Dependency Syndrome in Church Planting and Its Implications for Christian Missions in the 21^st Century

( Akinyemi Alawode ),( Emmanuel Okoroafor ) 삼육대학교 선교와사회문제연구소 2023 Asia-Africa Journal of Mission and Ministry(AAMM) Vol.27 No.-

One of the issues confronting global missions, especially church planting, is dependency syndrome. This development prompted the researcher to investigate how the reality of this hydra-headed phenomenon has affected church planting. As a result, the researcher carries out an overview of dependency syndrome and the Church and perspectives on Church Planting. It also highlights some of the implications of dependency syndrome in church planting for Christian Missions and provides principles for overcoming it. The study employed a descriptive research method with a population of 50 Baptist churches in southeast Nigeria. The findings showed that there had been cases of dependency among the selected Baptist churches. This study discovered that there are numerous implications of dependency during church planting for Christian missions, which include: discouragement on the part of the donors/sponsors, stunted/ absence of growth, suspicion of foreign influence, and confused accountability. Notwithstanding the overriding implications of dependency on church planting, this study provided some principles for overcoming dependency in church planting, including intentional discipleship, vision and action plan, and policy and operational guidelines.

Aqueous Extracts of Two Varieties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Inhibit Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme, Iron(II), and Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in the Rat Heart In Vitro

Ayodele J. Akinyemi,,Adedayo O. Ademiluyi,Ganiyu Oboh 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.7

Ginger has reportedly been used in folk medicine for the management and prevention of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of two varieties of ginger on a key enzyme linked to hypertension (angiotensin I.converting enzyme [ACE]), and on pro-oxidants [Fe2 + and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] which have been shown to induce lipid peroxidation in the rat’s isolated heart in vitro. Aqueous extracts (0.05 mg/mL) of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) were prepared and the ability of the extracts to inhibit ACE along with Fe2 + - and SNP-induced lipid peroxidation was determined in rat’s heart in vitro. Results revealed that both extracts inhibited ACE in a dose-dependent manner (25.125 lg/ mL). However, red ginger extract (EC50 = 27.5 lg/mL) had a significantly (P < .05) higher inhibitory effect on ACE than white ginger extract (EC50 = 87.0 lg/mL). Furthermore, incubation of the rat’s heart in the presence of Fe2 + and SNP caused a significant increase (P < .05) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the heart homogenates, while the introduction of the ginger extracts (78.313 lg/mL) caused a dose-dependent decrease in the MDA content of the stressed heart homogenates. This suggests that the possible mechanism through which ginger exerts its antihypertensive properties may be through inhibition of ACE activity and prevention of lipid peroxidation in the heart. Furthermore, red ginger showed stronger inhibition of ACE than white ginger. Additionally, it should be noted that these protective properties of the ginger varieties could be attributed to their polyphenol contents.

Effect of Two Ginger Varieties on Arginase Activity in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

Ayodele Jacob Akinyemi,Ganiyu Oboh,Adedayo Oluwaseun Ademiluyi,Aline Augusti Boligon,Margareth Linde Athayde 사단법인약침학회 2016 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.9 No.2

Recently, ginger has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an herbal therapy for treating several cardiovascular diseases, however, information on its mechanism of action is limited. The present study assessed the effect of two ginger varieties (Zingiber officinale and Curcuma longa) on the arginase activity, atherogenic index, levels of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), and plasma lipids in rats fed with a high-cholesterol (2%) diet for 14 days. Following the treatment period, it was found that feeding a high-cholesterol diet to rats caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in arginase activity, atherogenic index, levels of TBARS, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with a concomitant decrease in highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). However, both ginger and turmeric (2% and 4%) caused significant (p < 0.05) decreases in arginase activity and the atherogenic index, and prevented hypercholesterolemia by decreasing the TC, TGs, and LDL-C while increasing the HDL-C when compared with the controls. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with both types of rhizomes (ginger and turmeric) inhibited arginase activity and prevented hypercholesterolemia in rats that received a high-cholesterol diet. Therefore, these activities of ginger and turmeric represent possible mechanisms underlying its use in herbal medicine to treat several cardiovascular diseases.

Swell description for Bonga offshore Nigeria location

Olugbenga, Akinsanya Akinyemi,Gudmestad, Ove Tobias,Agbakwuru, Jasper Techno-Press 2017 Ocean systems engineering Vol.7 No.4

The ocean environment offshore West Africa is considered to be mild. However, the generated swell from distant North and South Atlantic during austral winter and summer can reach high wave amplitudes with relatively low wave periods or low wave amplitudes with long wave periods, the later can be a crucial scenario to consider when the assessment of vessel resonance is of importance. Most offshore operations, which include offshore drilling, and installation in West Africa, are carried out from floating systems. The response of these systems and performance are governed by characteristics, such as amplitude and frequency of the wave and swell seas. It is therefore important to fully understand the sea conditions offshore Nigeria. This study covers the description of the swell sea offshore Nigeria using Bonga offshore wave measurements collected from the directional wave-rider (DWR), positioned at the Bonga site off the coast of Nigeria.

Inhibition of Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme Activity by Two Varieties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet

Ayodele Jacob Akinyemi,Adedayo Oluwaseun Ademiluyi,Ganiyu Oboh 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.3

Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study sought to investigate the inhibitory effect of two varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) commonly consumed in Nigeria on ACE activity in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. The inhibition of ACE activity of two varieties of ginger (Z. officinale) was investigated in a high cholesterol (2%) diet fed to rats for 3 days. Feeding high cholesterol diets to rats caused a significant (P < .05) increase in the ACE activity. However, there was a significant (P < .05) inhibition of ACE activity as a result of supplementation with the ginger varieties. Rats that were fed 4% white ginger had the greatest inhibitory effect as compared with a control diet. Furthermore, there was a significant (P < .05) increase in the plasma lipid profile with a concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in rat liver and heart tissues. However, supplementing the diet with red and white ginger (either 2% or 4%) caused a significant (P < .05) decrease in the plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and in MDA content in the tissues. Conversely, supplementation caused a significant (P < .05) increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level when compared with the control diet. Nevertheless, rats fed 4% red ginger had the greatest reduction as compared with control diet. In conclusion, both ginger varieties exhibited anti-hypercholesterolemic properties in a high cholesterol diet fed to rats. This activity of the gingers may be attributed to its ACE inhibitory activity. However, white ginger inhibited ACE better in a high cholesterol diet fed to rats than red ginger. Therefore, both gingers could serve as good functional foods/nutraceuticals in the management/treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.

Polyphenolic compositions and in vitro angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of common green leafy vegetables: A comparative study

Oboh, Ganiyu,Akinyemi, Ayodele Jacob,Adeleye, Blessing,Oyeleye, Sunday Idowu,Ogunsuyi, Opeyemi Babatunde,Ademosun, Ayokunle Olubode,Ademiluyi, Adedayo Oluwaseun,Boligon, Aline Augusti 한국식품과학회 2016 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.25 No.5

This study compared the phenolic compositions of common green leafy vegetable extracts from Vernonia amygdalina (VA), Telfairia occidentalis (TO), Talinium triangulare (TT), and Amaranthus hybridus (AH) and their effects on the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) and cisplatin-induced malonylaldehyde (MDA) production in an isolated rat kidney homogenate. HPLC confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds in the extracts. Furthermore, all extracts inhibited ACE activity dose-dependently; however, the extract from VA exhibited the highest ACE activity while TT exhibited the least. Incubation of the kidney homogenate with 1 mM cisplatin caused an increase in MDA production; however, all the extracts inhibited the level of MDA produced. Nevertheless, VA extract exhibited the highest inhibition. These activities of the vegetable extracts could be attributed to their phenolic compositions and may suggest some possible mechanism of the actions. However, VA appeared to be the most potent among the vegetables tested.

Polyphenolic compositions and in vitro angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of common green leafy vegetables: A comparative study

Ganiyu Oboh,Ayodele Jacob Akinyemi,Blessing Adeleye,Sunday Idowu Oyeleye,Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi,Ayokunle Olubode Ademosun,Adedayo Oluwaseun Ademiluyi,Aline Augusti Boligon 한국식품과학회 2016 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.25 No.5

This study compared the phenolic compositions of common green leafy vegetable extracts from Vernonia amygdalina (VA), Telfairia occidentalis (TO), Talinium triangulare (TT), and Amaranthus hybridus (AH) and their effects on the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) and cisplatin-induced malonylaldehyde (MDA) production in an isolated rat kidney homogenate. HPLC confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds in the extracts. Furthermore, all extracts inhibited ACE activity dosedependently; however, the extract from VA exhibited the highest ACE activity while TT exhibited the least. Incubation of the kidney homogenate with 1mM cisplatin caused an increase in MDA production; however, all the extracts inhibited the level of MDA produced. Nevertheless, VA extract exhibited the highest inhibition. These activities of the vegetable extracts could be attributed to their phenolic compositions and may suggest some possible mechanism of the actions. However, VA appeared to be the most potent among the vegetables tested.

An Experimental Comparison of Three Machine Learning Techniques for Web Cost Estimation

Olawande Daramola,Ibidun Ajala,Ibidapo Akinyemi 보안공학연구지원센터(IJSEIA) 2016 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.10 No.2

Many comparative studies on the performance of machine learning (ML) techniques for web cost estimation (WCE) have been reported in the literature. However, not much attention have been given to understanding the conceptual differences and similarities that exist in the application of these ML techniques for WCE, which could provide credible guide for upcoming practitioners and researchers in predicting the cost of new web projects. This paper presents a comparative analysis of three prominent machine learning techniques – Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) – in terms of performance, applicability, and their conceptual differences and similarities for WCE by using data obtained from a public dataset (www.tukutuku.com). Results from experiments show that SVR and ANN provides more accurate predictions of effort, although SVR require fewer parameters to generate good predictions than ANN. CBR was not as accurate, but its good explanation attribute gives it a higher descriptive value. The study also outlined specific characteristics of the 3 ML techniques that could foster or inhibit their adoption for WCE.

Nonlinear growth functions for modeling tree height–diameter relationships for Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) in south-west Nigeria

P.O. Ige,G.O. Akinyemi,A.S. Smith 한국산림과학회 2013 Forest Science And Technology Vol.9 No.1

Tree height–diameter relationship can be used as an important input component in forest growth and yield models, and description of stand dynamics. Five nonlinear growth functions were fitted to tree height–diameter data of a 21-year-old Gmelina arborea plantation in Ibadan, Nigeria. The data consisted of three sets obtained in 2004, 2008 and 2011 for total tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). According to the model statistics, the five growth functions fitted the data equally well, but resulted in different asymptote estimates. Modified exponential fit was observed to give the best fit for the three data sets based on least square error, coefficient of determination and significance. The predicted values follow the same nonlinear pattern and formed close to the line of best fit without much outlier. The result of this study revealed that the ability of DBH in determining height is not strong enough based on the model’s goodness of fit and the model’s ability for predictive purposes. Hence, more variables such as age, crown area and soil fertility were recommended to be incorporated in future prediction of the tree height in the study area.

Current Cadastral Conditions in the East African Region: Potential Resurvey Plans and Oversea Business Opportunities for Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation

Oyana, Tonny J.,Nakileza, Bob,Akinyemi, Felicia 한국국토정보공사 2010 지적과 국토정보 Vol.40 No.1

This paper examines the status of the cadastral condition in the East African (EA) region with the view of suggesting resurvey modernization plans and oversea business opportunities that are available for Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation (KCSC). Modern cadastral systems play a fundamental macro-economic role with regards to the production, management, and distribution of geographic information about land ownership, use, and its value. Yet, in the EA region, most cadastral survey tasks are generally sporadic because they involve the survey of single land parcels while others are systematic because they involve the survey of multiple land parcels. Cadastre is mainly recorded in public registers and maps. Big cities including Kampala, Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam, Kigali, and Bujumbura have some form of well-developed cadastral systems. The condition of cadastral systems is still predominately urban-based where cadastral maps are presented in fine scale while few rural surveys are published in coarse scale. The main land tenure system is largely customary or statutory. The way forward is for the KCSC to start a one-year pilot cadastral resurvey project. To help with the effort, this paper proposes six strategic goals of this much needed resurvey modernization work and oversea business opportunities.