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홍정화(Jeong-Hwa Hong),이기민(Gi-Min Lee),허성호(Sung-Ho Hur) 한국식품영양과학회 1996 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.25 No.1
저온저장 중 품질 열화가 일어난 단감의 산업적 이용성을 증지한기 위한 감식초의 가공조건을 조사한 결과, 연화된 단감을 파쇄하여 종초 10%와 알코올 4%를 첨가한 후 발효온도 30℃에서 2주 이내에 산도 4% 이상인 감식초가 발효되었으며, 15℃에서 3주간의 숙성 조건에서 식초 고유의 향미가 형성된 반면 포도당과 초산의 첨가는 최종 제품의 품질을 저하시키는 결과를 얻었다. 연화된 단감의 열처리 효과는 잡균에 의한 오염 가능성을 제거시킬 수 있었기 때문에 품질의 안정화를 위한 필수적인 공정으로 볼 수 있었다. 종초에서 분리된 산생성균주의 생육과 산생성능을 조사한 결과, AH-1은 발효 초기에 증식한 반면 AH-2는 발효 후기에 증식하면서 산을 생성하였다. 따라서 이러한 균주들이 서로 어우러져 최종적인 감식초의 품질을 결정하는 것으로 사료되었다. 감식초의 유기산 성분은 대부분이 acetic acid로 구성되어 있었고, 그 다음은 β-galacturonic acid였다. 그리고 tannin 함량은 시판제품에 비하여 16~44㎎% 정도 적게 나타났다. The optimum processing conditions for persimmon vinegar fermentation were determined using deteriorated deastringent persimmon during low temperature storage. Acid production was significantly increased during fermentation at 30℃ when starter was added as compared to the control. Addition of ethanol(4%) yielded the highest acidity during fermentation, whereas glucose and acetic acid addition resulted in vinegar of poor quality. Heat pretreatment of persimmon did not show any improvement in terms of acidity and quality of vinegar ; however, chances of contamination during fermentation was higher in case of persimmon vinegar without heat pretreatment. Optimum temperature for vinegar production was 35℃ ; however, 30℃ would be preferred, considering temperature fluctuation in process scale. Two acid producing bacteria were isolated from persimmon vinegar. AH-1 grew fast at the early stage of fermentation; in contrast, AH-2 grew and produced acid in later stage of fermentation. Therefore, AH-2 contributed to acid production in conjunction with AH-1.
한 · 중 FTA 체결에 따른 세무대리서비스 시장의 변화와 대응방안 연구
홍정화(Jung Hwa Hong),이현규(Hyeon Kyu Lee) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.1
The purpose of this study is to analyze empirically the change of tax service market and to investigate corresponding plan relative to the Korea-China FTA. Relevant literatures were examined and survey research was adopted to collect and analyze data obtained in questionnaire responses from 191 respondents consisting of 95 tax attorney & 96 tax officers. The t-test and Mann-Whitney's U test were utilized as statistical tool of analyses. The results of this study are summarized as follows : First, it was ascertained that tax attorneys and tax officers recognized the open impacts of the tax service market, the influence of tax service quality level and the increase of tax service demand as a result of the Korea-China FTA. Second, tax attorneys and tax officers recognize that Chinese tax attorney prefer to hire Korean tax attorneys when entering the Korean tax service market. Moreover, they recognize that the public affaires have to be permitted of Chinese tax attorney and the disuse of six months training condition must not legislate to Chinese tax attorney when entering Korean tax service market. Third, tax attorneys and tax officers recognize that Korean tax attorneys prefer to hire Chinese tax attorneys when entering the Chinese tax service market. In addition, they acknowledge the preferential possibility of entry of Korean firms within China. Furthermore, when Korean tax attorneys enter the Chinese market, these Korean tax attorneys will relegate Chinese firms to the last. This study has several limitation, however, such as insufficient size of subjects, simple data collection method and regardless of qualitative items which must be addressed in the future studies.
Acetylation of Fish Protein from Alaska Pollack
홍정화(Jeong-Hwa Hong),최진호(Jin-Ho Choi),변대석(Dae-Seok Byun) 한국식품영양과학회 1990 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.19 No.3
명태(Alaska pollack)의 근원섬유 단백질을 Acetic anhydride로 pH 7.5 25℃에서 화학적으로 수식하였다. 그리고 이에 따른 기능성의 변화를 조사하였다. 근원섬유단백질의 아세틸화는 그 수식정도에 따라 독특한 기능성을 가진 단백질을 만들어냈다. 따라서 적합한 수식정도의 선택에 따라 단백질 용해도, 열 응고성 칼슘 침전성과 거품 및 유화성을 조절할 수 있음을 제시하였다. Myofibrillar protein from Alaska pollack was modified with acetic anhydride at pH 7.5 and 25℃ and changes in functional properties as affected by the degree of modification were determined. Acetylation of myofibrillar protein resulted in protein with unique functional properties dependent upon the degree of acetylation. By selecting appropriate degree of modification, it was possible to control protein solubility, heat coagulability, calcium precipitability, foaming and emulsion capacity.
Curve - Fitting Program for Reaction Progress Curves
홍정화(Jeong-Hwa Hong),최진호(Jin-Ho Choi),변대석(Dae-Seok Byun) 한국식품영양과학회 1990 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.19 No.3
포화성장모델을 이용하여 반응시간에 따른 생성물의 양을 예측하였다. 수용성 기질-수용성 효소간의 반응뿐만 아니라 비수용성 기질-수용성 효소간의 반응 결과에도 이 모델은 뛰어난 예측성을 나타내었다. 그외에도 측정치의 정확도도 이 모델로 대략 평가할 수 있었다.<br/> 사용자가 편리하도록 컴퓨터 프로그램을 BASIC 언어를 사용하여 제시하였고 이 프로그램을 이용하여 Pmax와 K 상수 값을 결정하고 상대오차의 평균값도 계산하였다. Saturation growth model was evaluated to predict the formation of product as a function of time. Good agreement was observed with homogenous and heterogenous reactions. Prediction of product yield can be made reasonably using this model. In addition, accuracy of measured values can be roughly evaluated by this model. User-friendly computer program in BASIC was written to evaluate the constants Pmax and K as well as averages of relative errors.