김정은 시기 북중관계: 지속과 변화의 동학 -주북한 중국대사관 홈페이지 내용분석을 통해서-

홍은정 ( Hong Eun Jung ) 아시아문화학술원 2018 인문사회 21 Vol.9 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 주북한 중국대사관 홈페이지의 내용분석을 통해 김정은 시기(2012∼2017) 북중관계의 지속과 변화의 동학을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 김정은 시기 북중 양국관계는 자국의 국익에 기반하여 협력과 갈등의 전략적 이해관계를 이어오고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 활용되지 않은 주북한 중국대사관 홈페이지 내용을 주된 자료로 삼아 이를 분석함으로써 김정은 시기의 북중관계의 맥락과 그 특징을 이해하는데 있어 학술적 의의를 갖는다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of the continuity and change of relations between North Korea and China in Kim Jung-Eun times (2012∼2017) through analyzing the contents of the homepage of the Embassy of peoples republic of China in the democratic peoples republic of Korea. Through this study, it can be seen that the relationship between North Korea and China in Kim Jung Eun's time is continued its strategic interest in cooperation and conflict based on their own national interests. This study has a great academic significance in understanding the context and characteristics of North Korea and China relations in the Kim Jung-Eun period by analyzing the contents of the website of the Embassy of peoples republic of China in the democratic peoples republic of Korea, which has not been utilized in previous studies.

Repellent efficacy of essential oils and plant extracts against Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella

Lee Hwa‐Eun,Hong Su Jung,Hasan Najmul,Baek Eun Joo,Kim Jun Tae,Kim Young‐Duk,Park Mi‐Kyung 한국곤충학회 2020 Entomological Research Vol.50 No.9

This study was conducted to investigate the repellent efficacy of essential oils (Origanum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, and Tanacetum cinerariifolium) and four plant extracts (Agastache rugosa, Capsicum annuum, Citrus reticulata, and Ginkgo biloba) against Tribolium castaneum (adults and larvae) and Plodia interpunctella (larvae). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol, anethole, and jasmolin I as the predominant constituent in O. vulgare, P. anisum, and T. cinerariifolium, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl hexopyranoside, 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid, cyclopentanol, and 2‐cresol were identified in A. rugosa, C. annuum, C. reticulata, and G. biloba, respectively. The repellent efficacy of each essential oil, plant extract, and the combination of oils was evaluated using a specially designed cylinder trap for 120 h. Among the three oils, O. vulgare and T. cinerariifolium had greatest repellent efficacy against P. interpunctella larvae. T. cinerariifolium exhibited effective repellence against the adults and larvae of T. castaneum. Therefore, O. vulgare (O) and T. cinerariifolium (T) were selected for further investigation of combined effects. Two essential oils were mixed in three different ratios of OT1 (1:3), OT2 (1:1), and OT3 (3:1). The repellent efficacies of OT1 and OT2 against the adults of T. castaneum were significantly greater than that of OT3. OT1 was effective against the larvae of T. castaneum, whereas OT2 was effective against the larvae of P. interpunctella. OT1 enhanced the repellent efficacy by approximately five times against larvae of T. castaneum, compared with that of T. cinerariifolium. Overall, OT1 was selected as the best repellent substance against all the tested insects.

기초자치단체 노인문제지수 개발에 관한 탐색적 연구

이민홍 ( Min Hong Lee ),고정은 ( Jung Eun Ko ),김순은 ( Soon Eun Kim ) 한국사회복지정책학회 2015 사회복지정책 Vol.42 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 기초자치단체(시군구)를 단위로 노인문제 심각성을 측정할 수 있는 지수를 탐색적 수준에서 개발하는 것이다. 연구방법은 노인문제의 개념화 및 조작화를 통해서 도출된 노인문제지수의 측정지표에 대해 노년학 전문가 30명을 대상으로 타당성 평가(CVI)와 가중치 부여를 위한 AHP를 실시하였다. 또한 이를 통해서 개발된 지수를 적용하여 서울시 25개 지자체를 대상으로 노인사망률과 노인문제지수의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 연구결과 노인문제지수의 지표는 빈곤을 기초수급자 비율로, 질병을 장기요양등급 및 등외자 비율로, 자살을 십만명 당 자살자 수로 조작화되었으며, CVI(내용타당도 지수)가 0.75 이상으로 면접타당도를 갖추고 있었다. AHP 분석을 통해서 빈곤(65세 이상 노인 중 기초수급자 비율)은 0.488점, 질병(장기요양등급자 및 등외자 비율)은 0.216점, 그리고 자살(65세 이상 노인 십만명 당 자살자 수)은 0.296점의 가중치가 산출되었다. 이 지수를 활용하여 서울시에 적용한 결과 노원구, 강서구, 금천구, 중구, 중랑구 등이 노인문제가 심각하였다. 노인사망률과 노인문제지수가 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 나타나 수렴타당도가 성립함을 보여주었다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 지역사회 노인문제지수는 기초자치단체를 단위로 노인문제 심각성을 측정할 수 있는 도구로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. The purpose of this study is to develop an index of assessing aging problem for local governments at the exploratory level. An initial version of aging problem index was designed by conceptualization and operationalization of the aging problem. Content validity index was conducted to select final items and Analytic Hierarchy Process was also performed to access relative priority of the items by 30 researchers on gerontology. Additionally, seriousness of aging problem of 25 local governments in Seoul was evaluated with the aging problem index, and the relationship between the index and mortality of aged (65+) was calculated. The results revealed that national Basic Livelihood Act Recipients rate of aged (65+) for poverty, long-term care insurance recipient rate of aged (65+) for disease and suicide rates of aged (65+) for elderly suicide were selected as the items of the aging problem index and they met cut-off value (over .075) of content validity. The factor priority score for poverty was 0.488, that for disease was 0.216, and that for suicide was 0.296. Nowon-Gu, Kangseo-Gu, Geumcheon-Gu, Jung-Gu, and Jungnang-Gu in Seoul showed serous aging problem. The correlation value (r=0.707) between the index and mortality rate of the elderly was statistically significant to establish convergent validity of the index. Therefore, the aging problem scale would be useful as a tool to access seriousness of aging problem in local governments.

자료포락분석(DEA)를 이용한 보건의료의 효율성 측정

김남송,박홍섭,김은진,김설화,김정숙,김현아,김경숙,신지혜,최은정,양은진,유선미,유수진 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2007 圓光醫科學 Vol.22 No.1

이트라코나졸의 경구용 액제 처방화

정기섭,홍지웅,최기송,지상철,박은석 한국약제학회 2002 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.32 No.4

The oral bioavailability of itraconazole is variable and low in fasting state. This is mainly due to the low solubility of this drug. Bioavailability can be improved by changing the formulation and it is general that the liquid preparations show greater bioavailability than the solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules do. Benzyl alcohol-water binary mixture showed the excellent solubilizing capacity for itraconazole but the release of the drug from the preparation needs to be enhanced. In this study, various nonionic surfactants and hydrophilic polymers, poloxamers, were screened to investigate their effects on the release of itraconazole from the liquid preparations. Poloxamer 407 showed the most enhancing effect on the drug release and the release rate was proportional to the amount of poloxamer 407 added. A liquid preparation of itraconazole, consisting of benzyl alcohol/water/poloxamer 407 ternary solvent system, released more than 80% of the total drug amount at 5 min and showed the possibility of a new formulation development.

혈액 내 구리, 아연 및 ceruloplasmin 농도에 흡연, 음주 및 신체적 활동이 미치는 영향

홍연표,강은용,신인철,최병선,박정덕,장임원,박진완 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Objectives : To investigate the influence of smoking, alcohol ingestion, and physical activity on copper and zinc in RBC and serum and serum ceruloplasmin, this study was performed in a cross-sectional study in 113 healthy men aged 20 to 40 years who had no symptomatic liver, heart, gastrointestinal, and other chronic diseases. Methods : At the men's entry into the study, blood samples were drawn from each subject and immediately centrifuged for analysis of copper, zinc, iron, ceruloplasmin, total cholesterol, and hematocrit. Each man completed a questionnaire that provided information on smoking, amount of alcohol intake, and physical activity. Partial regression analysis was performed on confounding variables such as age, body mass index, hematocrit, serum cholesterol, and serum iron. Results : In general linear models, adjustment for confounding variables did not show statistical differences, and there was only an increasing tendency in serum copper in heavy smoker(P=0.0678). There was no difference between high physical activity with mild smokers and lower physical with heavy smokers. Conclusions : This study suggested that copper, zinc and ceruloplasmin were not good biomarker for early effect by smoking, alcohol intake and physical activity in young adult. However, selection bias should be considered in evaluation of this result, and a large prospective study will be needed in advance on usefulness of copper, zinc and ceruloplasmin as a marker for risk factors and early change of atherosclerosis.

身體 微細畸形 및 産科的 合倂症과 精神分裂症의 家族歷

홍경수,주연호,김용식,신철진,강웅구,이중서,정희연,주은정 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.4

저자들은 정신분열병의 일부에서는 태생기 동안 유전 외적인 환경적 요인이 크게 작용할 것이라는 가정 하에 형제 정신분열병 환자군(남 15. 여 7)과 산발성 정신분열병 환자군(남 16, 여 7) 및 정상 대조군(남 16, 여 7)을 대상으로 가족력에 따른 산과적 합병증과 신체 미세 기형을 비교하였다. 산과적 합병증은 Lewis 척도를 이용하여 연구 대상의 어머니와 면담하여 평가하였고 신체미세기형은 Waldrop 척도를 이용하여 측정하였다. 또한 산과적 합병증 및 신체 미세기형과 가족력에에 따라 발병 연령 등의 임상 양상들이 차이를 보이는지 비교함으로써 정신분열병을 좀 더 동질적인 아형으로 나눌 수 있는지를 검토하였다. 1) 형제 환자군, 산발성 환자군 및 정상 대조군의 세균에서 산과적 합병증의 개개의 항목 및 전체 점수의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 신체 미세기형의 경우 입의 미세기 형에서 유의한 차이가 있었으나 그 외에 각 부위별 점수 및 전체 점수에서는 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 대부분의 신체 미세기형 세부 항목 및 전체점수에서 산발성 환자군이 형제 환자군에 비해 높은 신체 미세기형의 점수를 보이는 경향이 있었다. 2) 산과적 합병증의 전체 점수와 신체 미세기형의 전체 점수 사이에 상호 연관성을 찾아볼 수 없었다. 3) 발병연령·정신병리·약물에 대한 반응·병전 기능수준·지연성 운동장애 유무 등의 임상 양상들을 비교하였을때 산발성 환자군과 형제 환자군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4) 산과적 합병증 및 신체 미세기형과 임상 양상들을 비교하였을 때, 형제 환자군에서 분만시간과 회복시 전반적 기능수준간에, 산발성 환자군에서 산과적 합병증의 전체 점수와 발병 연령간에 상관관계가 있었으나 전체적으로 일관된 결과가 도출되지는 못하였다. 위와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 산과적 합병증이나 신체 미세기형이 정신분열병의 원인을 밝히는데 유익한 도구가 될 수는 있지만, 가족력 유무에 따라 정신분열병을 보다 동질적인 아형으로 구분하기 힘들다고 생각되었다. In order to test the hypothesis that familial schizophrenics have fewer chances of receiving organic insults during the fetal neural development than sporadic schizophrenics, the authors compared obstetric complications, minor physical anomalies, and other clinical features in sibling schizophrenics, sporadic schizophrenics and controls. Obstetric complications were evaluated by the scale of Lewis, and minor physical anomalies were measured by the Waldrop scale. Sporadic schizophrenics had a significantly higher Waldrop score for mouth than sibling schizophrenics. Although there was some tendency of higher total scores for minor physical anomalies in sporadic schizophrenics, there were no statistically significant differences in obstetric complications and the other minor physical anomalies among three groups. There was no significant correlation between obstetric complications and minor physical anomalies. The clinical features such as age of onset, psychopathology, response to drugs, premorbid functioning, and tardive dyskinesia were not significantly different between sibling and sporadic scizophrenics. In conclusion, while the obstetric complications and minor physical anomalies were suggested to be useful in the search for the cause of schizophrenia, it was difficult to categorize schizophrenics into more homogeneous groups according to family history of schizophrenia using the parameter of obstetric complications and/ or minor physical anomalies.

유아기 자녀와의 수용적 대화기법 훈련을 위한 프로그램의 개발 및 그 적용 효과

홍준표,박은정 중앙대학교 생활과학연구소 2001 생활과학논집 Vol.14 No.-

The purpose of this study is to develope a parent training program for effective parent-child communication, and to test the feasibility of the program investigate into effects on change of parent's communication style, authoritarian attitude. In order to pursue the purpose, the investigator used the 2×2 factorial design with repeated measures. The subjects were devide into two groups, experimented(program participants) group and controlled group(non-participants), and the experimental treatment(ie, workshop ) was continued for about one month. The findings of the study revealed that: (1) the main and simple main effects of parent communication were positive(p<.001), especially at the experimented group and at the post-test(p<.001), (2) the main and simple main effects of authoritarian attitude were positive(p<.001), especially at the experimented group and at the post-test(p<.001). Finally these findings showed the effects of the parent training program on change of parent's communication style, authoritarian attitude.

17β-Estradiol의 심근 보호작용에 대한 연구 ; 재관류 부정맥을 유발한 동물실험

홍정석,김원,조규종,이미우,장성은,임경수 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.4

Background: Although reperfusion certainly prevents tissue ischemia from possible cardiac death, several lines of evidence suggest that reperfusion may paradoxically aggravate the frequency of serious reperfusion-induced lethal arrhythmias. It has been reported that acute administration of estrogen at physiological concentrations reduced with myocardial ischemic injury in women with coronary heart disease. In studies with canines, acute administration by either the intra-muscular or the intra-coronary route similarly prevented ischemia and reperfusion dysrhythmias and also reduced the infarct size because the estrogen increased the distal coronary perfusion pressure, scavenged free radicals and had other effects during both ischemia and reperfusion. However, the canine heart is notoriously well collateralized. 17β-estradiol induces very little vasorelaxation in cat coronary rings, suggesting that increased ischemic myocardial blood flow dose not contribute to the protective effect. In the present study, employing a cat model of regional cardiac ischemia, we examined whether reperfusion rendered after acute administration of 17β-estradiol could lower the incidence of reperfusion-induced lethal arrhythmia and the death rate. Method: Adult mongrel male cats(n=31, 2.7∼4.5 kg) were anesthetized under positive-pressure artificial ventilation with room air. Electrocardiograms were recorded. The animals of the control group(n=15) were subjected to 20-minute left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD) occlusion followed by abrupt reperfusion. The animals in the experimental 17β-estradiol(2 or 20 ㎍/kg) group were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion insult following drug treatment: 17 β -estradiol was applied intravenously within the 60 seconds just before LAD ligation followed by abrupt reperfusion. The Fisher's exact test was used to compare the data from different animal groups(p<0.05). Results: The number of arrhythmias(ventricular premature beat, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) emerging during the reperfusion phase were not statistically different from that in the control group. The death rate in the 17β-estradiol 20㎍/kg group was lower from that in the control group(P value = 0.039). Conclusion: Acute administration of 17β -estradiol at a supraphysiological concentration might produce cardioprotective effects, not by modificating the coronary blood flow into the threatened myocardial region, but by other mechanisms that directly or indirectly increase the intrinsic myocardial ischemic tolerance in the cat during the reperfusion phase.

수술실 손 소독제의 종류에 따른 균주 수의 변화

홍성윤,김정민,김소영,이수정,오은실,양서인,김화실,김남초 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The present study purposed to compare the hand washing effect of 7.5% powidone-iodine, which is used in the operation room of C university hospital in Seoul, with that of Ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture recommended by the US Association of Operating Room Nurses (2002) and to adopt a more effective hand disinfectant. Method: In a quasi-experimental design, 48 medical staff who participated in operations during the period from November 2004 to February 2005 had hand washing using the two kinds of hand disinfectants: 7.5% povidone-iodine and the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. Their palms were swabbed and cultured just after hand washing and again after taking dff sterile gloves after the operation. The number of colonies from the two occasions were counted and compared. Result: The number of general bacillus increased significantly in the group using 7.5% povidone-iodine compared to that in the group using the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture. The number of general bacillus increased signficantly in doctors compared to that in nurses. The factors affecting the increase of the number of general bacillus were disinfectants and medical personnel. The number of general bacillus was expected to increase 9.41 times with 7.5% povidone-iodine than with the ethyl alcohol-CHG mixture and 14.87 times in doctors than in nurses. Conclusion: This study shows that the ethyl alcogol-CHG mixture has a stronger hand disinfection effect than 7.5% povidone iodine. Thus we need to change the hand disinfectant used in operating rooms as soon as possible in order to minimize the infection of wounds resulting from operations.