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Kim, Chu-Sook,Choi, Hye-Seon,Joe, Yeonsoo,Chung, Hun Taeg,Yu, Rina The Korean Nutrition Society 2016 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.10 No.6
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity-induced steatohepatitis accompanied by activated hepatic macrophages/Kupffer cells facilitates the progression of hepatic fibrinogenesis and exacerbates metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance. Heme oxyganase-1 (HO-1) modulates tissue macrophage phenotypes and thus is implicated in protection against inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that the flavonoid quercetin reduces obesity-induced hepatic inflammation by inducing HO-1, which promotes hepatic macrophage polarization in favor of the M2 phenotype. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a regular diet (RD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD supplemented with quercetin (HF+Que, 0.5g/kg diet) for nine weeks. Inflammatory cytokines and macrophage markers were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. HO-1 protein was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS: Quercetin supplementation decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines ($TNF{\alpha}$, IL-6) and increased that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the livers of HFD-fed mice. This was accompanied by upregulation of M2 macrophage marker genes (Arg-1, Mrc1) and downregulation of M1 macrophage marker genes ($TNF{\alpha}$, NOS2). In co-cultures of lipid-laden hepatocytes and macrophages, treatment with quercetin induced HO-1 in the macrophages, markedly suppressed expression of M1 macrophage marker genes, and reduced release of MCP-1. Moreover, these effects of quercetin were blunted by an HO-1 inhibitor and deficiency of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Quercetin reduces obesity-induced hepatic inflammation by promoting macrophage phenotype switching. The beneficial effect of quercetin is associated with Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction. Quercetin may be a useful dietary factor for protecting against obesity-induced steatohepatitis.
Kim, Se Hoan,Kwon, Sung Wook,Chu, So Young,Lee, Jae Hong,Narsaiah, Banda,Kim, Chi Hyun,Kang, Seung Kyu,Kang, Nam Sook,Rhee, Sang Dal,Bae, Myung Ae,Ahn, Sung Hoon,Ha, Duck Chan,Kim, Ki Young,Ahn, Jin H The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2011 Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.59 No.1
<P>In the continuation of our 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor research, cyclic sulfonamide derivatives with an acetamide group at the 2-position were synthesized and evaluated for their abilities to inhibit 11β-HSD1. Among this series, Compound <B>34</B> showed good <I>in vitro</I> activity toward human 11β-HSD1, selectivity against 11β-HSD2, microsomal stability, good pharmacokinetic and safety profiles human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG and cytochrome P450 (CYP)). Also, a docking study explained the activity difference between human and mouse 11β-HSD1.</P>