≪설문해자(說文解字)≫ ‘鬼’ 부수 한자(漢字)와 고대 중국의 귀문화(鬼文化)

이인경 ( Lee¸ Inkyung ) 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2021 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.73

This article takes “Shuowen Jiezi (说文解字)” as the center, refers to oracle bone inscriptions and documents, investigates Chinese characters related to “Ghost (鬼)” from a social and cultural perspective, and tries to understand the ancient Chinese culture reflected in Chinese characters. Until the Han Dynasty. This is because Chinese characters are the product of a long history and a cultural accumulation of love, so we can examine ancient Chinese culture and its specific content through Chinese characters related to “Ghost (鬼)”. Before analyzing the Chinese characters related to “Ghost (鬼)”, the concept of the unity of ghosts and gods originated from the belief in ghosts in primitive society. The separation of “Ghost (鬼)” and “God (神)” was based on the rise of human culture and the establishment of sects. The legal system and the changes and development of ghost culture Look. “Shuowen Jiezi” This research classifies Chinese characters with the word “Ghost(鬼)” based on people’s psychology of ghosts, that is, worship and fear. “䰠” and “□” are related to the worship of ghosts and gods in ancient China. “䰠” reflects the concept of the unity of ghosts and gods in ancient China. Chinese characters related to ghosts that are related to fear and fear are divided into the appearance and characteristics of ghosts, evil spirits that hurt people, and people’s reactions to ghosts. “䰧”, “□”, and “鬾” all represent the image of human beings, while “魑”, “鬽(魅)” and “魋” are not ordinary human figures, but animal forms or objects. These are Chinese characters that represent the transformation of gods. “䰰” and “□” are Chinese characters, which do not directly describe the appearance, but use “ghost sound” and “free transformation image” to describe the image of “Ghost (鬼)”. “魃”, “䰡” and “魖” are evil spirits that represent evil spirits hurting people. Drought ghosts “魃” and “䰡” used ferociousness to harm people, and “魖” wasted property and caused economic losses, reflecting the ancient Chinese people’s unwillingness to lose and suffer. “醜”, “□”, and “魇” are Chinese characters that represent the image of “Ghost (鬼)”. Their appearance is annoying, and they are shocked and screamed in the face of it. People’s reactions to “Ghost (鬼)” are included as they are, so we can guess the ancient Chinese people’s psychology to “Ghost (鬼)”.

Textbook-based L2 Oral Reading Fluency of Lower-level 8th Grade EFL Students and Its Association with L2 Reading Comprehension

Inkyung Hwang(Inkyung Hwang),Byungmin Lee(Byungmin Lee) 서울대학교 교육종합연구원 2023 The SNU Journal of Education Research Vol.32 No.2

The present investigation endeavors to assess the L2 oral reading fluency and comprehension abilities of Korean EFL middle school students in the context of the Korean national curriculum. Sixty-one eighth-grade students participated in the study, which involved oral reading and comprehension tests using second-year middle school English materials. Informal reading assessments were also conducted to evaluate the students' English word reading accuracy, automaticity, and prosody, and L2 oral reading fluency was determined from these measures. The results showed that only 30% of the students were capable of reading independently, while the remaining students encountered difficulties. A significant correlation was found between L2 oral reading fluency and L2 reading comprehension. The findings of this study provide valuable contributions to the field of Korean English education and hold implications for both L2 reading instruction and research.

Associations of a Ten-Year Trend in Hypertension Prevalence with Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium Intake in Korean Adults

Inkyung Baik 한국식품영양과학회 2019 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2019 No.10

Dietary and modifiable factors contributing to hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia prevalence in nationwide time series data and the implications for primary prevention strategies

Inkyung Baik 한국영양학회 2020 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.14 No.1

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A number of studies examined secular trends in blood lipid profiles using time series data of national surveys whereas few studies investigated individual-level factors contributing to such trends. The present study aimed to examine secular trends in dietary and modifiable factors and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia (HC) prevalence and evaluate their associations using time series data of nationwide surveys. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study included 41,073 Korean adults aged ≥ 30 years from the 2005, 2007-2009, 2010-2012, 2013-2015, and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to select significant factors associated with HC, which was defined as serum LDL cholesterol levels ≥130 ㎎/dL. RESULTS: The following factors showed a positive association with HC (P < 0.05): for men having higher body mass index (BMI), being married, having an office job, and consuming higher dairy and vegetable oil products; for women having higher age or BMI, having no job or a non-office job, not in a low-income household, and consuming higher dairy products. In the given model, the 2016 survey data showed that a 2 ㎏/㎡ reduction in BMI of obese persons resulted in a decreased HC prevalence from 30.8% to 29.3% among men and from 33.6% to 32.5% among women. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, it is suggested that primary prevention programs should advocate having proper BMI for Korean adults with a high-risk of HC. However, whether discouraging consumption of dairy and vegetable oil products can reduce HC prevalence warrants further studies with a prospective longitudinal design.

Culture Critiques : The Joint Exhibitions of the National Folk Museum of Korea and The National Museum of Ethnology of Osaka Celebrating the Fiftieth Anniversary of The Treaty on Basic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Japan

( Inkyung Chang ) 대한민국역사박물관 2015 Journal of Contemporary Korean Studies Vol.2 No.2

Forecasting obesity prevalence in Korean adults for the years 2020 and 2030 by the analysis of contributing factors

Inkyung Baik 한국영양학회 2018 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.12 No.3

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There are few studies that forecast the future prevalence of obesity based on the predicted prevalence model including contributing factors. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with obesity and construct forecasting models including significant contributing factors to estimate the 2020 and 2030 prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Panel data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and national statistics from the Korean Statistical Information Service were used for the analysis. The study subjects were 17,685 male and 24,899 female adults aged 19 years or older. The outcome variables were the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 ㎏/㎡) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 ㎝ for men and ≥ 85 ㎝ for women). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to select significant variables from potential exposures. RESULTS: The survey year, age, marital status, job status, income status, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, psychological factors, dietary intake, and fertility rate were found to contribute to the prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity. Based on the forecasting models including these variables, the 2020 and 2030 estimates for obesity prevalence were 47% and 62% for men and 32% and 37% for women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested an increased prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity in 2020 and 2030. Lifestyle factors were found to be significantly associated with the increasing trend in obesity prevalence and, therefore, they may require modification to prevent the rising trend.

The Moderating Effect of Sleep Disturbance on the Association of Stress with Impulsivity and Depressed Mood

Inkyung Park,Seong Min Oh,Kyung Hwa Lee,Soohyun Kim,Jeong Eun Jeon,Ha Young Lee,Sehyun Jeon,Seog Ju Kim,Yu Jin Lee 대한신경정신의학회 2020 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.17 No.3

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the associations of life event stress with impulsivity, anxiety, and depressed mood as a function of the presence of a sleep disturbance. Methods: In total, 214 participants (age 38.96±10.53 years; 111 females) completed self-report questionnaires, including the Life Experience Survey (LES), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Barratt’s Impulsivity Scale (BIS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The presence of a sleep disturbance was defined as a PSQI score >5. Results: In total, 127 participants presented with a sleep disturbance (age 39.33±10.92 years; 64 females), whereas the remaining 87 did not (age 38.43±9.97 years; 47 females). Negative LES scores were significantly correlated with BIS (r=0.22, p=0.001), BAI (r=0.46, p< 0.001), and BDI (r=0.51, p<0.001) scores, and PSQI scores were significantly correlated with BAI (r=0.49, p<0.001) and BDI (r=0.60, p< 0.001) scores. Moderation analysis revealed statistically significant interactions between negative LES scores and the presence of a sleep disturbance on BIS (p=0.044) and BDI (p=0.014) but not on BAI (p=0.194) scores. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that life event stress has varying degrees of influence on mental health, especially impulsivity and depressed mood, depending on the presence or absence of a sleep disturbance.

A healthy dietary pattern consisting of a variety of food choices is inversely associated with the development of metabolic syndrome

Inkyung Baik,Myoungsook Lee,Nu-Ri Jun,Jae-Yeon Lee,Chol Shin 한국영양학회 2013 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.7 No.3

There are limited data on healthy dietary patterns protective against metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) development. We identified dietary patterns among middle-aged and older adults and investigated the associations with the incidence of MetSyn. A population-based prospective cohort study included 5,251 male and female Koreans aged 40-69 years. At baseline, all individuals were free of MetSyn, other major metabolic diseases, and known cardiovascular disease or cancer. Cases of MetSyn were ascertained over a 6-year of follow-up. Dietary patterns and their factor scores were generated by factor analysis using the data of a food frequency questionnaire. We performed pooled logistic regression analysis to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for associations between factor scores and MetSyn risk. Two dietary patterns were identified; (1) a healthy dietary pattern, which included a variety of foods such as fish, seafood, vegetables, seaweed, protein foods, fruits, dairy products, and grains; and (2) an unhealthy dietary pattern, which included a limited number of food items. After controlling for confounding factors, factor scores for the healthy dietary pattern were inversely associated with MetSyn risk (P-value for trend < 0.05) while those for the unhealthy dietary pattern had no association. Individuals in the top quintile of the healthy diet scores showed a multivariable-adjusted RR [95% CI] of 0.76 [0.60-0.97] for MetSyn risk compared with those in the bottom quintile. The beneficial effects were derived from inverse associations with abdominal obesity, low HDL-cholesterol levels, and high fasting glucose levels. Our findings suggest that a variety of healthy food choices is recommended to prevent MetSyn.

SURVEY ON CONSTRAINTS ON NUCLEAR POWER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES-FOCUSED ON MYANMAR AND CAMBODIA

Inkyung CHO,Soohyeon KIM,Surim OH 한국신재생에너지학회 2018 AFORE Vol.2018 No.8

Expression and Clinical Significance of the N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene-1 in Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Inkyung Sohn(손인경),Nam Soo Han(한남수),Yoo Seob Shin(신유섭),Jang Hee Kim(김장희):Chul-Ho Kim(김철호) 대한두경부종양학회 2011 대한두경부 종양학회지 Vol.27 No.1

목 적 두경부 암은 발생 순위에서 전체 6위에 해당하는 다빈도 암이나 최근 20여년 동안의 노력에도 불구하고 두경부 암의 독톡한 특성상 생존률에서 뚜렷한 향상을 보이지 못하고 있다. 특히, 하인두 암은 원발 부위의 점막하 침윤이 흔하며, 주변 림프절 전이와 원격 전이가 흔하고, 2차 원발 암종 발생이 흔하여 두경부 암 중에서도 가장 불량한 예후를 보이고 있는 악성 종양이다. 최근에 이러한 암을 치료하고 진단하기 위한 방법으로 분자생물학적 접근법들이 많이 시도 되고 있으며, 그 중 하나로 N-myc downstream regulated gene-1(Ndrg-1)이라는 유전자가 유방, 전 립선, 방광암 등의 타 악성 종양에서 종양의 전이 및 진행 양상과 관련되어 있다는 보고가 있었다. 이에 본 연구는 하인두 암에서의 Ndrg-1의 발현 양상을 살펴보고 이와 임상 양상과의 연관관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법 1996년부터 2003년까지 수술 받은 하인두 암 환자 56명을 대상으로 면역조직화학검사를 시행하여 Ndrg-1 발현 을 확인하였고, 3명의 신선 조직을 대상으로 RT-PCR, Western blot을 시행하였다. 결 과 Ndrg-1은 RT-PCR에서 정상 조직과 악성종양 조직 모두에서 비슷한 수준으로 발현되었다. 그러나 Western blot 에서는 정상 조직에서 뚜렷한 증가 양상을 보여 타 연구와 동일한 결과를 보였고, 이는 불필요하며 비효율적인 mRNA수준에서의 발현이 있지만 최종적인 단백 산물 발현에서는 암종의 진행과 연계되어 악성 종양 진행군에서 발현이 억제되는 결과로 해석된다. 면역조직화학검사에서는 정상 상피조직에서 Ndrg-1 발현이 확인되었으며, 통계적으로 유의하지는 않으나 불량한 예후를 가진 그룹에서 대체로 발현이 억제되는 악성 종양과의 역 연관 관계를 확인할 수 있었고, 특히 림프절 전이를 보인 그룹과 그렇지 않은 그룹 사이에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 결과가 확인되었다. 결 론 즉, 림프절 전이가 없는 그룹에서 Ndrg-1이 종양의 전이에 관여할 것이라는 타 연구와 일관된 결과로 하인두 암에서도 그 역할이 있음을 나타내는 결과라 할 수 있다.