경기도 북부지역 군용 사격장 토양에 존재하는 화약물질 분포 및 이동 특성 조사

배범한(Bumhan Bae),박지은(Jieun Park) 한국지반환경공학회 2014 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.15 No.6

경기도 OO지역 군 사격장에서 환경으로 유출되는 화약물질 현장저감시설의 설계 자료 확보를 위해 토양오염조사를 실시하였다. 설계에 필요한 자료는 (i) 주 오염 화약물질 종류 파악, (ii) 배출/이동 경로, (iii) 토양 입경별 화약물질 농도조사 및 침강특성이다. 현장 조사 및 분석결과, TNT와 RDX가 사격장 토양에서의 주 오염물질이지만, 군 훈련 종류와 사격장 지형에 따라 오염도는 변화하였다. 화약물질은 표토이외의 심토와 인근 개울에서도 검출되어, 피탄지에서 하천으로의 유출이 있음을 확인하였다. 피탄지에 화약물질 농도가 높은 hot spot이 다수 존재하였으나, 전반적으로 오염농도가 20 mg/kg을 넘지는 않았다. 피탄지 토양 내 점토함량은 대조군 12 %에 비해 현저히 낮은 5 % 미만이며, 이는 사격으로 인해 식피가 제거되어 강우 시 토사의 표면유출이 증가하였기 때문이라 판단된다. 토양 입경별 화약물질 분포 분석 결과, 토양 입경 0.075 mm 미만의 세립토에는 화약물질 총량의 약 10 % 이하만이 존재하였다. 침강관 실험결과, 유출수 내 액상으로 유출되는 화약물질량이 고상에 있는 화약물질량보다 많았다. 그러므로 사격장에서 표면 유출되는 강수 내 입자상 물질을 간단한 침전지로 처리하고, 다음으로 정화식물을 식재한 인공습지로 액상 내 화약물질을 처리하는 방안이 자립적이며 지속적으로 유지 가능한 녹색 정화방법이 될 것이다. A remedial investigation was conducted at five military training ranges in northern Gyeonggi province to collect information necessary for the design of on-site treatment facilities for the abatement of explosive compounds release to the environment. These information includes (i) identification of dominant explosive compounds in each range, (ii) discharge/migration routes, and (iii) contaminant distribution in particle size fraction and settling velocity of the soils. The results of investigation showed that TNT and RDX are the major contaminants but the extent of contamination varied depending on the types of military training practices and topography of the site. RDX was also detected in the subsurface soil and in the nearby stream within the training ranges, suggesting release of contaminants to streams. The median concentrations of explosives in the surface soil were less than 20 mg/kg despite several ‘hot spots’ in which explosives concentrations often exceeds several hundred mg/kg. The average clay contents in the soil of target area was less than 5 % compared to 12 % in the control, indicating loss of smaller particles by surface runoff during rainfall due to lack of vegetative land cover. Analysis of explosive compounds and particle size distribution showed that the amount of explosive compounds in soil particles smaller than 0.075 mm was less than 10 % of the total. Settling column tests also revealed that the quantity of explosive compounds in the liquid phase of the effluent was greater than that in the solid phase. Therefore, pre-treatment of particulate matter in surface runoff of shooting range with a simple settling basin and subsequent effluent treatment with planted constructed wetlands as polishing stage for explosives in the aqueous phase would provide the shooting ranges with a self-standing, sustainable, green solution.

잔류유분 함유 반출처리토 재활용을 위한 호밀 식재 식물상 토성회복 가능성

박지은,배범한,주완호,배세달,배은주,Park, Jieun,Bae, Bumhan,Joo, Wanho,Bae, Seidal,Bae, Enjoo 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.3

The amount of TPH contaminated soil treated at off-site remediation facilities is ever increasing. For the recycle of the treated-soil on farmlands, it is necessary to restore biological and physico-chemical soil characteristics and to remove residual TPH in the soil by an economic polishing treatment method such as phytoremediation. In this study, a series of experiments was performed to select suitable plant species and to devise a proper planting method for the phyto-restoration of TPH-treated soil. Rye (Secale cereale) was selected as test species through a germination test, among 5 other plants. Five 7-day-old rye seedlings were planted in a plastic pot, 20 cm in height and 15 cm in diameter. The pot was filled with TPH-treated soil (residual TPH of 1,118 mg/kg) up to 15 cm, and upper 5 cm was filled with horticulture soil to prevent TPH toxic effects and to act as root growth zone. The planted pot was cultivated in a greenhouse for 38 days along with the control that rye planted in a normal soil and the blank with no plants. After 38 days, the above-ground biomass of rye in the TPH-treated soil was 30.6% less than that in the control, however, the photosynthetic activity of the leaf remained equal on both treatments. Soil DHA (dehydrogenase activity) increased 186 times in the rye treatment compared to 10.8 times in the blank. The gross TPH removal (%) in the planted soil and the blank soil was 34.5% and 18.4%, respectively, resulting in 16.1% increase of net TPH removal. Promotion of microbial activity by root exudate, increase in soil permeability and air ventilation as well as direct uptake and degradation by planted rye may have contributed to the higher TPH removal rate. Therefore, planting rye on the TPH-treated soil with the root growth zone method showed both the potential of restoring biological soil properties and the possibility of residual TPH removal that may allow the recycle of the treated soil to farmlands.

포트 재배에 의한 화약물질 오염토양 정화용 내오염성 식물 선정

이아름,배범한,Lee, Ahreum,Bae, Bumhan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2015 지하수토양환경 Vol.20 No.6

Nine plant species were selected through vegetation survey at three military shooting ranges at northern Gyeonggi Province. Plants were germinated in normal soil and three seedlings were transplanted to a bottom sealed pot containing sandy loam soils contaminated with either RDX (291 mg/kg) or TNT (207 mg/kg). Planted, blank (without plant), and control (without explosive compound) pots were grown in triplicate at a green house for 134 days. During cultivation, transplanted plants exhibited chlorosis and necrosis in flower and leaf by explosive toxicity and stress. Only three plants, Wild soybean, Amur silver grass, Reed canary grass, survived in TNT treated pot, while seven plant species except for field penny cress and jimson weed, thrived in RDX treated pot. Appreciable amount of TNT (61.6~241.2 mg/g-D.W.) was detected only in plant roots. Up to 763.3 mg/g-D.W. along with 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, an intermediate of TNT, accumulated in the root of wild soybean. In addition, azoxy compounds, abiotic intermediates of TNT, were detected in TNT treated soils. RDX absorbed average 1,839.95 mg/kg in shoot and 204.83 mg/kg in root. Most of TNT in plant was accumulated in underground part whereas RDX was localized in aerial part. Material balance calculation showed that more than 95% of the initial TNT was removed in the planted pots whereas only 60% was removed in the blank pot. The amount of RDX removed from soil was in the order of Amur Silver Grass (51%) > Chickweed (43%) > Evening primrose (38%). Based on the results of pot cultures, Amur silver grass and Reed canary grass are selected as tolerant remedial plants for explosive toxicity.

녹비식물 혼합재배에 휴믹물질 투입이 정화처리토양의 생물학적 토양 건강성 지표에 미치는 영향

배범한,박혜선,강수아,Bae, Bumhan,Park, Hyesun,Kang, Sua 한국지하수토양환경학회 2021 지하수토양환경 Vol.26 No.5

The effects of green manure crops, hairy vetch and sesban, supplemented with HS (humic substance) on biological soil health indicators was studied in a pot containing two kinds of reclaimed soil previously contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons; a soil remediated by land-farming (DDC) and another soil by low-temperature thermal desorption (YJ). Treatments include no plant (C), plants only (H), and plants+2% HS (PH), which were evaluated in a pot containing respective soil. Biological indicators include microbial community analysis as well as soil enzyme activities of dehydrogenase, 𝛽-glucosidase, N-acetyl-𝛽-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), acid/alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and urease. Results showed an increase of enzyme activities in pot soils with plants and even greater in soils with plants+HS. The enzyme activities of DDC soil with plants (DDC_P) and with plants+HS (DDC_PH) increased 1.6 and 3.9 times on average, respectively than those in the control. The enzyme activities YJ soil with plants (YJ_P) and with plant+HS (YJ_PH) increased 1.8 and 3.8 times on average, respectively than those in the control. According to microbial community analysis, the relative abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in DDC and YJ soil was increased from 1.5% to 7% and from 0 to 5%, respectively, after planting hairy vetch and sesban. This study showed that mixed planting of green manure crops with a supplement of humic substance is highly effective for the restoration of biological health indicators of reclaimed soils.

중금속 오염토양에 대한 안정화 및 식물상 정화공법의 동시 적용연구

전종원(Jeon Jongwon),배범한(Bae Bumhan),김영훈(Kim Younghun) 한국지반환경공학회 2012 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구에서는 중금속오염 토양에 대하여 소량의 다양한 안정화제를 이용한 안정화공법과 식물정화증진공법을 동시에 적용하여 식물상 정화공법의 보조단계로 최적의 효과를 가진 안정화제를 알아보고자 하였다. 국내의 비교적 큰 규모의 중금속 오염토양인 제련소 오염토양을 대상으로 zeolite, Mn dioxide, slag, Ca oxide, 및 magnetite를 안정화제로 처리한 후 고사리과 식물을 이용한 식물상 정화증진공법 실험을 진행하였다. 안정화제 사용여부 및 종류에 따른 토양의 중금속 추출율을 확인하였으며, 식물시료의 성장 특성과 중금속 흡수율을 확인하였다. 안정화제 적용 시 토양의 용출율은 감소되었으며 중금속의 안정화가 이루어졌으며, magnetite, calcium oxide등의 안정화제가 좋은 효과를 보였다. 식물시료의 분석결과 Pb, Cu, Zn, 그리고 Ni등의 중금속은 식물의 뿌리 부분에 높은 농도로 농집 되는 것을 확인하였고, As의 경우 잎에 높게 농집 되는 것을 확인하였다. 안정화제를 투입한 결과 식물의 성장이 촉진되어 바이오매스생산량이 증대되었다. 안정화제는 식물상 정화공법이 적용되는 비교적 장기간 동안 토양 내의 중금속의 용출을 막아주며 식물의 성장을 촉진시켜 식물상 정화공법만을 사용할 경우 염려되는 오염의 유출 등의 식물상 정화공법의 단점을 보완해줄 것으로 판단된다. In this study, to select the best stabilizer for the heavy metals-contaminated soil from a smelter area during phytoremediation, a plant uptake experiment and a soil stabilization were simultaneously applied using Pteris multifida Poir. and five pre-screened stabilizers(zeolite, Mn dioxide, slag, Ca oxide, and magnetite). The extracted heavy metal was measured and compared using a 3 step sequential extraction for the soil samples. The growth rate of the plant was also evaluated. The stabilizers stabilized heavy metals in soil and reduced the extraction rate. Magnetite and calcium oxide showed better results than other stabilizers. The stabilizers enhanced the growth of the plant. All the heavy metals except for arsenic were concentrated in roots while arsenic was concentrated in leaves of the plant. It is concluded that the stabilizers can minimize the heavy metal release from the contaminated soil during phytoremediation and stimulated the growth of plant. These effects of stabilizers could compensate for some weak points of phytoremediation such as reaching of heavy metals by rainwater.

외부탄소원으로 활성화된 토착미생물에 의한 화약물질(TNT and RDX) 분해 최적화

박지은,배범한,Park, Jieun,Bae, Bumhan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.3

Contamination of explosive compounds in the soils of military shooting range may pose risks to human and ecosystems. As shooting ranges are located at remote places, active remediation processes with hardwares and equipments are less practical to implement than natural solutions such as bioremediaton. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to select a suitable carbon source and to optimize dosing rate for the enhanced bioremediation of explosive compounds in surface soils and sediments of shooting ranges with indigenous microorganisms activated by external carbon source. Treatability study using slurry phase reactors showed that the presence of indigenous microbial community capable of explosive compounds degradation in the shooting range soils, and starch was a more effective carbon source than glucose and acetic acid in the removal of TNT. However, at higher starch/soil ratio, i.e., 2.0, the acute toxicity of the liquid phase increased possibly due to transformation products of TNT. RDX degradation by indigenous microorganisms was also stimulated by the addition of starch but the acute toxicity of the liquid phase decreased with the increase of starch/soil ratio. Taken together, the optimum range of starch/soil ratio for the degradation of explosive compounds without significant increase in acute toxicity was found to be 0.2 of starch/soil.

전분 환 투입에 의한 실험실 규모 침전지 저부에서의 생화학적 환경 변화와 화약물질(TNT 및 RDX) 분해

박지은,배범한,Park, Jieun,Bae, Bumhan 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.3

A starch ball was devised to conveniently supply carbon source to indigenous microorganisms and to enhance biotransformation of explosive compounds(TNT and RDX) in the sediments of settling basins installed in military shooting ranges. To identify optimum dose/sediment ratio for degradation of explosives in the basin, a series of bench scale settling basin experiments were performed for 30 days while monitoring supernatant pH, DO, concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, explosive compounds, and acute toxicity measured by bacterial luminescence. Addition of starch ball induced changes in oxidation conditions from oxic to anoxic in the benthic zone of the basin, which resulted in subsequent reductive degradation of both TNT and RDX in the liquid and solid phase of basin. However, fermentation products of excess starch, acetic acid and formic acid, caused acute toxicity in the liquid phase. The optimum ratio of starch ball/sediment for explosive compounds degradation by inducing changes in bio-geochemical environments without increase in acute toxicity, was found to be 0.009~0.017.

제련소 주변 오염토양의 중금속 안정화를 위한 다양한 안정화제의 적용성 연구

전종원(Jeon Jonwon),배범한(Bae Bumhan),김영훈(Kim Younghun) 한국지반환경공학회 2010 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.11 No.11

중금속으로 오염된 부지는 다양한 공법으로 복원이 가능하나 오염부지가 비교적 넓은 경우 중금속을 부지로부터 제거하는 적극적 공법은 기술적 어려움과 비용의 문제로 쉽게 사용할 수 없다. 그러므로 토양에서 중금속의 용출을 차단 및 지연하는 안정화 공법이 보다 현실적이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내의 비교적 큰 규모의 중금속 오염토양인 제련소 오염토양을 대상으로 magnetite, hematite, zeolite-A, zeolite-X, zeolite-Y, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, carbon trioxide, manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, fish bone, sodium phosphate 등의 다양한 안정화제의 적용성실험을 수행하였다. 비소, 납, 구리, 니켈, 아연 등의 다중 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 경우 1종의 안정화제로 안정화가 어려우며 기존 연구에서 보고된 특정 중금속의 안정화에 우수한 성능을 갖는 안정화제의 경우에도 다른 중금속의 안정화에 기여하지 못하거나 용출을 촉진하는 경향을 보였다. 시간이 경과함에 따라 안정화 효율이 증가하였다. 니켈과 납의 경우 calcium oxide, carbon trioxide, manganese oxide 등의 안정화제가 효과가 있으며 특히 연속추출에서 물에 의한 추출부분에서 안정화 효율이 높았다. 구리의 경우 manganese oxide, zeolite 등이 효과가 크며 연속추출에서 exchangeable 추출부분에서 안정화 효율이 높았다. 비소의 경우 magnetite에 의한 안정화 효과를 보이며 대부분의 metal oxide와 phosphate 에 의해 용출이 촉진되는 부작용을 보였다. 그러므로 다양한 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 경우 2종 이상의 안정화제를 사용하여야 하며 역효과를 일으키는 안정화제의 사용을 배제하고 중금속의 농도에 따라 사용량 및 안정화 기간을 달리하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. There are several remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated soils but increasing cost limits the application of the technology if the contaminated area is large. Therefore, stabilization, which blocks the release of heavy metals or makes slow the release, is one of the applicable technology for the heavy metal contaminated soil. Current study is an applicability test for a smelter area with various stabilizer such as magnetite, hematite, zeolite-A, zeolite-X, zeolite-Y, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, carbon trioxide, manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, fish bone, sodium phosphate. The soil contaminated with arsenic, lead, copper, nickel, and zinc could not be stabilized only one stabilizer which is known to have stability for certain metal. Many of the stabilizer works for a few metal but not all of the heavy metal. In several cases, stabilizers increase the release of the other metals while they stabilize some metals. In general, the stabilizing efficiency was increased with time. For Ni, Pb, calcium oxide, carbon trioxide, manganese oxide had good stabilizing effect in water extractable portion. For Cu, manganese oxide, zeolite showed good results especially in the exchangeable portion of the sequential extraction. For As, magnetite had good ability but most of the metal oxide which showed good result for other heavy metals increased with the release of As. Current study suggest that multiple stabilizers are needed for the contaminated soil and dose of the stabilizer and stabilizing time should be carefully considered for the soil contaminated with various metals.

군사격장 오염토양 내 고농도 중금속함유 입자의 기초특성연구

김지은(Jeeeun Kim),김정진(Jeongjin Kim),배범한(Bumhan Bae),김영훈(Younghun Kim) 한국지반환경공학회 2013 한국지반환경공학회논문집 Vol.14 No.11

민간 및 군용사격장은 납, 구리 등의 중금속으로 오염되어 있어 복원이 필요한 경우가 많다. 산세척 또는 용출제를 이용한 용출이 흔히 사용되는 복원공법이다. 사격장 오염토양을 채취하여 오염특성 및 고비중 입자의 기여율을 조사하기 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 사격장 오염토양은 중금속, 특히 납으로 오염되어 있었으며, Ethylenediamine Tetra Acetic Acid(EDTA)를 이용한 5회 반복추출에도 환경기준치 이상의 오염이 토양시료에 남아 있었다. 이는 토양시료에 계속적으로 오염을 유출하는 입자가 존재하거나 오염제거가 매우 어려운 상태로 오염이 존재한다는 것을 의미한다. 토양시료에 포함된 색을 띠는 특이입자를 분리하여 분석한 결과 이들 입자는 비중이 2.5-6.6이고, 납과 EDTA의 결합율이 4.9-32%로 탄두 및 탄피가 잘게 부서진 입자로 판단되었다. 이들 입자를 제거한 토양은 오염도가 제거하기 전 토양에 비하여 낮으며, 용출 등의 기술로 쉽게 오염이 제거될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 연속추출 및 TCLP 등의 연구에서 증명되었다. Civil and military firing ranges are usually contaminated with heavy metals such as lead and copper and remediation is required. Acid washing and extraction are common remediation methods. Lead contaminated firing range soil samples were collected and a preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the contamination and the contribution of high specific gravity particles. Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA) extraction was applied for the removal of heavy metal but the extraction was not feasible for the firing range soil. Even after the repeated EDTA extraction, the contamination were still over the Korean environmental standard indicating that soil particles highly contaminated with heavy metal which release the heavy metal ion even after the repeated extraction. Some colored and higher specific gravity particles were separated from the soil samples and analyzed. The colored particles have specific gravity of 2.5-6.6. The saturation ratio of Pb and EDTA was 4.9-32%. After removal of these colored particles, the sandy soil showed moderate contamination which can be treated with soil washing. This was proved with the five-level sequential extraction and TCLP tests.

수경재배에 의한 중금속 (As 및 Cd) 오염토양의 식물상 복원공법 적용 식물종 선별

김범준,배범한,김영훈,Bumjun Kim,Bumhan Bae,Younghun Kim 한국지하수토양환경학회 2024 지하수토양환경 Vol.29 No.1

Phytoremediation presents a low-carbon and eco-friendly solution for heavy metal-contaminated soils, which pose great health and environmental risks to humans and ecosystems. A hydroponic culture was used to quantitatively assess the phytoremediation potential of plant species to remediate As or Cd-contaminated soil in field application. This study examined the growth, uptake, and distribution of Cd in the roots and shoots of Phalaris arundinacea and Brassica juncea in hydroponic conditions with Cd concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mg/L for 10 days. Additionally, Aster koraiensis and Pteris multifida were cultivated in hydroponic conditions containing As concentrations ranging from 0 to 40 mg/L for 10 days. The concentrations of Cd in the above-ground part and root tissues of P. arundinacea and B. juncea reached a maximum of 147.7 and 1926.7 mg/kg-D.W.(Dry Weight), and 351.6 and 11305.5 mg/kg-D.W., respectively. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) for P. arundinacea and B. juncea were 68.9 and 122.3, respectively. Both species exhibited a translocation factor (TF) of less than 0.1, indicating their eligibility for phytostabilization. Aster koraiensis exhibited significant As accumulation of 155.1 and 1306.7 mg/kg D.W. in the above-ground part and root, respectively. However, this accumulation resulted with substantial weight loss and the manifestation of toxic symptoms. P. multifida exhibited higher accumulation of As (345.1 mg/kg-D.W.) in the fronds than in the roots (255.4 mg/kg-D.W.), corresponding to BCF values of 18.6 and 7.6, respectively, and a TF greater than 1.2. A TF value greater than 1.0 indicates that P. multifida is a viable option for phytoextraction.