정보이론 기반 한국어 준말의 분석

홍성훈 ( Sung Hoon Hong ),박선우 ( Sunwoo Park ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.2

In casual speech of Korean, words are often reduced to shorter forms by reducing one or more syllables from the original words. This word reduction comes in three types: simple deletion of one or more syllables from the source word, reduction motivated by hiatus avoidance, and reduction created by deletion of subsyllabic segment(s) with subsequent resyllabification. The third type, which we call "subsyllabic reduction (SSR)," is particularly interesting because it is not clear what motivates this specific deletion of segment strings and the subsequent phonological restructuring. This paper examines the issues surrounding SSR from the perspective of information theory (Shannon 1948) and proposes that SSR occurs to improve string well-formedness and collocational strength between segments, which are measured respectively by information-theoretic notions of ``positive logarithm`` (plog; Goldsmith 2002, 2011) and ``mutual information``. To elaborate this proposal, we compiled a list of reduced words created by SSR and examined how plog and mutual information vary with SSR. We obtained a partially positive result: Among the five types of SSR, the values of plog and mutual information change as we expected in three types, which account for 270 out of 309 cases of SSR. We suggested a tentative explanation for the remaining cases based on reverse derivation and word-edge effect. (Aitchison 2011). (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies · Keimyung University)

Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu

Sung-Hoon Hong 한국음운론학회 2002 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.8 No.2

Hong, Sung-Hoon. 2002. Underspecification in Optimality Theory: Vowel Harmony in Classical Manchu. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 8.2. 323-350. This paper addresses some important issues raised by A TR harmony in Classical Manchu, formerly treated as front/back harmony. Here, the front high vowel [i] is totally inactive with respect to the harmony: it is transparent to the harmony, and further, it does not initiate the harmony. I will show that these properties of [i] will be properly explained if we allow underspecified [i] as an option for inputs and output candidate forms. Allowing underspecified [i] in fact accords more with basic notions of Optimality Theory (OT) such as Freedom of Analysis and Richness of the Base than the analyses that do not tolerate this possibility. I will further show that once we allow underspecified [i], its selection in output candidate forms or in input forms is totally governed by OT principles such as constraint interaction and Lexicon Optimization, respectively. (Hansung University)

Underlying representation in geminates: from OT perspective

Sung-Hoon Hong,Chang-Kook Suh 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.1

Hong, Sung-Hoon, and Chang-Kook Suh. 2004. Underlying represen-tation in Geminates: from an OT perspective. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology. 10.1. 129.144. This research has examined the status of Underlying Representation (UR) in Optimality Theory focusing on the representation of consonant geminates. For this purpose, we have examined geminate/singleton alternation in Ponapean employing Lexicon Optimization (LO), an algorithm proposed to select a UR among multiple inputs. We have seen that simple application of LO is problematic in singling out a UR for the case of alternation. This leads us to the version of LO that is performed on the paradigms, rather than on an individual forms (Tesar and Smolensky 1996, 2000, Inkelas 1995, 1998). After a thorough implementation of LO, we have found that the URs are simply identical to the input forms; geminate UR for the alternating case and singleton UR for the nonalternating case. Further, it was shown that a unique underlying representation of geminates, regardless of their positions in which they occur, can account for the exceptional geminate behaviors. (Hansung University and Cheonan University)

Interaction of <i>Veratrum nigrum</i> with <i>Panax ginseng</i> against Obesity: A Sang-ban Relationship

Park, Jinbong,Jeon, Yong-Deok,Kim, Hye-Lin,Lim, Hara,Jung, Yunu,Youn, Dong-Hyun,Jeong, Mi-Young,Kim, Hyun-Ju,Kim, Sung-Hoon,Kim, Su-Jin,Hong, Seung-Heon,Um, Jae-Young Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-

<P>Obesity has become a major health threat in developed countries. However, current medications for obesity are limited because of their adverse effects. Interest in natural products for the treatment of obesity is thus rapidly growing. Korean Medicine (KM) is characterized by the wide use of herbal formulas. However, the combination rule of herbal formulas in KM lacks experimental evidence. According to <I>Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica</I>, the earliest book of herbal medicine, <I>Veratrum nigrum</I> (VN) has antagonistic features against <I>Panax ginseng</I> (PG), and the PG-VN pair is strictly forbidden. In this study, we have shown the effects of PG, VN, and their combination on obesity in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice and in 3T3-L1 cells. PG, VN, and PG-VN combination significantly reduced weight gain and the fat pad weight in HF diet-induced obese mice. They also significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of two major adipogenesis factors, PPAR<I><I>γ</I></I> and C/EBP<I><I>α</I></I>, in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, the PG-VN combination had synergistic effects compared with the mixture of extracts of PG and VN on inhibition of PPAR<I><I>γ</I></I> and C/EBP<I><I>α</I></I> expressions at lower doses. These results indicate a new potential anti-obese pharmacotherapy and also provide scientific evidence supporting the usage of herbal combinations instead of mixtures in KM.</P>

Assessment of cervical cancer screening policy in women aged older than 65 years in Korea

( Sang Hoon Lee ),( Ye Won Chung ),( Jin Hwa Hong ),( Jae Kwan Lee ),( Nak Woo Lee ),( Jae Yun Song ) 대한산부인과학회 2012 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.98 No.-

Updated US guidelines recommend that women aged older than 65 years with evidence of adequate negative prior screening do not require cervical cancer screening. There is no guideline about the appropriate timing and conditions to stop cervical cancer screening in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the value of cervical cancer screening test in women >65 and to assess the potential age of stopping screening in old women The data of 999 women who underwent cervical cancer screening test followed by coloposcopy at the University hospital from January 2007 to May 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. The mean age was 45.5±13.7 (range: 14-80). Age groups were classified as <21 (n=11), 21-29 (n=128), 30-65 (n=768), and >65 (n=92) and there was no difference in the pathologic results of 65. There was significant higher incidence of cancer compared with ≤CIN3 in women >65 (13.0%) vs. ≤65 (6.6%) (p=0.037). Subjects were further categorized into five age groups (≤55 vs >55, ≤60 vs >60, ≤65 vs >65, ≤70 vs >70, and ≤75 vs >75) to create a cutoff age in terms of the ≤CIN3 vs. cancer, which identified that the cancer incidence was different until the age of 65 but not age over 70. Cervical cancer screening is necessary in women > 65 due to the higher incidence of cervical cancer compared with ≤CIN3. The ratio of higher incidence of cancer was disappeared at the age of 70. New guideline with the appropriate timing and conditions to stop screening should be considered in Korea.

Antibody-Secreting Cells with a Phenotype of Ki-67^low, CD138^high, CD31^high, and CD38^high Secrete Nonspecific IgM during Primary Hepatitis A Virus Infection

Hong, Seokchan,Lee, Hyun Woong,Chang, Dong-Yeop,You, Sooseong,Kim, Jihye,Park, Jun Yong,Ahn, Sang Hoon,Yong, Dongeun,Han, Kwang-Hyub,Yoo, Ook Joon,Shin, Eui-Cheol The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 2013 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol.191 No.1

<P>Although studies investigating the nature of Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) during acute infection with influenza or dengue virus found that the ASC response was dominated by virus-specific IgG secretion, the Ag specificity and phenotype of ASCs during primary acute viral infection were not identified. To this end, we investigated the nature of ASCs in direct ex vivo assays from patients with acute hepatitis A caused by primary infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We found that the frequency of CD27<SUP>high</SUP>CD38<SUP>high</SUP> ASCs was markedly increased in the peripheral blood during the acute phase of HAV infection. Moreover, substantial numbers of ASCs were non-HAV–specific and dominantly secreted IgM. We detected HAV-specific ASCs by staining with fluorochrome-tagged HAV-VP1 protein. As compared with HAV-specific ASCs, non-HAV–specific ASCs were Ki-67<SUP>low</SUP>CD138<SUP>high</SUP>CD31<SUP>high</SUP>CD38<SUP>high</SUP>, demonstrating that non-HAV–specific ASCs had a bone marrow plasma cell–like phenotype whereas HAV-specific ASCs had a phenotype typical of circulating plasmablasts. These data suggest that non-HAV–specific ASCs might be mobilized plasma cells from the bone marrow or the spleen, whereas HAV-specific ASCs were newly generated plasmablasts. In this study, we provide evidence that pre-existing plasma cells are released into the circulation and contribute to Ag-nonspecific secretion of IgM during primary HAV infection.</P>

Baumann Skin Type in the Korean Female Population

( Sung Ku Ahn ),( Myungsoo Jun ),( Hana Bak ),( Byung Duk Park ),( Seung Phil Hong ),( Sang-Hoon Lee ),( Seong-Jin Kim ),( Hyung Joo Kim ),( Dong Hoon Song ),( Pok Kee Min ),( Ja Woong Goo ),( Tae-Hyu 대한피부과학회 2017 Annals of Dermatology Vol.29 No.5

Background: To meet the need for a subspecialized skin type system, the Baumann skin type (BST) system was proposed. Objective: To evaluate the distribution of BST types and influencing factors among Korean women. Methods: BST questionnaires were administered to 1,000 Korean women. The possible responses were as follows: oily (O) or dry (D), sensitive (S) or resistant (R), pigmented (P) or non-pigmented (N), and wrinkled (W) or tight (T). The correlations of the BST with the subjects` age, location, ultraviolet (UV) ray exposure, drinking and smoking habits, and blood type were assessed. Results: The OSNT, DSNT, DRNT, and OSNW skin types were the most common skin types (55.3%). The O, S, P, and W types accounted for 46.6%, 68.8%, 23.2%, and 31.9%, respectively. The proportion of the O and S type was the highest in Gyeongsangbuk-do (55.0%) and Seoul (77.2%). The proportion of the P and W type was the highest in Gyeongsangbuk-do (33.0%) and Chungcheong-do (39.0%). The O type decreased in the higher age group, whereas the P and W type showed a reversed tendency. In smokers, the proportion of W type was significantly higher than in the non-smokers (66.3% vs. 24.1%, p<0.05). Conclusion: The 4 most common BST types were OSNT, DSNT, DRNT, and OSNW. In the comparison across the 4 BST parameters according to the age, region, smoking and drinking habits, occupation, blood type, and UV exposure, significant differences were observed. Individualized and customized skin care is required according to the personal skin type. (Ann Dermatol 29(5) 586∼596, 2017)

Could cluster of risk factors predict clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction?

( Sang Mi Park ),( Hong Nyun Kim ),( Se Yong Jang ),( Myung Hwan Bae ),( Dong Heon Yang ),( Hun Sik Park ),( Yongkeun Cho ),( Shung Chull Chae ),( Jang Hoon Lee ) 대한내과학회 2015 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: Conventional risk factors are differently contributed to short-term prognosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI); hypertension and diabetes increase adverse outcome, whereas hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity paradoxically decrease adverse outcome of post-MI patients. The aim of this study is to assess whether cluster of conventional risk factors, PARADOCS (Pressure of ARtery Abnormality, Diabetes, Obesity, Cholesterol, Smoking) score, would improve the ability to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in patients with AMI. Methods: Between November 2005 and July 2011, 24,020 patients (17,232 men; mean age=63.0±12.8) with AMI were analyzed from Korean AMI registry. PARADOCS score was calculated as follows; [number of non-paradoxical risk factors (NRF) -number of paradoxical risk factors (PRF)]+3 in which non-paradoxical risk factors are hypertension and diabetes, and paradoxical risk factors are the rest. The 1-year MACEs were defined as death and non-fatal MI. Results: NRF including hypertension and diabetes were present in 49.6% and 27.0%, whereas PRF including hyperlipidemia, smoking, and obesity were present in 12.3%, 43.0%, and 34.6%, respectively. During the follow-up, 1,409 (5.9%) MACEs occurred. PARADOCS score was significantly higher in patients with 1-year MACEs (3.38±1.03 versus 2.81±1.08, p<0.001). In Cox proportional hazards model, PARADOCS score was an independent predictor of 1-year MACEs (hazards ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.34; p<0.001) after adjusting for confounding variables. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the PARADOCS score; PARADOCSLOW (0-1, n=2,446), PARADOCSMID (2-3, n=14,594), and PARADOCSHIGH (4-5, n= 6,980). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there were significant differences in the 1-year MACEs among three groups including 3.5% in PARADOCSLOW, 8.5% in PARADOCSMID, and 16.4% in PARADOCSHIGH, respectively (long-rank p<0.001). Conclusions: In post-MI patients, conventional risk factors are differently associated with short-term prognosis, and score of these risk factors, PARADOCS score, can provide useful prognostic information to clinicians.

Neuronal Loss in the Medial Cholinergic Pathway From the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in Patients With Traumatic Axonal Injury : A Preliminary Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

Hong, Ji Heon,Jang, Sung Ho,Kim, Oh Lyong,Kim, Seong Ho,Ahn, Sang Ho,Byun, Woo Mok,Hong, Cheol Pyo,Lee, Dong Hoon Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer) - Lippincott Wi 2012 The journal of head trauma rehabilitation Vol.27 No.3

<P>The recent development of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows visualization and estimation of the medial cholinergic pathway (MCP), which originates from the nucleus basalis of Meynert and provides cortical cholinergic innervation to the cerebral cortex. We investigated the injury to the MCP in patients with traumatic axonal injury (TAI), using DTI.</P>

Identification and Quantification of Endogenous Plant β-glucosidase in Transgenic Rice Cells

Hong-Yeol CHOI,Seung-Hoon KANG,Hyung-Jin NAM,Youn-Kyung SUNG,Sun-Mi LEE,Sa-Ra TAK,Dong-Il KIM 한국생물공학회 2014 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.4