이종연료 층상분사를 이용한 디젤엔진을 NOx와 soot동시 저감에 관한 연구(제2보)

하종률,강병무,안현찬,이태원,윤수한 東亞大學校 2001 東亞論叢 Vol.38 No.-

To investigate the method of the simultaneous reduction of Soot and NOx, we developed a new conception for dual fuel stratified injection system in a Diesel Engine. Some parts of the injection system, ie. nozzle holder, delivery vale, were remodeled to inject diesel and methanol in order from one injector. The quantity of diesel and methanol was controled precisely by micrometers that were mounted at control lack of injection pump. The real injection quantity ratio of dual fuel was certificated by volumetric ratio at injection Quantity experiment. We could confirm the capability that soot and NOx simultaneously were reduced by diesel-methanol stratified injection from the results of combustion and exhaust characteristic.

Natural Benzodiazepines

하정희,강병조 대한생물치료정신의학회 1996 생물치료정신의학 Vol.2 No.1

최근 5년동안 많은 연구가 진전되어 포유 동물의 조직에서 benzodiazepine의 존재가 규명되고, 이 천연 복합체(natural compound), 즉 natural benzodiazepine에 대한 origin이나 생물학적 역할이 밝혀지기 시작했다. 그러나 아직 뇌조직 중의 benzodiazepine의 source나 생합성 과정, 생리학적 및 생화학적 역할에 대해서는 여전히 명확한 답을 얻지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 최근까지 얻어진 결과 등을 요약하여 보면 다음과 같다, (1) benzodiazepine은 natural origin이며 (2) 포유동물의 뇌조직내 농도는 0.5-10 nM 정도이며 (3) 식이를 통해 섭취될 가능성이 있으면 (4) 뇌조직내에서 생합성될 가능성도 있고 (5) 간성 혼수 (hepatic encephalopathy)에서는 diazepam이나 N-desmethyldiazepam을 위시한 benzodiazepine 유사 물질들이 증가되어 있으며 (6) 기억 형성과정을 조절한다. 앞으로 많은 신경과학자들이 생화학적, 생리학적, 행동학적, 분자생물학적 술기를 적용하여 natural benzodiazepine의 뇌 병태생리에 있어서의 역할에 대한 새롭고 흥미있는 정보를 산출할 것으로 기대한다. An endogenous brain substance that binds to the central-type benzodiazepine receptors with agonist properties is present in both animal and human tissues. Great progress has been made in the last 5 years in elucidating the characteristics of these natural compounds. Many unanswered questions remain regarding the sources, biosynthetic pathways and biological actions. Recent findings are as follows: (1) Benzodiazepines are of natural origin; (2) mammalian brain contains benzodiazepines in concentrations ranging between 0.5-10 nM, (3) dietary source of benzodiazepines might be plausible explanation for their occurrence in animal tissues, including man (4) the formation of benzodiazpeine-like molecules in brain is a possibility, experimentally supported; (5) benzodiazepine-like molecules including dazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam are elevated in hepatic encephalopathy; and (6) natural benzodiazepines in the brain are involved in the modulation of memory processes. Further studies using the full range of biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and molecular biological techniques available to the neuroscientist will hopefully continue to yield exciting and new information concerning the biological roles that benzodiazepines might play in the normal and pathological functioning of the brain.

도시지역 한방의료이용자의 질병양상 조사연구

강영우,조태현,김병하,남철현,조남춘,안창수,이재홍 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 1997 保健福祉硏究 Vol.1 No.-

To provide the basic data for improving of curative measures in oriental medicine and for developing of health education and preventive program after understanding of classification of diseases in oriental medicine users, questionnaire interview was carried out with city dwellers, over 20 years old, selected randomly in big cities from 2nd Oct. to 11th Nov. 1995. The results were summarried as follows: 1. In the general characteristics of subjects, the highest portion of each part was 61.2% of female, 25.5% of thirties, 28.5% of high school graduate, 63.3% of middle class and 11.8% of lower class in economic status. 31.9% was housewife, 73.5% was merried and 55.1%, 38.1% came from big or small cities each. 2. By 21 classification of diseases, 19.7% was blood disorders, 17.6% was pregnancy & delivery complications and 15.2% was endorine & nutritional disorders. 3. As for age 22.6% of endocrine & nutritional disorders in twenties, 20.8%, 28.1%, 27.8% of blood & defence mechanism disorders in thirties, forties, sixties each and 24.9% of pregnancy & delivery complications in fifties were the higher than the other groups. 4. By educational level, 47.8%, 30.5% of blood & defence mechanism disorders in uneducated and middle school graduate were the higher than the other groups. 5. As for occupation, 20.8%, 32.9% of blood & defence mechanism disorders in housewives and sales each, were the higher than the other groups. 6. By economic status, 20.2% of blood & defence mechanism disorders in middle and high class, were the higher than the other groups. 7. By marital status, 21.3% of endocrine & nutritional disorders in singles, 22.0%, 25.7% of blood disorders in having partners, were the higher than the other groups. 8. As for living areas, 18.2% of pregnancy & delivery complications in big city dwellers, 21.3% of endocrine & nutritional disorders in town dwellers were the higher than the other groups. The distribution of diseases in oriental medicine users wes very different by chracteristics according the results. So It's important and essential project to improve curative technics and to develop.

반복적 부동화 스트레스가 신경활성 Steroid의 GABAА 수용체 조절작용에 미치는 영향

강헌구,강병조,하정희 대한생물치료정신의학회 1999 생물치료정신의학 Vol.5 No.2

신경활성 steroid들은 중추신경계의 말초성 benzodiazepine 수용체에서 합성되고, GABAA 수용체 복합체상의 독립적인 인지부위에 작용하여, GABAA 수용체에 대하여 효현활성을 나타내며, 스트레스에 대응하여 유리되는 내인성 조절자로 시사되고 있다. 그러나 신경활성 steroid의 신경전달조절 활성을 스트레스에 대한 반응도(reactivity)와 연관시켜 연구한 것은 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Sprague-Dawley rat에 2주간의 반복적인 부동화 스트레스를 부하한 후 반복적 스트레스에 의한 신경활성 steroid 활성의 변화를 검색하고자 하였다. 그리고 스트레스에 대하여 과도한 반응성을 보일 것으로 보고된 borderline-hypertensive rat을 대상으로 신경활성 steroid의 억제성 신경전달계인 GABA성 신경전달 조절활성을 비교 관찰함으로써, 반복적 부동화 스트레스에 대한 실험동물의 반응성에 대한 연구의 일환으로 신경활성 steroid의 신경조절작용을 검색하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 Sprague- Dawley rat의 대뇌피질세포막에 있는 GABAA-benzodiazepine 수용체 복합체에서 대하여 신경활성 steroid인 pregnanolone의 [³H]flunitrazepam 결합반응을 항진효과를 비교, 검색하였다. 본 실험결과, Sprague-Dawley rat의 대뇌피질세포막에 있는 GABAA-benzodiazepine 수용체 복합체에서 신경활성 steroid인 pregnanolone은 [³H]flunitrazepam 결합반응을 항진시킴으로써 GABAA 수용체에 대하여 효현 활성을 나타내었으며, 2주간의 반복적인 부동화 스트레스에 의해 이러한 pregnanolone의 활성은 증강되었다. 한편, 스트레스에 대하여 과도한 반응성을 보인다고 알려진 borderline-hypertensive rat의 뇌조직에서도 Sprague-Dawley rat에 비하여 항진된 GABA성 신경조절활성이 관찰되었으며, 스트레스 부하에 대해서도 유사한 반응성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 반복적인 부동화 스트레스는 스트레스에 대한 반응성의 일환으로 신경활성 steroid인 pregnanolone의 GABA성 신경전달 항진작용을 증강시킨다고 생각되었으며, 스트레스 유발 고혈압의 질환모델로 보고된 BHR에서는 동일한 스트레스에 대하여 과도한 반응성을 나타냄으로써 스트레스 관련 말초질환에서의 중추성 병인인자의 참여 가능성을 시사해주었다. Pregnanolone[5β-pregnan-3α-ol-one(pregnanolone)] is one of neuroactive steroids that are reduced metabolites of progesterone. Pregnanolone synthesis in the neuron or glia was regulated by peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist, which was consistently observed to be upregulated in the acutely stressed animals and humans. Pregnanolone is a potent positive modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) response that enhance the binding of [³H] flunitrazepam to the GABAA receptor. Recently, it was reported that chronic treatment with pregnanolone uncouples allosteric interactions between steroid and benzodiazepine recognition sites in cultured neurons. The present study was designed to assess the effect of repeated stress on the modulation of neuroactive steroid on the GABAA receptor. The effect of steroid on the ligands binding to GABAA receptor was investigated using cerebral cortices of unstressed and repeatedly immobilized Sprague-Dawley rats and borderline-hypertensive rats. Pregnanolone enhanced the binding of [³H]flunitrazepam to GABAA receptor in both of unstressed and repeatedly stressed Sprague-Dawley rats. However, repeatedly stressed rats showed significantly lower values in EC50 and higher values in Emax of enhancement binding of [³H] flunitrazepam than those of unstressed rats. Borderline-hypertensive rats, which are known to be overreactive to stress, showed higher basal binding of [³H]flunitrazepam to GABAA receptor, similar to those of stressed Sprague-Dawley rats. Borderline-hypertensive rats, in both control and stressed groups, showed similar pharmacological activity of pregnanolone with Sprague-Dawley rats. From these findings, it can be concluded that repeated immobilization stress enhanced the positive modulation of neuroactive steroid on the GABAA-receptor complex, and these pharmacological activity of neuroactive steroid might be a defensive reactivity to stress of individuals.

山間村의 所得增大를 위한 適地産業 開發方案

李康寧,高永杜,金正敎,河浩成,姜奉淳,朴道秉,姜淮 慶尙大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.17 No.2

This study attempts to analysis the present situation of farm management and the related industriesin order to present the suitable industries for promoting the farmers' income in mountain area. This study is based on the survey data obtained from 30 sample mountain vellages in 10 Guns located in central, wetern and northen Kyeougnam Province, where lots of mountain vellages are scattered here and there. Major findings obtained from the analysis are summarized as follows: 1) Area of cultivated land in mountian villages was generally smaller than that in plain vellages. BUt major finding of thes tudy indicated that the standard of living in the study area depended upon not only the size of cultivated land but also the skills of management to understand exavtly the regional and togographical situaltion, to utilize the developmental resources effectively, and to diversify income sources. This means that upbringing of competent Saemaul leaders is very important for promoting the income of mountain villages. 2) Various crops were being planted in a samll scale inmountain area. And those crops except rice adn barley were planted for self-sufficiency. Therefore, it is desired to select and cultivate intensively the kinds of crops which are regionally adn topographically suitable for maximizing farm inceomes of subsistant farmers. 3) The survey found out that in mountain area the farming of extensive fruits like chestnuts, persimmons, etc. is more favorable than that of intensive fruits like apples, pears, etc. 4) Because of topographical inappropriateness and lack of fertile cultivates land in mountain area, mowt vegetables, except onions in a few regions, were growing in a small scales for self-sufficiency. And the future of the vegetable cultivationin mountain area is also gloomy. 5) Since various grasses are abundantly growing in the wild in mountain area, the mountain villages are suitable for raising the herbivorous animals. Therefore it is recommeded to encourage raising the herbivorous animals, especially cattle, as one of the major income sources in mountain area. 6) It is true that sericulture has greartly contributed to the economic growth in mountain area with aboundant land suitable for mulberry trees. Recenly sericulture has, however, been shrinking due to the barriers of silk exportation. Without the barriers of silk exportation, sericulture will still play an important role on providing one of the major sources tom mountain villages. 7) The miscellaneous trees in most forest around the mountain villages were growing planlessly. Those parts of the forest are needed to be renewed by planting the useful, endurable, and regionally and topographically suitable kinds of trees.

신기능성 물질 탐색을 위한 침엽수잎의 특수성분 분석에 관한 연구 (Ⅰ) : 펙틴, 탄닌, 테르페노이드의 분석 Analysis of Pectin, Tannin and Terpenoids

황병호,이현종,강하영,유순희,조재현,조국란 江原大學校 森林科學硏究所 1997 Journal of Forest Science Vol.13 No.-

요 약 주요 소나무류잎의 특수성분을 분석하여 시판되고 있는 솔잎 가공식품의 기초데이터를 제공함과 동시에 임산화학 분야의 학문적 기초데이터를 축적하기 위하여 실시한 결과, 펙틴은 잣나무가 가장 높게 분석되었으며, 탄닌은 잣나무가 높게 분석되었고, 소나무와 해송은 유사하였다. 테르페노이드 성분중 α-pinene은 소나무와 잣나무에서, β-pinene은 리기다와 해송에서 높게 분석되었으며, 희귀성분으로는 잣나무에서 sabinene과 citronellol, 리기다에서는 α-pinene oxide 등이 분석되었다. 특히 소나무일체 다량 존재하는 성분은 α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-phellandrene, Δ3-carene, phytol 등 이었다. 향기성분의 주체인 α-pinene, limonene, bornylacetate들이 소나무와 잣나무에서 보다 많이 분석된 것으로 보아 삼림욕의 상쾌한 내용의 주체성분이라고 생각된다. ABSTRACT Pectin and tannin analysis were carried out to inverstigate any available components from Pinus densiflora, koraiensis, P. thunbergii and P. rigida. To analyze terpenoid components, the essential oils were extracted with steam distillation method from four kinds of pine needles. The essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS spectroscopy.The results were summarized as follows: Pectin content was highest in P. koraiensis with 0.40%, and tannin content was highest in P koraiensis with 1.05. Major components of P. densiflora needles were α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, Δ3-carene and phytol. α-Pinene, Δ3-carene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and camphene were found major components n P. koraiensis. Major components of P. thunbergii needles were β-pinene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D. β-Pinene, α-pinene, humulene oxide and α-elemene were major components in P. rigida. Sabinene and citronellol were infrequent components in P. Koraiensis, and α-pinene oxide was present only in P. rigida. α-Pinene, limonene, and bornylacetate well known as the mail components of green air bath were found in P. densiflora and P. koraiensis.

경막외 혈종에서의 시야결손과 CT소견

조병일,하영수,강준기,송진언 대한신경외과학회 1982 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.11 No.4

The evidence of infarction within the territory of the posterior cerebral artery could be diagnosed clinically using follow-up CT scan in while it has been pathologically well proved entity when the tentorial herniation occurred particularly in cases of head trauma with intracranial hematoma, although its incidence was generally within 10%. Visual field defects in traumatic intracranial surface hematomas have been proposed as result of the compression of posterior cerebral artery or anterior cheroidal artery and directly optic tract or visual cortex. Authors experienced the infarction of occipital and temporal lobe on CT scans and the homonymous hemianopsia in 3 cases of 20 epidural hematomas after CT was available. The case histories and CT findings of the infarction were detailed and discussed. It may be stressed that the careful examination and frequent follow-up CT scan are performed even in epidural hematoma.

난원공 개존을 통한 우심방에서 좌심방으로의 단락 진단에 있어 경흉부 심초음파 하모닉 영상의 유용성

신미승,강석민,장길진,변기현,하종원,정남식,허지회,이병인 대한순환기학회 2000 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.30 No.4

무궁화 根群 分布에 관한 연구 : 2. 土壤 種類別 實生苗의 根群 分布 2. Root system of seedlings on the soil conditions.

심경구,하유미,김진춘,서병기,강호철 성균관대학교 생명과학자원연구소 1995 生命資源科學硏究 Vol.2 No.1

This study was carried out to examine the characteristics of root system for seedlings of Hibiscus syriacus L. on the different soil conditions as a basic study for the stock of top-root cultivars. The obtained results are summarized as follows; It was significantly different on soil hardness between upland soil with 13 kg f/cm2 until 60 cm depth and waste landfill soil with 5 kg f/cm2 until 5 cm depth. But it was not measured soil hardness under 30 cm of waste landfill soil because of waste base. But soil pH was not different between soil conditions. The root depth of 'SKK 91-3' growing on upland soil was 81.0 cm and it was significantly different as compared with that of 'SKK 91-3' on the waste landfill. In addition, 'SKK 91-3' growing on upland soil had more root weight, root width, root number, main root diameter, and shoot growth than that on the waste landfill. Therefore it was suggested that soil condition affect root growth of seedlings in Hibiscus syriacus L. and then induce top-root system.

위선암에서 p53과 P-glycoprotein의 분포에 관한 연구

김대중,김의한,강상균,양승하,민병철 순천향의학연구소 1996 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.2 No.1

Gastric adenocarcinoma express many oncogenes, such as p53, c-erbB, k-sam, etc. The p53 especially acts as tumor suppressor in normal tissue and various mutational changes. of p53 are known as doing important role in carcinogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma. P-glycoprotein, as a pleotrophic membrane transport protein, shows specific distribution in many normal tissues and malignant tumors. This protein, produced by MDR gene, shows multidrug resistance to anticancer drug by pumping out intracellular drug. resulting in resistance to chemotherapeutics. The expression of p53 and P-glycoprotein according to clincopathologic findings in gastric adenocarcinoma has been studied, even though their results are controversial. To observe the relationship between both antigens and clinicopathologic findings of gastric adenocarcinoma. we were analysesed 40 cases gastric adenocarcinoma then processed for immunohistochemical stain by SLAB method using p53 and JSB-1 monoclonal antibodies. The results were as followings: 1) The p53 and P-glycoprotein showed positive in 20 cases(50%) and 21 cases(52.5%) of 40 cases respectively, and 10 cases(25%) showed positive reaction to both antigens. 2) p53 revealed higher positive rate in intestinal type(54.6%), differentiated form(57.1%), advanced form(58.1%) compared to diffuse type(28.6%), poorly differentiated form(42.1%), early cancer(22.2%), but no difference according to age, sex, lymphatic metastasis and signet ring cell within tumor. 3) P-glycoprotein revealed higher positive rate in interstinal type(54.6%), differentiated form(61.9%), advanced form(58.1%), absence of signet ring cell (63.3%) compared to diffuse type (28.6%), poorly differentiated form (36.8%), early cancer(33.3%), presence of signet ring cell(20.0%), but no difference according to sex, age, lymphatic metastasis. 4) Positive rate in intestinal type, differentiated form, advanced form, and presence of signet ring cells in gastric adenocarcinoma showing both positive reaction of p53 and P-glycoprotein, are higher, but no difference according to age, sex, lymphatic metastasis. 5) In noneoplastic mucosa adjacent to cancer, p53 revealed negative reaction in all cases. P-glycoprotein showed positive reaction in all metaplastic glands 33 cases and parietal cells 17 cases, and in 16 cases(40%) of 40 cases of luminal surface and gastric glandular epthelium, and showed negative reaction in all 12 cases of chief cell. Above results revealed that positive rates of p53 and P-glycoprotein in gastric adenocarcinoma are almost same and there is no relationships between both antigens. Both antigens showed simillar high positive rate in intestinal type, differentiated form and advanced form, indicating association with these clinicopathologic findings.