진행 위암환자에서 Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) 활성의 저하

홍원선,김영환,송재관,강윤구,이진오,강태웅,김정룡 대한내과학회 1990 대한내과학회지 Vol.38 No.3

Natural killer(NK) and lymphokine-activated killer(LAK) activities were determined in 31 patients with unresectable stomach cancer before and immediately after chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin and mitomycin C(FAM) and 31 healthy volunteers. The major purposes of the study were focused on whether peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBL) in stomach cancer patients had a similar ability in the generation of LAK activity to those in healthy volunteers and what the effect was of chemotherapy with FAM on the generation of LAK activity. LAK cells were generated in vitro by culturing human PBL with 100 U/㎖ of recombinant human interleukin-2(rH-IL-2) for 72 hours. K562(human myelogenous leukemia cell line) and MKN-45(human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line) were used as target cells for NK and LAK activities. NK activity against K562, a sensitive line, was significantly depressed in patients with stomach cancer compared with that in healthy volunteers(p<0.01). However, LAK activity against K562 was similar to that of the controls. Age, sex and performance status(ECOG 0-2 and 3-4) did not have an influence on both NK and LAK activities. LAK activity was significantly higher than NK activity, either against K562 or MKN-45, in both healthy volunteers and patients with stomach cancer(p<0.001). NK and LAK activities against MKN-45, a NK-resistant line, in patients with stomach cancer showed significantly lower levels than those in healthy volunteers. We also analyzed the effect of chemotherapy with FAM on NK and LAK activities, with no suppression of NK and LAK activities being observed. In this study, we have demonstrated that PBL of stomach cancer have a reduced ability to generate LAK activity in response to rH-IL-2. However, LAK activity generated from PBL receiving chemotherapy with FAM was similar to that of PBL without chemotherapy.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus를 동반한 Multiple sclerosis

이지현,이기주,윤성호,부귀범,손현화,박유환,정춘해,김진호,정원영 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 1998 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.23 No.2

Multiple sclerosis and lupus erythematosus are chronic, potentially disabling diseases of unknown cause. It is a rare occasion that the finding of both diseases occurs in one patient. Because both diseases may affect the central nervous system, it may be difficult at times to differentiate symptoms of lupus erythematosus from those of multiple sclerosis. As far as we know, there was no case report of SLE in multilple sclerosis in Korea. We report a case of multiple sclerosis accompanied by SLE.

Transcriptome of the Pheromone Gland in the Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Yoon Jung Hwang,Chung Ryul Chung,Dae-Weon Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.04

The pheromone biosynthesis in Plutella xylostella is more active in the scotophase than in the photophase, which suggests that there may be changes of gene expression in the pheromone glands. To identify genes contributing to change in pheromone production, we analyzed transcriptomes from pheromone glands of both decapitated females in the photophase and normal ones in the scotophase. Comparative analysis were performed with transcriptomes of pheromone glands from non-decapitated (PG) females and decapitated ones for identification and expression of putative genes associated with pheromone biosynthesis pathway. Deep sequencing for mRNAs in the pheromone gland yielded approximately 7.5Gb and totally 17265 transcript were constructed under a homology cutoff of 10-6 Evalue. Genes putatively involved in pheromone biosynthesis were identified such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, acetyl-CoAdehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase (FAS), desaturases (Δ9 and Δ 11) and fatty acid reductases (FAR) including pgFAR, alcohol oxidase, aldehyde oxidase and aldehyde reductase, etc. Expression of 6 signal genes involving in pheromone biosynthesis such as acyl-CoA desaturase, FAR, PBAN receptor, fatty acid transporter, acyl-CoA binding protein did not exhibited ant significant different in both transcriptomes. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that expressions of FAS, Δ11 desaturase and pgFAR were higher in PG than that in ΔPG. Based on results, Δ11 desaturase and pgFAR may have a crucial role in sex pheromone biosynthesis of P. xylostella.

미국 FCPA 반뇌물규정과 미국기업의 실무적 대응

윤충원(Chung-Weon Yoon) 한국무역학회 2011 한국무역학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.4

Bribery is sometimes justified on the ground that it greases the wheels of excessive government regulations, and it is tolerated as a practical business necessity which everybody does it. But bribing public officials has been generally recognized as a moral outrage throughout the world history. And, apart from moral aspects, bribery harms the level playing fields in the overseas market by excluding bona fide competitors. As a result, consumer’s welfare is to be decreased while briber can get unfair benefit. In addition, bribery leads often to the misallocation of government funds by overinvestment of large-scale projects. For these reasons, U.S. enacted Foreign Corrupt Practice Act in 1977(amended in 1988 and 1998) to cope with bribing foreign public officials by U.S. companies and to restore public confidence in the integrity of the American business system damaged in 1970s. And also, U.S. government asked OECD member countries to enact legislation similar to FCPA, and took initiatives to sign the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, and U.N. Convention. Furthermore, U.S. has made much efforts to link bribery to international trade in WTO negotiation as one of new trade issues. This article presents the substance of anti-bribery provisions of FCPA(except accounting provisions), enforcement, penalties, and U.S. corporate compliance programs to find how strongly the U.S. government regulate and enforce it in order to cope with bribing foreign public officials by U.S. companies and how U.S. companies create and implement compliance programs to prevent their penalties in the course of doing overseas business. It is worthy to study FCPA because we can follow the example of it when Korean government enact the similar legislation in future. Moreover, Korean public officials and intermediaries also can be involved in FCPA in case they receive bribery from U.S. Companies. As a result of this study, we can find FCPA regulation is very strictly and strongly being enforced, and penalties are much heavy if U.S. companies violate it’s provisions. And also, it is found that U.S. companies should implement positively the compliance programs suggested DOJ, conducting due diligence and checking everyday “red flags” in relations to intermediaries of overseas business and mergers and acquitions etc.

중국 대외무역대리제도의 법률 적용에 관한 연구

윤충원(Chung-Weon YOON),하현수(Hyun-Soo HA),박종철(Jong-Cheol PARK) 전북대학교 산업경제연구소 2009 아태경상저널 Vol.1 No.1

중국의 대외무역대리제도는 대외무역정책의 산물로 탄생한 것이지 법률요소를 고려해서 만들어진 것이 아니다. 이에 따라서 중국 학자들은 대외무역대리를 위탁대리관계, 위탁매매관계 아니면 매매관계로 볼 것인지와 관련하여 다양한 의견을 제시하였다. 이러한 혼란은 유사한 유형의 대외무역대리관련 사건에 대해 상이한 판결이 내려지는 결과를 나았다. 그러나 중국은 1999년 계약법을 제정하여 대리에 따른 당사자 간 법률관계를 명확히 규정하였다. 또한 2004년에는 대외무역법을 개정하여 그동안 중국 대외무역대리의 모호성에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 대외무역권을 개방하였다. 따라서 현재 중국의 대외무역대리 당사자 간 법률관계는 어느 정도 분명해 졌다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 중국은 계약법을 제정하는 과정에서 대륙법계 법체계에 영미법계 대리규정을 채용하여 법을 제정하였기 때문에 법 적용상의 불확실성은 여전히 존재하고 있다. 따라서 우리 기업이 중국 기업과 중국의 대외무역대리제도를 이용하여 무역계약을 체결하는 경우는 다음과 같은 점을 주의하여야 할 것이다. 첫째, 우리 기업이 중국 기업이 대리인 자격으로 계약과정에 참여하고 있음을 알았을 경우에는 무역계약서에 이러한 사실을 삽입하여 계약관련 분쟁에 대비하여야 할 것이다. 둘째, 우리 기업이 중국의 본인과 대리인 간의 대리관계를 알았을 경우에, 본인이 대외무역권을 갖고 있는지 여부에 대하여 확인하여야 한다. 셋째, 우리 기업이 대리관계가 존재하는지 불명확하게 인식하고 있었을 경우, 계약체결시 대리관계를 알지 못하였음을 주장하는 것이 분쟁해결에 보다 유리할 수 있다. The foreign trade agency system of China is a result of foreign trade policy, not a system regarding legal factors. Therefore, Chinese scholars present various opinion whether foreign trade agency is considered as a consignment agency relationship or consignment dealing relationship, or dealing relationship. However this kind of confusion aroused different conclusion about similar cases related to foreign trade agency. So China established Contract Law in 1999 that it enacts legal relationship among parties. Moreover, Foreign Trade Law is amended in 2004 and as a result foreign trade right, which has an effect on ambiguity of Chinese foreign trade agency a lot, is opened. Hence it is that legal relationship among parties of Chinese foreign trade agency is partly obvious. Nevertheless uncertainty in application of a law still exists because when China establish Contract Law, they applied agency regulations in Anglo-American Law System on Chinese own Continental law system. Therefore, in case of our companies make trade contract with Chinese companies under Chinese foreign trade agency system, they have to consider as follows. Firstly, in case of our companies know that they participate in contract themselves as an agency of Chinese company, they should insert this content on contract in order to get rid of conflicts. Secondly, in case of our companies recognize between Chinese principal and agency, they should confirm whether principal has foreign trade right or not. Finally, in case of our companies recognize that agency relationship is not clear, to persist that they didn't know the agency relationship when they made a contract is much better than conflict settlement.

무역학과(전공) 교과과정 운영상의 과제와 개선책

윤충원(Chung-Weon Yoon),유찬확(Zuan-Kuo Liu) 한국국제상학회 2008 國際商學 Vol.23 No.3

  The aims of this paper are to search the status and the improving ways of curriculums of international trade department(major) in Korean universities. To attain these aims, this paper is composed of the environment changes influenced on the recent education of international trade, the status and problems of curriculum of international trade department in Korean universities, global trade experts incubating programs supported by Korean government for several universities, the problems and reform measures of the curriculum in future.<BR>  As result of this study, the authors’ opinion is that Korean universities have to unify the name of a large number of curriculums by preparing the standardized curriculum, taking part in the activities of Korea Institute for Accreditation of International Trade Education which is established last year, and strengthening practical education in international trade department(major) of universities.

미국 FCPA 반뇌물규정과 미국기업의 실무적 대응

윤충원(Chung-Weon Yoon) 한국무역학회 2011 貿易學會誌 Vol.36 No.2

미국의 경제제재법규에 관한 연구

윤충원 ( Chung Weon Yoon ) 국제지역학회 2004 국제지역연구 Vol.8 No.1

Risk of a second cancer from scattered radiation in acoustic neuroma treatment

Yoon, Myonggeun,Lee, Hyunho,Sung, Jiwon,Shin, Dongoh,Park, Sungho,Chung, Weon Kuu,Jahng, Geon-Ho,Kim, Dong Wook Korean Physical Society 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.64 No.12

The present study aimed to compare the risk of a secondary cancer from scattered and leakage doses in patients receiving intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Four acoustic neuroma patients were treated with IMRT, VMAT, or SRS. Their excess relative risk (ERR), excess absolute risk (EAR), and lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of a secondary cancer were estimated using the corresponding secondary doses measured at various organs by using radio-photoluminescence glass dosimeters (RPLGD) placed inside a humanoid phantom. When a prescription dose was delivered in the planning target volume of the 4 patients, the average organ equivalent doses (OED) at the thyroid, lung, liver, bowel, bladder, prostate (or ovary), and rectum were 14.6, 1.7, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, and 0.6 cGy, respectively, for IMRT whereas they were 19.1, 1.8, 2.0, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.4 cGy, respectively, for VMAT, and 22.8, 4.6, 1.4, 0.7, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.5 cGy, respectively, for SRS. The OED decreased as the distance from the primary beam increased. The thyroid received the highest OED compared to other organs. A lifetime attributable risk evaluation estimated that more than 0.03% of acoustic neuroma (AN) patients would get radiation-induced cancer within 20 years of receiving radiation therapy. The organ with the highest radiation-induced cancer risk after radiation treatment for AN was the thyroid. We found that the LAR could be increased by the transmitted dose from the primary beam. No modality-specific difference in radiation-induced cancer risk was observed in our study.

Antifertility Effect of Progesterone Antibodies in Mice

Yoon, Do-Young,Kim, Jae-Wha,Hwang, Soo-Weon,Choi, Myung-Ja,Choe, In-Seong,Kim, Jong-Bae,Chung, Tae-Wha The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1989 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.12 No.4

Early embryo development and implantation were arrested in ICR mice which were passively immunized with a mouse monoclonal progesterone amtibody given as a single intraperitoneal injection at 12 hrs or 60 hrs post coitum (p. c.). Unimplanted embryos were recovered from the reproductive tract of the antibody-treated mice and none of these progressed to the blastocyst stage. The most pronounced effect was an arrest of embryonic development at a stage prior to cavitation. The plasma progesterone concentration in the blood taken by carbiac puncture increased greatly after the treatment by virtue of high affinity binding by the antibody in circulation. The result showed that passive immunization against progesterone shortly after mating interfered with early hormone dependent steps which were essential for normal embryonic development.