Jae Young Jang ),( Soung Won Jeong ),( Sung Ran Cheon1 ),( Sae Hwan Lee1 ),( Sang Gyune Kim ),( Young Koog Cheon ),( Young Seok Kim1 ),( Young Deok Cho1 ),( Hong Soo Kim ),( So Young Jin ),( Yun Soo 대한간학회 2011 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.17 No.3

Background/Aims: We investigated the frequency of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive individuals and the effects of occult HBV infection on the severity of liver disease. Methods: Seventy-one hepatitis B virus surface-antigen (HBsAg)-negative patients were divided according to their HBV serological status into groups A (anti-HBc positive, anti-HBs negative; n=18), B (anti-HBc positive, anti-HBs positive; n=34), and C (anti-HBc negative, anti-HBs positive/negative; n=19), and by anti-HCV positivity (anti-HCV positive; n=32 vs. anti-HCV negative; n=39). Liver biopsy samples were taken, and HBV DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Results: Intrahepatic HBV DNA was detected in 32.4% (23/71) of the entire cohort, and HBV DNA levels were invariably low in the different groups. Occult HBV infection was detected more frequently in the anti-HBc-positive patients. Intrahepatic HBV DNA was detected in 28.1% (9/32) of the anti-HCV-positive and 35.9% (14/39) of the anti-HCV-negative subjects. The HCV genotype did not affect the detection rate of intrahepatic HBV DNA. In anti-HCV-positive cases, occult HBV infection did not affect liver disease severity. Conclusions: Low levels of intrahepatic HBV DNA were detected frequently in both HBsAg-negative and anti-HCV-positive cases. However, the frequency of occult HBV infection was not affected by the presence of hepatitis C, and occult HBV infection did not have a significant effect on the disease severity of hepatitis C. (Korean J Hepatol 2011;17:206-212)

관절염 대상자의 건강상태 조사 : 일개 도ㆍ농 복합시를 중심으로

이은희,최선하,서길희,소애영,이경숙,최정숙,고경덕,김명천,박현자,백승리,유보비,윤현숙,이애란,이명희,이은숙,임영옥,정복녀,이영숙 대한류마티스 건강전문학회 2001 근관절건강학회지 Vol.8 No.2

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the health status and to examine the relationship between health related variables of the clients with arthritis. This descriptive-correlational study was measured physical health status(pain, fatigue, physical disability, joint flexibility) and psycho-social health status(social function disability, self-efficacy, depression) . The clients were consisted of 127 arthritis clients who were randomly selected from health center, 2 sub health center and 6 primary health care center in Wonju City. The data was collected from November 2000 to January 2001. The results of the study analyzed using a SPSS win were as follows : 1) The subjects' average age was 64.81 years old(female : 86.6%, male : 13.4%). 2) In physical health status, the average score of fatigue was 63 scores and pain was 69.77 Physical disability score was higher than total disability score. In psycho-social disability, housekeeping management disability score was higher than social function disability score. In psycho-social health status, the average score of self-efficacy was 70.86 and the subjects have higher level of depression, more than 20 scores. 3) On Pain sites, almost of subjects complained of a knee joint pain. The waist, wrist, and shoulder joint Pain were followed. The numbers of Pain site were 8.3 Per individuals 4) The flexibility of knee and shoulder joint were lower than another joints. 5) Correlation with fatigue, pain, physical disability, social disability, self-efficacy and depression was revealed highly significant. We suggest that health Promotion program considering our research results should be provided for arthritis clients in community level .

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium difficile isolated from Korean native cattle

Yu-Ran Lee(Yu-Ran Lee),Jong Wan Kim(Jong Wan Kim),Chung Hyun Kim(Chung Hyun Kim),Bun Seung Jo(Bun Seung Jo),Hyun Mi Kim(Hyun Mi Kim),ByungJae So(ByungJae So),Ha-Young Kim(Ha-Young Kim) 한국예방수의학회 2017 한국예방수의학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2017 No.-