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Small Businesses in Kenya: Transition from Informal to Formal Enterprises
Jacob C. NG’ANG’A,Anne GITONGA 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2015 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.6 No.2
The Kenyan economy is broadly characterized by two parallel sectors: the formal comprised of registered businesses and the informal defined by the economic activities of non-registered businesses. Despite the several advantages of registering a business, only a minority of businesses in Kenya are registered. This paper addresses the question of why a large number of small businesses in Kenya opt to operate informally. The findings show that firm age, size of business, owner’s experience, business sector, gender of owner and type of business premise influence the choice to register a business. The paper recommends that the government simplify registration and link it to licensing, decentralize and automate registration, and enforce registration without directly linking it to tax obligations.
Rosa Angélica Rangel-Porras,Sharel P. Díaz-Pérez,Juan Manuel Mendoza-Hernández,Pamela Romo-Rodríguez,Viridiana Alejandre-Castañeda,Marco I Valle-Maldonado,Juan Carlos Torres-Guzmán,Gloria Angélica Gon 한국미생물학회 2019 The journal of microbiology Vol.57 No.7
Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic Zygomycete fungus that produces ethanol under aerobic conditions in the presence of glucose, which indicates that it is a Crabtree-positive fungus. To determine the physiological role of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity elicited under these conditions, we obtained and characterized an allyl alcohol-resistant mutant that was defective in ADH activity, and examined the effect of adh mutation on physiological parameters related to carbon and energy metabolism. Compared to the Adh+ strain R7B, the ADH-defective (Adh-) strain M5 was unable to grow under anaerobic conditions, exhibited a considerable reduction in ethanol production in aerobic cultures when incubated with glucose, had markedly reduced growth capacity in the presence of oxygen when ethanol was the sole carbon source, and exhibited very low levels of NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the cytosolic fraction. Further characterization of the M5 strain showed that it contains a 10-bp deletion that interrupts the coding region of the adh1 gene. Complementation with the wild-type allele adh1+ by transformation of M5 remedied all the defects caused by the adh1 mutation. These findings indicate that in M. circinelloides, the product of the adh1 gene mediates the Crabtree effect, and can act as either a fermentative or an oxidative enzyme, depending on the nutritional conditions, thereby participating in the association between fermentative and oxidative metabolism. It was found that the spores of M. circinelloides possess low mRNA levels of the ethanol assimilation genes (adl2 and acs2), which could explain their inability to grow in the alcohol.
Determinants of Regional Disparity in Kenya
Jacob C. Ng’ang’a 연세대학교 빈곤문제국제개발연구원 2010 Journal of Poverty Alleviation and International D Vol.1 No.1
Regional disparity is key development challenge in Kenya. Since regional production defines the relative state of a region’s welfare, this study focuses on factors that influence regional production in accounting for regional disparity in Kenya. These factors include literacy level, parliamentary representation in government, security services, availability of arable land, electricity connection and access to medical care, financial services, portable water, quality communication and transport infrastructure. The study uses modest analytical tools to determine how poverty level, used as a proxy of regional disparity, is explained by these factors. Overall, about half of Kenyans live below the poverty line and only 38 percent of the population have adequate access to medical care. The average fertility in Kenya is 5.4 with 73 percent of the population being literate and only 7 percent connected to electricity. Further, 76.5 percent and 74.3 percent of Kenyans travel at least 5 kilometers to the nearest post services and tarmac road, respectively. Regression results show that literacy levels, access to medical facilities and credit, proportion of arable land, region’s representation in government and proximity to infrastructure in terms of road, security, communication and water positively relate to the pattern of regional disparity in Kenya. However, relatively better regions in Kenya, in terms of lower poverty levels, are not necessary those with better access to water, security, electricity connection and higher tarmac road density. The study therefore recommends policy reforms that prioritize improvement in health, education and financial services in less developed areas. Specifically, the study proposes identification of a critical minimum literacy level for all districts, with adequate interventions to improve access to education in marginal areas. Similarly the government should liaise with private sector in identifying appropriate incentives to attract investment in financial services in areas not adequately served by the existing financial institutions. Finally, in addition to improving the overall infrastructure, enhancing communication services, through appropriate incentives, is a crucial step in reducing regional disparity in Kenya.
Esther Angélica Cuéllar-Torres,Selene Aguilera-Aguirre,Miriam del Carmen Bañuelos-González,Luis Ángel Xoca-Orozco,Rosa Isela Ortiz-Basurto,Efigenia Montalvo-González,Julio Vega-Arreguín,Martina Alejan 한국식품과학회 2022 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.31 No.11
The postharvest application of high degree of polymerization agave fructans (HDPAF) was tested, evaluating anthracnose disease, defense-related enzyme activities, and quality attributes in avocado fruit. Application of a 20% HDPAF solution showed a reduction in anthracnose severity (60%) and incidence (34%) compared to the other concentrations evaluated and the water-treated control. Polyphenoloxidase activity increased 4.6 times more 24 h after treatment. In addition, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity was 4.34 and 1.7 times higher than the control at 0.5 h after treatment. HDPAF retrieves the deceleration of both firmness loss and physiological weight loss compared to the control. Regarding quality parameters such as color, pH, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity, no significant differences were observed between treatments compared to the control; therefore, these parameters were not negatively affected by HDPAF treatments, but a positive effect on the induction of the defense system is shown.
Rosa Angélica Lara-Ojeda,Juana María Miranda-Vidales,Lilia Narváez-Hernández,Juan Manuel Lozano de Poo 대한토목학회 2022 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.26 No.8
The use of zeolite as a stabilizer for adobe has proven to have the ability to improve its physical and chemical properties. This is shown in the positive results in terms of strength gain and water absorption resistance in adobe blocks. In this work, an investigation was carried out to evaluate the use of zeolite as adobe stabilizer. The adobes were made with two different types of soil with different content of zeolite (5, 10, 15, 20% by weight) maintaining the zeolite-lime ratio 1:1. The samples were tested on compressive strength and water absorption. The deterioration of the adobes was analyzed under conditions of extreme humidity. The results of this study revealed that adobe behavior is influenced by the synergistic relationship between soil, zeolite and lime, showing significant changes in compressive strength even under extreme humidity conditions. It was also observed that the chemical composition of the soil influenced the development of the pozzolanic reaction. The stabilization of adobes with 15% of zeolite showed the best mechanical behavior, before and after deterioration assay. Hence, zeolite promises to be a good alternative as a stabilizer in adobe construction systems.
Beatriz Angélica Toscano de laTorre,Juan Contreras-Castillo,Norma Barón-Ramírez APEC국제교육협력원 2020 Asia-Pacific Cybereducation Journal Vol.16 No.2
This essay analyzes the impact of COVID-19 in higher education based on national policies implemented during the current outbreak. Additionally, it enlists and discusses the proposed strategies developed to support higher education in a post-pandemic scenario based on educational and political perspectives.
MR Imaging of the Perihepatic Space
Bonnin Angèle,Durot Carole,Djelouah Manel,Dohan Anthony,Arrivé Lionel,Rousset Pascal,Hoeffel Christine 대한영상의학회 2021 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.22 No.4
The perihepatic space is frequently involved in a spectrum of diseases, including intrahepatic lesions extending to the liver capsule and disease conditions involving adjacent organs extending to the perihepatic space or spreading thanks to the communication from intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal sites through the hepatic ligaments. Lesions resulting from the dissemination of peritoneal processes may also affect the perihepatic space. Here we discuss how to assess the perihepatic origin of a lesion and describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of normal structures and fluids that may be abnormally located in the perihepatic space. We then review and illustrate the MRI findings present in cases of perihepatic infectious, tumor-related, and miscellaneous conditions. Finally, we highlight the value of MRI over computed tomography.