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Coping With Drought among Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Communities in Eastern Ethiopia
( Kassa Belay ),( Fekadu Beyene ),( Winfried Manig ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2005 Journal of Rural Development Vol.28 No.2
This paper examines coping strategies of pastoral and agro- pastoral communities in six districts of Eastern Ethiopia. Data collected from a random sample of 360 households were used in the study. The results of the study indicate that the study area has been stricken by recurrent droughts since the early 1980s and that drought has increasingly devastating effects on the lives of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities. In response to the degrading production environment, the pastoral and agro- pastoral communities become more provident and employ a variety of techniques to cushion themselves against contingencies. Moreover, the results of the study show that most of the coping strategies are aimed at counteracting the detrimental effects of droughts after their occurrence rather than identifying the root causes of droughts. Finally, we suggest the need for political actors to move from crisis management through emergency intervention to improving the capability to cope in changing environmental conditions.
Question Regarding Rural Land Ownership Rights in Ethiopia
( Kassa Belay ) 한국농촌경제연구원 2003 Journal of Rural Development Vol.26 No.2
This study reveals that the land tenure system was the main obstacle to general rural development in the pre-land reform Ethiopia. Although the 1975 land reform freed the peasantry from merciless exploitation by the landlord class, through a series of misguided polices, the military regime placed the peasants before an impassable barrier. The study shows also that the current government maintains the state ownership of land and pursues policies concerning the allocation, transfer and redistribution of land that are closely akin to those of the military regime. Furthermore, the results of study point to the fact that state ownership of land and the latent fear of future redistribution have created a sense of uncertainty, which in turn is translated in reluctance to invest in long-term land improvement measures.
El Kassas, Hala Yassin,Attia, Azza Ahmed Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.3
Background: Nano-biotechnology is recognized as offering revolutionary changes in various fields of medicine. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles have a wide range of applications. Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized with an aqueous extract of Pterocladiella (Pterocladia) capillacea, used as a reducing and stabilizing agent, and characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive analysis (EDX). The biosynthesized AgNPs were tested for cytotoxic activity in a human hepatocellular carcinoma ($HepG_2$) cell line cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% antibiotic and antimycotic solution and 2 mM glutamine. Bacterial susceptibility to AgNPs was assessed with Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis [Gram+ve] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli [Gram-ve]. The agar well diffusion technique was adopted to evaluate the bactericidal activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs using Ampicillin and Gentamicin as gram+ve and gram-ve antibacterial standard drugs, respectively. Results: The biosynthesized AgNPs were $11.4{\pm}3.52$ nm in diameter. FT-IR analysis showed that carbonyl groups from the amino acid residues and proteins could assist in formation and stabilization of AgNPs. The AgNPs showed potent cytotoxic activity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma ($HepG_2$) cell line at higher concentrations. The results also showed that the biosynthesized AgNPs inhibited the entire panel of tested bacteria with a marked specificity towards Bacillus subtillus. Conclusions: Cytotoxic activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs may be due to the presence of alkaloids present in the algal extract. Our AgNPs appear more bactericidal against gram-positive bacteria (B. subtillus).
El-Kassas, Hala Yassin,El-Sheekh, Mostafa M. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.10
Background: Nano-biotechnology is recognized as offering revolutionary changes in the field of cancer therapy and biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles are known to have a wide range of medical applications. Materials and Methods: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were biosynthesized with an aqueous extract of the red alga Corallina officinalis, used as a reducing and stabilizing agent. GNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive analysis (EDX) and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and tested for cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, considering their cytotoxicty and effects on cellular DNA. Results: The biosynthesized GNPs were $14.6{\pm}1nm$ in diameter. FT-IR analysis showed that the hydroxyl functional group from polyphenols and carbonyl group from proteins could assist in formation and stabilization. The GNPs showed potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells, causing necrosis at high concentrations while lower concentrations were without effect as indicated by DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusions: The antitumor activity of the biosynthesized GNPs from the red alga Corallina officinalis against human breast cancer cells may be due to the cytotoxic effects of the gold nanoparticles and the polyphenolcontent of the algal extract.
Non-equilibrium energy transport in nano-layer gold coating onto silica
M. Kassas 한국물리학회 2010 Current Applied Physics Vol.10 No.2
The non-equilibrium energy transport in a metallic material with two layered structure having different material properties results in thermal separation of electrons and lattice sub-systems during a laser short-pulse irradiation. In this case, electron and lattice site temperature distributions become material properties and thickness of each layer dependent. In the present study, energy transport in a nanometer scale gold coating onto silica due to laser short-pulse irradiation is examined. The Seebeck coefficient in the gold coating is predicted and compared to the results obtained from the previous formulation. It is found that the maximum value of electron temperature in the gold coating increases with increasing coating thickness and lattice site temperature results in a peak in the silica in the region close to the coating silica interface. The Seebeck coefficient predicted agrees well with the results of the previous formulation.
Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Anchote (Coccinia Abyssinica) Bagasse
Habtamu Shebabaw Kassa,S. Anuradha Jabasingh,Shegaw Ahmed Mohammed,백승엽,박수영 한국고분자학회 2022 Macromolecular Research Vol.30 No.11
The purpose of this study was to obtain and characterize cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) made from anchote (Coccinia Abyssinica) bagasse (AnchB). Anchote cellulose (AnchC) was isolated from AnchB by alkali treatment with NaOH followed by bleaching with NaOCl. After acid hydrolysis (with H2SO4) and ultrasonic disintegration of AnchC, anchote cellulose nanocrystals (AnchCNC) were produced. The chemical components of AnchB and AnchCNC were determined. AnchB, AnchC, and AnchCNC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and size distribution analyzer. The chemical treatments (alkali treatment, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis) effectively removed hemicelluloses and lignin from AnchB, according to changes in the FTIR spectra. The thermal stability of AnchCNC was reduced after acid hydrolysis due to the introduction of sulfate groups. XRD measurements revealed that chemical treatments increased crystallinity by 160%. SEM exhibits that the chemical treatments effectively removed the amorphous fractions. Zetasizer analysis showed that AnchCNC had an apparent average diameter of 92 nm and zeta potential value of -21.0 mV. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the anchote starch/AnchCNC nanocomposite film was increased by 211% and 182%, respectively by addition of 5 wt% AnchCNC.
Developing the Mansoura Early Feeding Skills Assessment Scale for Preterm Infants
Omnia El-Kassas,Ayman Amer,Hesham Abdel-Hady,Tamer Abou-Elsaad 대한소아소화기영양학회 2023 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.26 No.6
Purpose: This study aimed to develop a new bedside scoring system scale that assesses preterm infants’ oral feeding skills (OFS) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: A literature review and critical appraisal of available oral feeding assessment tools/ scores were performed. Subsequently, we developed the “Mansoura Early Feeding Skills Assessment” (MEFSA) scale, an 85-item observational measure of oral feeding skills with three main sections. Forty-one preterm infants who did not receive oral feeding but were clinically stable enough to initiate oral feeding were included in the study. Next, we applied and interpreted the MEFSA to describe and score their feeding skills. Results: Applying the MEFSA resulted in a smooth feeding transition, early start of oral feeding, full oral feeding, and discharge with a shorter period of tube feeding in preterm infants. Conclusion: The MEFSA is a successful bedside scoring system that assesses the OFS of preterm infants in the NICU.