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Adithan Aravinthan,Jong Han Kim,Paulrayer Antonisamy,Chang-Won Kang,Jonghee Choi,Nam Soo Kim,Jong-Hoon Kim 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.3
Background: Ginseng total saponin (GTS) contains various ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases in Asian communities. The aim of this study was to study the effects of GTS on cardiac injury after global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in isolated guinea pig hearts. Methods: Animals were subjected to normothermic ischemia for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. GTS significantly increased aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. Moreover, GTS significantly increased left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximal rate of contraction (þdP/dtmax) and relaxation (dP/dtmax). In addition, GTS has been shown to ameliorate electrocardiographic changes such as the QRS complex, QT interval, and RR interval. Results: GTS significantly suppressed the biochemical parameters (i.e., lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB fraction, and cardiac troponin I levels) and normalized the oxidative stress markers (i.e., malondialdehyde, glutathione, and nitrite). In addition, GTS also markedly inhibits the expression of interleukin-1b (IL-1b), IL-6, and nuclear factor-kB, and improves the expression of IL-10 in cardiac tissue. Conclusion: These data indicate that GTS mitigates myocardial damage by modulating the biochemical and oxidative stress related to cardiac I/R injury.
Adithan Aravinthan,Mohammad Amjad Hossain,Bumseok Kim,Chang-Won Kang,Nam Soo Kim,Ki-Chul Hwang,Jong-Hoon Kim 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.2
Background: Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), one of the major active compounds in Panax ginseng, has already been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been considered a degenerative disease with degradation of joint articular cartilage. However, recent studies have shown the association of inflammation with OA. In the present study, we investigated whether Rb1 had an antiinflammatory effect on monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA in ovariectomized rats as a model of postmenopausal arthritis. Methods: G-Rb1 at a dosage of 3 and 10 μg/㎏ body weight was administered every 3 days intraarticularly for a period of 4 weeks to observe antiarthritic effects. Diclofenac (10 ㎎/㎏) served as a positive control. Results: The administration of Rb1 significantly ameliorated OA inflammatory symptoms and reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, G-Rb1 administration considerably enhanced the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and collagen 2A and reduced the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 genes, indicating a chondroprotective effect of G-Rb1. G-Rb1 also significantly reduced the expression of several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (interferon gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL-2, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6). Histological analysis demonstrated that G-Rb1 significantly attenuated the pathological changes in MIA-induced OA in ovariectomized rats. Safranin O and toluidine blue staining further demonstrated that G-Rb1 effectively prevented the degradation of cartilage and glycosaminoglycans, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that G-Rb1 exerts cartilage protective effect on MIA-induced ovariectomized OA rats, by inhibiting inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1/CCL-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These results shed a light on possible therapeutic application of G-Rb1 in OA.
Aravinthan, Adithan,Kim, Jong Han,Antonisamy, Paulrayer,Kang, Chang-Won,Choi, Jonghee,Kim, Nam Soo,Kim, Jong-Hoon The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.3
Background: Ginseng total saponin (GTS) contains various ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases in Asian communities. The aim of this study was to study the effects of GTS on cardiac injury after global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in isolated guinea pig hearts. Methods: Animals were subjected to normothermic ischemia for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. GTS significantly increased aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. Moreover, GTS significantly increased left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximal rate of contraction ($+dP/dt_{max}$) and relaxation ($-dP/dt_{max}$). In addition, GTS has been shown to ameliorate electrocardiographic changes such as the QRS complex, QT interval, and RR interval. Results: GTS significantly suppressed the biochemical parameters (i.e., lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB fraction, and cardiac troponin I levels) and normalized the oxidative stress markers (i.e., malondialdehyde, glutathione, and nitrite). In addition, GTS also markedly inhibits the expression of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$, and improves the expression of IL-10 in cardiac tissue. Conclusion: These data indicate that GTS mitigates myocardial damage by modulating the biochemical and oxidative stress related to cardiac I/R injury.
Aravinthan, Adithan,Antonisamy, Paulrayer,Kim, Bumseok,Kim, Nam Soo,Shin, Dong Gyu,Seo, Jeong Hun,Kim, Jong-Hoon The Korean Society of Ginseng 2016 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.40 No.4
In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with GBCK25 facilitated the recovery of hemodynamic parameters, left ventricle systolic pressure, left ventricular developed pressure, and electrocardiographic changes. GBCK25 significantly prevented the decrease in hemodynamic parameters and ameliorated the electrocardiographic abnormality. These results indicate that GBCK25 has distinct cardioprotective effects in rat heart.
Aravinthan, Adithan,Govarthanan, Muthusamy,Selvam, Kandasamy,Praburaman, Loganathan,Selvankumar, Thangasamy,Balamurugan, Rangachari,Kamala-Kannan, Seralathan,Kim, Jong-Hoon Dove Medical Press 2015 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.10 No.-
<P>A rapid, green phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of <I>Helianthus tuberosus</I> (sunroot tuber) was reported in this study. The morphology of the AgNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that biomolecules in the tuber extract were involved in the reduction and capping of AgNPs. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the AgNPs, using an energy range of 2–4 keV, confirmed the presence of elemental silver without any contamination. Further, the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated against phytopathogens such as <I>Ralstonia solanacearum</I> and <I>Xanthomonas axonopodis</I>. The AgNPs (1–4 mM) extensively reduced the growth rate of the phytopathogens. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized AgNPs was analyzed using rat splenocytes. The cell viability was decreased according to the increasing concentration of AgNPs and 67% of cell death was observed at 100 μg/mL.</P>
Paulrayer, Antonisamy,Adithan, Aravinthan,Lee, Jeong Ho,Moon, Kwang Hyun,Kim, Dae Geun,Im, So Yeon,Kang, Chang-Won,Kim, Nam Soo,Kim, Jong-Hoon MDPI 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.6
<P><I>Aronia melanocarpa</I> (Michx.) Ell. belongs to the Rosaceae family. The purpose of this study is to explore the gastroprotective effect of the <I>Aronia melanocarpa</I> hydro-alcoholic extract (AMHAE) against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in a rat model. Different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of AMHAE, or 30 mg/kg of omeprazole, significantly inhibited the gastric injury formation. The ethanol-induced ulcer group showed significant increases of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor-kappaB p65 (NF-κB p65), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and interleukin (IL)-4. However, AMHAE (200 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly reversed the altered pathophysiological levels of these biomolecules to near normal stages. The gastroprotective activity of AMHAE was abolished by pretreatment with <SMALL>L</SMALL>-NAME, naloxone, capsazepine, and indomethacin, demonstrating the participation of nitric oxide (NO), opioids, TRPV (vanilloid receptor-related transient receptor potential), and prostaglandins in AMHAE-assisted gastroprotection against ethanol-induced gastric injuries. This gastroprotective effect of AMHAE might be due to the downregulation of TNF-α-based NF-κB, MCP-1 signaling and strong antioxidant properties.</P>
GBCK25, fermented ginseng, attenuates cardiac dysfunction in high fat diet-induced obese mice
Sharmila, Judith,Aravinthan, Adithan,Shin, Dong Gue,Seo, Jeong Hun,Kim, Bumseok,Kim, Nam Soo,Kang, Chang-Won,Kim, Jong-Hoon The Korean Society of Ginseng 2018 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.42 No.3
The fermentation of medicinal herbs facilitated by microbes is assumed to exert promising therapeutic efficacy on the absorption, bioavailability, and pharmacological effects by speeding up the making or conversion of active constituents into their metabolites. We examined the cardioprotective potential of fermented ginseng, GBCK25, against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic and functional illnesses as following the essential analysis such as electrocardiographic parameters, alterations of body and organ weights, and echocardiographic studies. The results exhibited that body weights were significantly reduced and the gain of different organ weights were partly eased by GBCK25 treatment. Echocardiography results proposed the amelioration of heart function through normalized levels of left ventricle systolic pressure, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening. These outcomes deliver straight confirmation that GBCK25 could be a potential nutraceutical source for the relief of HFD-induced obesity mediated cardiac dysfunctions.
Effect of Korean Red Ginseng through comparative analysis of cardiac gene expression in db/db mice
Young-Jin Jang,Adithan Aravinthan,Mohammad Amjad Hossain,Spandana Rajendra Kopalli,Bumseok Kim,Nam Soo Kim,Chang-Won Kang,Jong-Hoon Kim 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.3
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal oriental medicine known to alleviate cardiovascular dysfunction. To analysis the expression of diabetic cardiac complication-associated genes in db/db mice, we studied the cardiac gene expression following KRG treatment. In result, a total of 585 genes were found to be changed in db/db mice. Among the changed expression, 245 genes were found to 2-fold upregulated, and 340 genes were 2-fold downregulated. In addition, the changed gene expressions were ameliorated by KRG. In conclusion, KRG may be possible to normalize cardiac gene expressions in db/db mice.