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홍성화 부산경남사학회 2023 역사와 경계 Vol.127 No.-
The custom of variation began as a unique identity of the northern people. After that, this custom was also enforced to the unified Han Chinese after the founding of the Later Jin Dynasty in 1616. At this time, the northern people had put forward Queue, The Han Chinese who accepted Confucianism had long hair(蓄髮) as their cultural symbols. After the entrance to the Qing Dynasty in 1644, it was completely enforced to the newly conquered Han Chinese. The Han Chinese's opposition to this was very strong, forcing Qing Dynasty to temporarily withdraw the policy, which is rare. However, this withdrawal is temporary and continued to push it for the next implementation, eventually succeeding in implementing the change entirely. The emperor of the Qing Dynasty, especially the Yongzheng Emperor, was replaced by whether or not he paid allegiance to the monarch rather than the Confucian Sinocentrism, hurting his national identity by promoting the Man-Han family. In other words, loyalty to the monarch has become the standard of Sinocentrism by changing the benevolence into loyalty to the monarch, not based on Confucianism as Han Chinese or not. If this happens, it is now a change of expressing loyalty to the monarch, in other words, it becomes the custom. Another characteristic of the Yongzheng Emperor period is that even minorities, not Han Chinese, have begun to force their change. Through this policy of blue painting since Qing Dynasty, it can be said that the time of the Qianlong Emperor has now become a place for the soul to stay and a symbol that must be observed. As such, as the variation is closely related to the power of the Qing Dynasty, the forces resisting the Qing Dynasty also used it. The most important cultural symbol surrounding the Qing Dynasty's rule has become whether or not it is a variation or not. For this reason, Zhongrenjie's Rebellion, which took place during the Daoguang Period, expressed resistance to the Qing Dynasty through long hair, and this movement reached its peak during the Taiping Movement,
홍성화 백산학회 2014 白山學報 Vol.- No.100
淸代 역대 황제들은 내중국과 외중국을 통합한 ‘滿漢㊀家’ ‘四海㊀家’ 등의 이념을 부르짖었고, 그 이념은 『皇輿全覽圖』에도 나타나고 있었다. 반면漢人 지식인들 사이에서는 여전히 ‘中國’이라고 하면 ‘內中國’만을 지칭하는경우가 많았는데, 이 점은 淸末 楊守敬의 『歷代輿地圖』에서도 분명하게 드러나고 있다. 이러한 淸末民初時期의 漢人 중심주의가 근본적으로 변화하여몽골, 만주, 티베트, 신강까지를 포함하고 있는 외중국까지 확장되는 계기는,바로 외부의 충격, 즉 1911년 몽골공화국의 독립선언과 더 나아가서는 특히1931년 918사변을 비롯한 일본 제국주의의 만주 침략이었다. 이와 아울러서 일본 학자들은 만주는 원래 중국의 것이 아니라는 입장을공개적으로 천명하였는데, 이러한 입장은 중국 역사학자들에게 실로 커다란충격으로 다가오게 되었다. 1949년 신중국 성립 이후, 譚其驤을 중심으로 하여 歷史地圖集 작업이 개시되었는데, 이들은 과연 어디까지 ‘역사상 중국’의강역인가에 대해서 크게 고심하지 않을 수 밖에 없었다. 이 역사지도집은 文革이라는 우여곡절을 거친 뒤에, 다시 1969년 프로젝트가 재개되었고, 1975년 초고가 완성, 1982년부터 1권이 출간되어, 1987년에야 전8권이 모두 출간되기에 이르렀고, 그 사이에 역시 譚其驤의 발의에따라 ‘역사상의 중국’은 淸朝, 특히 1750년부터 1840년대까지의 淸朝 전성기를 기준으로 하게 되었다. 그리고 이 청조 최대 판도에 포함된 모든 지역은‘역사상의 중국’의 일부로 간주되었고, 土司나 土官, 羈縻州 등도 일일이 판별하기 어렵다는 이유로 모두 ‘역사상의 중국’으로 편입되었다. Emperors in Qing Dynasty advocated the unification of inner-and-outerChina with such an idea like “one family of Manchu-Han peoples”(滿漢㊀家) through Atlas of the Chinese Empire(皇輿全覽圖). Meanwhile, it isresearched that Han tribe intellects regarded China just with inner-Chinathrough Lidai yudi tu(Historical Atlas, 歷代輿地圖) of Yang Shoujing(楊守敬)in the late Qing Dynasty. Outer triggers such as Independence of MongolianPeople’s Republic in 1911 and Manchurian Incident by Japanese imperialismmade the perception of territory changed from Han-centrism to involvingouter-China. Further to this, Japanese scholars claimed that Manchuria is not of Chinain history. This claim made Chinese history scholars be shocked. Since newChina established in1949, work on the Historical Atlas got started with TanQixiang(譚其驤) and the scholars had to think deeply about the genuineterritory of ‘Historical China’.