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HCCI 수소기관에서 탄소계 배기성분 첨가에 의한 수소 EGR 특성분석
이건식(Keonsik Lee),변창희(Changhee Byun),이종구(Jonggoo Lee),양 취엔 조우(Yang Chuanzhou),이종태(Jongtai Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2015 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5
In a HCCI engine with hydrogen, NOx increases and operating region decreases by increasing rate of pressure rise due to high compression ratio. EGR in a HCCI-hydrogen engine can decrease NOx and increase operating region by decreasing rate of pressure rise. However, like the case of using diesel or gasoline engine with EGR, when carbon exhaust composition is applied to a HCCI-hydrogen engine with EGR, the characteristics of hydrogen-EGR are uncertain. In this research, engine performance is analysed with EGR and CO₂ rate including compression ratio in HCCI-hydrogen research engine for evaluating adaptability carbon exhaust composition for a HCCI-hydrogen engine with EGR. When comparing with a HCCI-hydrogen engine with normal EGR, application of carbon exhaust composition for a HCCI-hydrogen engine with EGR has a little positive effects such as increasing operating region, decreasing knock frequency and NOx.
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고대(古代)·중세(中世) 일본(日本)과 한국(韓國)의 지식(知識) 문화(文化) 교류(交流)를 통해 본 공통(共通) 한자(漢字)와 한자어(漢字語)
이건식 ( Lee-keonsik ) 구결학회 2021 구결연구 Vol.46 No.-
This paper discussed common Chinese character and Korean-Chinese word of Japan and Korea in ancient and medieval times. It was disclosed that Yeon (烟) of Yeonho (烟戶) in the Japanese and Korean ancient data has the meaning, ‘being run in practice’. This paper discussed ‘jeonjoin (典曹人)/jeonsain (典事人), soban (小半), hakeo (學語), yeokeo (譯語) and tongsa (通事)’ which are the common Chinese characters of ancient and medieval Japan and Korea. In addition, it was discussed that jeon (典) which means ‘control’ is commonly used. Gap (甲) in Korean ancient wooden tablets should be decoded as soban (小半). The Chinese characters, which are ‘hakeo (學語), yeokeo (譯語), tongsa (通事),’ were used in ancient Japan and Korea. This was discussed as well. The existing discussions were presented regarding ‘jeol (卩), yil (鎰) and ro (鹵)’ with ancient Japanese and Korean simplified forms and variant forms. This paper reviewed the existing discussion of ryang (椋) which is the common Japanese native characters and Korean native Chinese characters. Moreover, it was discussed that jeon (畠) of Japanese native characters and dap (畓) of Korean native Chinese characters were on the exclusive generation base. Finally, the exsiting discussions regarding ‘don (獤), [geumong (金瓮)], seo (閪), saeng (栍) and seon (㵛) were introduced.
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論山 皇華山城 出土 瓦銘文에 나타난 지명 표기 ‘葛那城, 笠乃, 立乃’ 등의 국어사적 의의 - 漢字 지식 문화의 수용 과정과 관련하여 -
이건식(Lee Keonsik) 한국목간학회 2023 목간과 문자 Vol.- No.31
This paper studied the significance of the Korean language history implied by these notations, focusing on the relationship between the place names such as ‘Galnaseong(葛那城), Ipnae(笠乃), Ipnae(立乃)’ on the the Myeongmun(銘文) of roof tiles and ‘Gajinaehyeon(加知奈縣) and Gaeulnae(加乙乃) in Hyeonmyeong(縣名) of Baeje.’ Geongsa(丁巳) of Myeongmun in ‘Galnaseongjeongsawa(葛那城丁巳瓦)’ is estimated to be 532 years old. This fact helps understand the relationship between the notations of ‘Gajinaehyeon(加知奈縣), Gaeulnae(加乙乃), Galnaseong(葛那城), Ipnae(笠乃), Ipnae(立乃).’ ‘Gaji(加知)’ was notated to the degree of ‘*Gadi’ and ‘Gaeulnae(加乙乃), Galna(葛那)’ to the degree of ‘*Gal’. On the bases of these, it can be seen that a change of ‘ㄷ>ㄹ’ occurred at the end of Baekje, around 532, and the drop of the final vowel. ‘Gaeulnae(加乙乃) and Galna(葛那)’ which notated to the degree of ‘*Gal’ open up the possibility that Ip(笠) of Ipnae(笠乃) might be a notation based on the meaning(Hundok(訓讀)). This also represents that ‘Gaji(加知)/*Gaji, Gaeul(加乙)/*Gal, Gal(葛)/*Gal’ mean ‘Gat[冠].’ In addition, it could be confirmed that Ipnae(笠乃) is a notation of the Unified Silla. It was mentioned that ‘Gajinae(加知奈), Sijin(市津), Sinpo(薪浦)’, and etc. are not in a relationship of different notations, but in a relationship of byname notations as the name of the river. This suggestion is based on the fact that Incheon(仁川) which is a different name of Gajinae(加知奈) was maintained as the upper stream name. On the bases of the different notations in ’Gajinae(加知奈), Galna(葛那), Gaeulnae(加乙乃), Ipnae(笠乃), Ipnae(立乃), Incheon(仁川)’, it was identified that there was a change in borrowed notations of place names. In borrowed notations of place names, the second element consisting of a place name was notated with the ideographic notation(訓讀) different from phonetic notation(音假). It was also confirmed that the first element about feature names went through the following steps: ‘phonetic notation(音假)- integrated phonetic notation – analytic phonetic notation – ideographic notation(訓讀) - borrowed phonetic notation(讀字의 音假) - phonetic notation(音假).’ It was identified that through the different names of Gajinae(加知奈) which are ‘Galna(葛那), Gaeulnae(加乙乃), Ipnae(笠乃), Ipnae(立乃), Incheon(仁川),’ which are town names in Baekje, the meaning in ‘Gaji(加知)’ of Gajinae(加知奈) could be identified as ‘Got(갓/冠).’ In the Baeje era, ‘‘Got(갓/冠)’ included the meaning of ‘Gari(가리)’ which means ‘Mudeogi(무더기:mound)’ and on the bases of the change shown in ‘*Gadi(가디)>*Gari(가리)>*Gal(갈)’, this paper could identify that the pronunciation change of ‘ㄷ>ㄹ’ and the drop of final vowel occurred at the end of the Baekje era.
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1935년 滿洲國 興安省 소속 村落名의 민족어별 분포와 유입된 중국어 촌락명의 유형 - 언어 지식 문화 접촉에 따른 언어 변화의 동기 및 결과와 관련하여 -
李建植 ( Lee Keonsik ) 구결학회 2024 구결연구 Vol.52 No.0
This study is to investigate the distribution of village names in Heunganseong, Manjuguk by ethnic language in 1935 and their types introduced from Chinese. The village names is focused on in this study, which is included in 『mongojimyeongノhaeseol (蒙古地名ノ解說)』 published by Manjuguk Mongjeongbujosagwa (滿洲國 蒙政部調査科) in1935. Based on pre-elements, there were 463 village names of Heunganseong in Manjuguk. They consisted of 415 Mongolian words, 2 Dallalieo (達斡爾語) words, 8 Saegyuneo (索倫語) words, 5 Manjueo (滿洲語) words, 1 Tonggosaeo (通古斯語) words, 2 Seojangeo (西藏語) words, and 30 Chinese words. It was revealed in 『mongolbisa (蒙古秘史)』 that some of 415 Mogolian village names preserved the vocabulary which was used as place names. The two parts consisting of Mogolian village names, which are pre and post parts, were were not transcribed into the same Chinese characters according to the transliteration (音借), but in various Chinese characters. This study presents the three types of village names in Manjuguk Heunganseong (滿洲國 興安省) which introduced from Chinese in 1935. The first type is about the village names translated Mongolian into Chinese. The second type includes the Mongolian village names which consist of Chinese in the pre-part and Mongolian in the post-part. The third type is the village names introduced from Chinese. As have been reviewed so far, through the village names introduced from Chinese, it was recognized that the post part of the village names, which were ‘wangbu (王府), myo (廟), samun (司門), amun (衙門)’, were introduced in the village names of Heunganseong (興安省) by political and institutional power and ‘yeongbang (營房), yeongja (營子), wabo (窩堡), wabung (窩棚), jap (卡), bo (堡), dun (屯), cham (站), seonjaji (城子趾)’ by military and institutional power. In addition, it was also recognized that in the respect of economic life, ‘geumchang (金廠), jang (莊), ga (街)’ flowed in the post part of the village names.
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한국 고유한자(固有漢字) 판단의 오류 사례와 한국 고유한자 근거의 탐구
이건식 ( Lee-keonsik ) 구결학회 2021 구결연구 Vol.47 No.-
This study explored some cases of judgement errors abut Korean indigenous Chinese Characters and the base of Korean indigenous Chinese Characters in five ways. The previous studies of Korean indigenous Chinese Characters have suggested the base that ‘㴹, 椗, 䭜, 碶, 楦’ are Chinese characters. The usage from 『詩經通釋』 by Liu Geun (劉瑾) from the Yuan Dynasty identified the case of ‘㴹’ which means ‘diving’. The case of ‘椗’ meaning ‘anchor’ was confirmed by the record that 『漢語大詞典』 includes ‘椗’ with the same meaning. The case of ‘䭜’ meaning ‘alleviate one’s hunger’ was verified by the usages from 『鴻慶居士集』 by Son Gwan (孫觀) from the Song Dynasty and 『宋大家蘇文忠公文抄』 by So Sik (蘇軾) from the Song Dynasty. The case of ‘碶’ meaning ‘flood gate’ was confirmed in the record that ‘碶’ with the same meaning is included in 『漢語大詞典』. Finally, ‘楦’ meaning ‘a doorpost’ or ‘a shoe stretcher’ was verified from 『漢語大詞典』 which includes ‘楦’ with the same or analogous meaning. The first exploration about Korean indigenous Chinese Characters identified that ‘浌’ meaning ‘peol’ is a Korean indigenous Chinese Character formed on the basis of the sound difference marker. The usages such as ‘海浌, 泥浌, 浦浌’ presented the base of ‘浌’ The second exploration about Korean indigenous Chinese Characters disclosed that ‘椺’ meaning ‘a crossbeam’ and ‘湺’ meaning ‘a bank blocking current of water’ are Korean indigenous Chinese Characters formed on the basis of the sound difference marker of loanwords. ‘Bo (beam)’ of ‘deulbo’ was based on the different transcription of ‘中 保坪/中湺坪’ and ‘大三保坪/大三湺坪’. They are different transcriptions about a dot and a place name originated from a word form of ‘boh (보ㅎ)’ of the late middle Korean. The third exploration revealed that ‘欌’ meaning ‘a storage closet’ and ‘ ’ meaning ‘a small blanket, a strappy carrier blanket, a hairnet’ are Korean indigenous Chinese Characters formed on the basis of the Chinese characters. In the case of ‘欌’, the different transcriptions of ‘冊藏/冊藏, 壁藏/壁藏, 神藏/神藏’ were the bases. It was based on the different transcriptions of ‘薦衣/ 衣’. Fourthly, ‘硳’ meaning ‘piles of red stones’ was explored and supplemented the base about how ‘硳’ had got this meaning. In this study, it was focused that the transcription of ‘赤城’ of ‘赤城面’ in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do has changed into ‘磧城, 硳城, 赤城’. From this viewpoint, the transcriptions of ‘磧城, 硳城, 赤城’ were presumed as the reflection of the fact that the relevant area is the producing place of ‘紅柱石’. On the basis that the sound of ‘硳’ is ‘jeok’, ‘硳’ was identified as a Korean indigenous Chinese Character to gather meaning and form a character. The final exploration verified that ‘洑’ meaning ‘bo (paddy)’ of ‘bomaki (a banking up a paddy)’ and ‘縇’ meaning ‘gajangjari (border)’ is a Korean indigenous Chinese Character formed by replacing ‘偏’ In the case of ‘洑’, it was figured out that the character of ‘洑’ was formed by replacing ‘木 偏’ with ‘水 偏’ in the case of ‘椺’ meaning ‘a crossbeam’. In the case of ‘縇’ meaning ‘a model’, its character was formed by replacing ‘木 偏’ with ‘糸 偏’. This study presumed that the replacement of ‘偏’ seen in ‘洑’ and ‘縇’ was more likely to occur in China than in Korea. On the basis of this presumption, this study left open the possibility that ‘縇’ was likely to appear in the Chinese areas neighboring Korean areas and was borrowed in Korean.
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Chuanzhou Yang,Changhee Byun,Keonsik Lee,Jongtai Lee 한국자동차공학회 2015 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5
Hydrogen-fueled HCCI(Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition) engine has advantages of realizing higher thermal efficiency and non-carbon emission simultaneously. However, control of abnormal combustion and narrow operation region caused by rapid pressure rise rate at relatively high compression ratio is one of the important problems for the practical use of HCCI engine. In this research, cold GH₂ injection is considered and investigated as an effective method of compression ratio decrease by cooling effects of fresh mixture and in-cylinder surface wall. As the results, in condition of hot start, the compression ratio capable of self-ignition is possible to decrease at ?=22 when adopting cold GH₂ injection. And the obviously suppressing effect on pressure rise rate can be found. Further, the higher output is obtained as engine operates at lower compression ratio, but NOx emissions show an increased tendency caused by increased supply energy.
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