中宗妃 廢妃 愼氏의 처지와 그 復位論議

한희숙 한국인물사연구소 2007 한국인물사연구 Vol.7 No.-

홍명희 『林巨正』에 수용된 역사적 사실에 대한 검토

한희숙 숙명여자대학교 지역학연구소 2000 지역학논집 = Research Institute of Regional Studies Vol.4 No.-

The novel 'Lim Guk Jung' is an accommodation of various historical records. The writer Hong Myung Hui went through many historical records, arranged and analyzed them, and reflected them in his novel. The historical materials that are accommodated in this work include official historical records such as 'Yeon San Sil Lok', 'Joong Jong Sil Lok', 'In Jong Sil Lok', and 'Myung Jong Sil Lok', as well as unofficial history recorded in private literature works such as 'Ki Je Jap Ki', 'Nam Pan Yun Yu Sa', 'Pae Kwan Jap Ki', 'Sung Ho Sa Sul', 'Yeol Jo Tong Ki', and 'Yeon Yuh Sin Ki Sul'. Records that tell of certain people such as biographies were also referred to. Hong Myung Hui put every effort in reflecting all tales regarding Lim Guk Jung that are in official historical records and unofficial records as well as tales that were handed down mouth to mouth amongst the people. The novel 'Lim Guk Jung' consists largely of 3 parts. The first is the 'Bong Dan Pyun', 'Pi Jang Pyun' and 'Yang Ban Pyun' that correspond to the introduction. These 3 'pyun's, or parts show many official and unofficial historical records, and tell of the historical environment of the Myung Jong era as well as the people who actually lived the times. On the other hand, purely fictional characters like Gat Ba. Chi also appear. The second is the 'Ui Hyung Je Pyun', which describes the process of forming the bandit party. This part describes the forming of the Lim Guk Jung party and their lifestyles, and relies almost entirely on fiction. The seven sworn brothers of the brotherhood are characters that have been brewed up by Hong Myung Hui. Therefore, the details regarding the forming of the party introduces purely fictional characters. However, although fictional, these characters are those who were likely to have existed in the Myung Jung era of the Chosun Dynasty. The third part. When this novel is looked upon in detail, it can be seen that the character of Lim Guk Jung has been created largely upon the imaginations of Hong Myung Hui. 'Chosun Wang Jo Sil Lok' does not hold any information regarding the social class, job, or the birthplace of Lim Guk Jung, but Hong Myung Hui placed Lim as the son of the butcher Dori of the Hamhung area for his family, and characterized Lim as a person of strong will and hard physical characteristics, and described his face as such. Also, he tried to express the power of the people who resisted against injustice through Lim, one of the lowly people born from a butcher. However, the novel does not image the lifestyles and customs of a butcher quite enough. In the actual novel, the bandit group of Chung Suk Gol does not have any butcher class person other than Lim, and therefore, does not really show the 'unity of the butcher class', as he says. Also, it shows the story of how the chiefs of the Chung Suk Gol party came to join the group as a very individual and accidental, rather than from the contradiction of the social economical situation of the lower classes. Therefore, although storytelling interest is gained by picking the background for becoming a bandit in their individual reasons, the contemporary historical reality of failed farmers becoming bandits due to extreme poverty is not described accurately. However, the activities of Lim Guk Jung are described throughly relying on historical records, and does not exclude any of the related situations that are mentioned in the official and unofficial historical records. Since the frame of this part is the chronological historic order of events as is recorded in history, and pasted with the author's imaginations, it holds more reality than any other part of this novel. However, due to such attitude, Hong failed in describing Lim as a chivalrous bandit who tried for the unification of the butcher class because he relied heavily on 'Myung Jong Sil Lok' more and more toward the end of the novel. This prevented him from overcoming the understandings of the ruling class of the times. In summary, 'Lim Guk Jung' is a novel that aimed to acquire historical reality in terms of trying to reflect as many historical records as possible in the imaging process of the events, and in that the historical characters and events were imaged based heavily on the subjectivity of the records. Hong Myung Hui, who was a believer of socialism, selected Lim Guk Jung as a means of exposing the contradictions of the colonial structure. He attempted to show Lim Guk Jung as a chivalrous bandit that resisted by bending the historical characters or events to his viewpoints. In this perception, he can be seen as a historian who emphasized hierarchial meaning, since he stayed true to the official historical records. Also, this novel can be seen as the social history of the Myung Jong era of the Chosun dynasty, since it not only describes the situations and customs of the Myung Jong era, but it also brought historical characters to a live present-day figure by breathing life into the characters.

조선시대 여성사 연구의 최신 동향 (1991년 이후~)

한희숙 가톨릭대학교 인문과학연구소 2003 人文科學硏究 Vol.- No.8

趙浚의 社會政策方案

韓嬉淑 숙명여자대학교 사학과 1989 淑大史論 Vol.13 No.-

연산군의 딸 휘순공주(徽順公主)의 혼인과 이혼

한희숙 한국여성사학회 2018 여성과 역사 Vol.0 No.28

Princess Wheesun(휘순공주), the daughter of Younsangun(연산군), married to Gumunkyung(구문경), who was the fourth son of Gusooyoung(구수영) at Younsangun 8th year. Princess Wheesun became the daughter – in –law of the family of Gusooyoung who was the son –in-law of Youngeng prince(영응대군), son of King Sejong(세종). Younsangun not only built a large house where Wheesun Princess could live When she was married but also continued to support the economic benefits. However, the princess was divorced after only five years of marriage because when the Younsangun was abolished by Jungjong coup, the Princess and her husband were also deprived Also, all the benefits that were given to the Younsangun were confiscated by the state. Then Gusooyoung demanded the King Jungjong(중종) to cancel his son’s marriage. Wheesun Princess became the only Princess out of her marriage after marriage, However, two years after the Princess was kicked out, the prime ministers insisted that their divorce should be reunited because of JungJong coup inevitably. And prime ministers set out the reason that innocent wife or daughter – in –law should not be cast out. The Princess was reunited with him again in two years, and got a house again. She was not easily divorced because of her family affairs, and even if they were divorced, they were reunited again. 연산군의 맏딸 휘순공주(생몰년 미상)는 혼인한 이후 휘신공주로 봉호를 개칭했다. 대략 11살 즈음인 연산군 8년(1502)에 구수영의 아들 구문경과 혼인한 후 1년 정도 더 궁궐에 살다가 출합(出閤) 한 것으로 보인다. 시아버지 구수영은 영응대군의 사위이다. 휘순공주는 당대 왕실과 혼인관계를 구축하고 연산군의 총애를 받으며 출세가도를 달리던 구수영의 며느리가 되었다. 연산군은 휘순공주가 혼인을 하게 되자 규정 이상의 매우 큰 집을 새로 지어주었을 뿐만 아니라 말, 면포, 쌀, 비단, 호초, 노비 등 많은 경제적 혜택을 지속적으로 제공해 주었다. 그러나 휘순공주는 혼인한지 불과 5년 만에 이혼을 당하였다. 중종반정으로 연산군이 폐위되자 휘순공주와 구문경은 폐위되어 공주와 부마의 지위를 박탈당하고 서인이 되었다. 또한 연산군 재위 시 받았던 많은 물건과 가사(家舍), 토지, 노비 등도 모두 국가로 몰수되었다. 그러자 중종반정에 참여하여 공신이 된 구수영은 조정에 연산군과의 절혼(絶婚)을 청하였다. 조선왕실의 공주로서 결혼 후 시집에서 쫓겨난 경우는 휘순공주가 유일하였다. 그러나 휘순공주의 이혼에 대해 대간과 대신들은 허용하지 않았다. 휘순공주가 쫓겨난 지 2년 뒤에 대간들은 휘순공주와 구문경의 이혼이 중종반정이라는 변란을 만나서 부득이하게 이루어졌던 것이니 이들 부부를 재결합시켜야 한다고 주장했다. 대간들은 ‘출가한 딸은 그 친부 쪽의 죄에 연좌시키지 않는 뜻’을 명분으로 내세워 휘순공주와 구문경의 재결합을 주장하였다. 휘순공주는 2년 만에 다시 구문경과 재결합했고, 집도 다시 얻게 되었다. 공주는 친정의 일로 인해 쉽게 이혼을 당하지 않았고, 이혼을 당했다고 하여도 다시 재결합하였다.

조선 초 궁녀 조두대의 생애와 女謁

한희숙 고려사학회 2022 한국사학보 Vol.- No.87

Jo-dudae was selected and entered the palace by Sejo, because she was good at writing and biceps. She was from the female slave of the Gwangpyeongdaegun family. She lived in the palace for more than 40 years during four kings, who were Sejo, Yejong, Seungjong, Yonsangun, and she was faithful to her duties as a court lady. At the beginning of the palace work, not only she helped Sejo’s task, but she also helped Queen Jeonghee’s political work at the beginning of Seungjong. she also helped prepare for the acquisition to participate in the 『Naehun』. She knew the text better than any other woman at that time and made a great contribution to the palace. Through the jeonen, sangue, sanggung process, she was favored by the King, best woman of the royal family, and became a citizen in recognition of her contribution. However, when Gapzasawhoa broke out in the 10th year of Yeonsangun, Jo-dudae was retaliated, dug up and beheaded because of participating in Deposed Queen Yun case. Based on the wisdom and experiences gained from long palace life, it became a comparable position to the secret power in the palace. In the process, Jo-dudae was criticized for using power to accumulate wealth, believing in power, and woman’s request. There were four major request cases that are criticized for Jo-dudae's involvement. The first was an anonymous document incident in the 6th year of Seongjong, and the lawsuit was lost due to Jo-dudae’s involvement in Choe-gaegee's slave lawsuit. During the discussion, suspicions of corruption between Queen Jeong-hee's nephews, who were Lee-cheolgeen and Jo-dudae were pointed out, and Queen Jeong-hee stopped helping politics. The second was the 23rd year of King Seongjong, including the envoy of her nephew Jo-bokjoong. Byeon-cheonyeong was selected as a envoy, he tried to deceive the status of Jo-bokjoong who was Jo-dudae‘s nephew and abuser to take him to the military officer of the envoy’s corps in order to flatter the Jo-dudae. This case was spread to a large gate where about fifty peoples were punished, but only Byeon-cheonyeong was disgraced, and Jo-bokjoong and Jo-dudae were not punished. The third was the annihilation of her sister Jo-malduek in the 24th year of King Seongjong. On the way home from work, Jo-dudae‘s sister Jo-malduek assaulted You-sungjo's slaves for not getting out of the way. You-sungjo and Daegan wanted to punish JO-malduek for believing in Jo-dudae's power and lusting the Daegan, but King Seongjong lightly treated this case as a fight between the slaves. The fourth was the tax cut of Jo-dudae and the free a slave incident of relatives in the first year of Yeonsangun. Yeonsangun exempted Jo-dudae from military service and saved Jo-dudae's niece and nephew as civilians because he said Jo-dudae had contributions. Accordingly, the generations argued that it was not correct, saying that they had benefited from Jo-dudae's request. Sarims, who entered Seongjong reign in earnest were actively criticized and banned women's political intervention by taking issue with Jo-dudae's request. 궁녀 조두대는 세종의 5남인 廣平大君家의 여종 출신으로 문자를 이해하고 吏讀를잘하였기 때문에 세조에게 발탁되어 젊어서 입궁하였다. 그녀는 세조-예종-성종-연산군에 이르기까지 40여 년을 궁궐에 살며, 궁녀로서 임무에 충실하였다. 입궁 초반에는세조를 도와 機務 출납뿐만 아니라 『능엄경언해』 간행을 도왔고, 성종 초에는 수렴청정하는 정희왕후의 정사를 보좌했으며, 인수대비를 도와서 『內訓』 간행에 참여했다. 그녀는 당시 그 어떤 여성보다 문자를 잘 알았으며, 궁궐 내정에 큰 공을 세웠다. 조두대는 왕들과 대비들의 총애를 받으며, 전언 -> 상의 -> 상궁으로 승진하였다. 그러나사후 연산군 10년, 갑자사화 때 폐비 윤씨 사사사건에 참여했다고 하여 보복당하고 부관참시까지 당하였다. 조두대는 오랜 궁궐 생활에서 얻은 지혜와 경험을 바탕으로 궁궐 내의 비선 실세에 버금가는 위치에 있었으며, 권력을 이용하여 부를 축적하고, 女謁 을 했다고 대간들로부터 많은 비판을 받았다. 조두대가 관여한 것으로 비판받는 여알은 크게 4가지이다. 첫째는 성종 6년에 일어난 익명서 사건으로 조두대가 최개지의 노비 소송에 개입하여 패소하게 했다는 것이다. 논의 과정에서 정희왕후의 조카 이철견과 조두대의 비리혐의가 지적되었으며, 정희왕후는 철렴을 했다. 둘째는 성종 23년 조카 조복중의 赴京 사신단 투입이다. 진하부사로 선정된 변처녕은 조두대에게 아부하기위해 그의 조카이자 부상대고인 조복중을 군관으로 데리고 가려고 했다. 이 일을 조사하는 과정에서 변처녕과 조복중·조두대의 비리가 드러나 대간들은 법대로 처벌하라고주장했으나, 조두대의 여알로 변처녕만 패하였다. 셋째는 성종 24년, 조두대의 누이 조말덕이 대간을 능멸한 일이다. 정언 유숭조의 퇴근길에 조말덕의 구사들이 유숭조의구사를 폭행한 일이 발생하였다. 성종은 이일을 구사들끼리 싸운 것으로 가볍게 처리하였고, 유숭조와 대간들은 조두대의 권세를 믿고 조말덕이 대간을 능멸한 것이라고엄히 처벌할 것을 주장했으나 성종은 들어주지 않았다. 넷째는 연산군 1년, 조두대의복호와 친인척의 면천이다. 연산군은 즉위 초 조두대가 성종의 상례에 공이 있다고 하여 호역을 면제하고 그녀의 족친을 면천하였다. 이에 대간들은 조두대의 여알로 이러한 혜택을 내린 것이라며 반대하였으나 연산군은 들어주지 않았고, 이후 조두대를 면역시켰다. 성종대에 본격적으로 진출한 사림들은 조두대의 여알을 문제 삼아 궁중여성의 국정개입을 적극적으로 비판·금지하고, 아울러 왕권을 견제하였다.

한국사 속의 섭정(攝政)을 통해 본 어머니 리더십

한희숙 숙명여자대학교숙명리더십개발원 2007 숙명리더십연구 Vol.6 No.-

The leadership of Korean mothers has rarely been a subject for research. This treatise is part of an observation made in an effort to seek mother leaderships displayed in Korean history. There were three women who served as regents in the era of the three kingdoms. They were the mothers of Goguryeo's King Taejo, and Shinra's King Jinheung and King Hyegong. Regencies can be seen as a realization of leadership based on motherly rights and maternity, which enabled the kings'mothers to officially participate in politics. These women contributed greatly in the development of their countries by leading their young sons to become fine kings. However, as the Confucian way spread in the society and patriarchy strengthened, the ideal image of a mother changed into a small and passive one. While women's leadership no longer had ground to stand on, their leadership as a mother became relatively stronger, as an absolute figure over their children. Suryumcheongjung of the Chosun Dynasty was a model case in which the mother's leadership shone brightly. There were five queens who successfully defended the sovereignty through Suryum cheongjung. They were Queen Jeunghui(Lady Yun), Queen Munjeong(Lady Yun), Queen Jeungsoon(Lady Kim), Queen Soonwon(Lady Kim), and Queen Shinjeung(Lady Cho). These women displayed fine leadership as the CEO of a nation and endeavored to provide a good background for their young sons to reign wisely. The Suryumcheongjung of the Queen Mothers was a system that effectively prevented the risk of usurps, through the harmonious, caring, and serving leadership of the most senior member of the royal family. Mothers who displayed leadership managed their children's dreams, and effectively acted as a guardian who precisely identified opportunities and threats. They all showed a role model as a mother who was never discouraged in their pursuit of raising their children into great men. However, we fail to find any trace of mother leaderships displayed for their daughters. Therefore, the remaining task will be to display mother leaderships in establishing a society of gender equality where there is no sexual discrimination. 지금까지 한국 역사 속에서 어머니들이 보여주었던 리더십에 대한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 본고는 섭정을 통해 어린 왕을 보호하며 국정을 이끌어간 여성들을 중심으로 그들의 리더십을 고찰해 본 것이다. 섭정과 수렴청정은 모두 어린 왕이 즉위하였을 때 왕권이 불안정해질 것을 염려하여 왕실의 최고 지위를 가진 여성, 즉 왕의 어머니나 할머니가 대신 국정을 운영하는 것을 말한다. 여기에 나타난 어머니 리더십의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 섭정에 나타난 어머니 리더십은 어린 왕에 대한 가장 안전한 보호 장치역할을 하는 것이었다. 둘째, 섭정에 나타난 어머니 리더십은 강한 모성과 모권에 기반을 두고 있었다. 삼국시대에 어린 아들을 도와 섭정을 한 여성은 3명으로 고구려 태조왕, 신라 진흥왕, 혜공왕의 어머니가 그들이다. 이들은 어린 아들이 훌륭한 왕이 되도록 이끌어 국가를 발전시키는데 크게 기여하였다. 셋째, 섭정에 나타난 어머니 리더십은 포용력과 배려 · 섬김의 자세를 바탕으로 하고 있다. 태후의 섭정을 통한 정치 참여는 가족 안에서의 자녀에 대한 어머니 리더십을 보여주는 증거일 뿐만 아니라 국가를 운영하는데 있어 포용과 배려 · 섬김으로 이끌어가는 어머니 리더십을 보여준 것이었다. 넷째, 섭정에 나타난 어머니 리더십은 매우 적극적인 것이었다. 일반적으로 여성이 정치에 있어 매우 소극적이라는 인식을 벗어나 어머니로서 섭정을 할 경우 공식적 비공식적인 정치참여를 통해 적극적으로 정국운영을 주도해 왔다. 조선시대에 어린 왕을 도와 수렴청정을 한 5대비는 여성임에도 불구하고 국가 최고경영자의 자리에 앉아서 자신이 할 수 있는 최대한의 리더십을 발휘하여 어린 왕이 국가를 잘 경영해 나갈 수 있도록 보호하였다. 대비들의 수렴청정은 조화와 배려, 섬김의 리더십으로 왕위찬탈의 위험을 미리 예방하면서 조선왕조 500년의 왕위를 계속 이어갈 수 있도록 한 디딤돌이었다. 다섯째, 섭정에 나타난 어머니 리더십은 성리학의 심화 과정에서 점차 소극적으로 변화되어 갔다. 성리학적 지배질서가 심화되고 가부장권이 강화되면서 친정식구나 대원군에게 국정운영을 맡기는 면이 나타났으나 어머니로서 자식을 보호하고 국정을 안정적으로 이끌어 나가야 한다는 기본에는 변함이 없었다.

초등학생의 패스트푸드 이용횟수에 따른 식행동 및 영양지식 비교

한희숙,안홍석 誠信女子大學校 生活文化硏究所 2008 生活文化硏究 Vol.23 No.1

The present study surveyed elementary school students' fast food consumption patterns, dietary behavior, nutrition knowledge, and examined if these variables were different according to the frequency of fast food consumption. The subjects of this study were a total of 589 fifth and sixth grade students from two elementary schools in Seoul, and according to the frequency of fast food consumption, they were classified into frequent-users (1-2 times or more a week, 14.9%), moderate-users (2-3 times a month, 48.2%) and non-users (fewer than once a month, 36.8%). Frequent-users consumed fast food when they felt hungry, and moderate-users and non-users consumed it on special days. As to whether they consider nutrition and health when choosing fast food, 10.2% of the frequent-users replied 'Not consider at all' and the percentage was higher than that of the moderate-users (7.4%) and the non-users (7.4%). Father's education level was higher in non-users than in frequent-users and moderate-users. The amount of monthly pocket money was larger in frequent-users and moderate-users than in non-users. The mean score of dietary habit (out of 75 points) was 55.40 in frequent-users, 58.11 in moderate-users and 62.10 in non-users, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). Frequent-users showed more severe unbalanced diet and more frequent dining out. The mean score of nutrition knowledge (out of 20 points) was 15.90 in frequent-users, 16.24 in moderate-users and 16.86 in non-users, and the differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the results, when the frequency of fast food consumption is higher the amount of monthly pocket money is larger, and when the frequency of fast food consumption is lower father's education level is higher and the students have more desirable dietary habits and correct nutrition knowledge. Furthermore, students with correct nutrition knowledge showed more desirable dietary habits. Accordingly, there should be systematic and continuous nutrition education at home and in school so that elementary school students lead a healthy dietary life by refraining themselves from indiscreet eating of fast food and developing desirable dietary habits.

朝鮮初期의 雜色軍

韓嬉淑 淑明女子大學校 1991 韓國學硏究 Vol.1 No.-

조선시대 선왕 후궁에 대한 처우와 궁가(宮家)의 변천

한희숙 한국여성사학회 2019 여성과 역사 Vol.0 No.30

This paper examines the treatment of concubines of former kings through the creation of detached palaces in the Joseon Dynasty. The concubines of the Joseon Dynasty were not allowed to remarry, and they lived together in a detached palace without living with their son’s family. After the death of King Taejong in the 4th year of King Sejong, Sejong established Eibingung for his father’s concubines, and King Munjong also set up Jasugung for his father’s concubines. Afterwards, the newly crowned kings installed detached palaces for their father’s concubines such as Youngsugung, Susenggung, Chansugung, Jengchenggung, and Insugung. The detached palaces were demolished when the concubines died, but Jasugung continued to remain, and the concubines also lived in the Insugung. Therefore, after King Jungjong, the concubines of former king lived in the Jasugung and Insugung. The concubines of former kings were treated according to their rank. The concubines were provided food and shelter, as well as personnel needed to maintain their safety and care. But Jasugung and Insugung used to be Buddhist temples, and they were the last spaces where the royal women remained. The concubines cut their hair, and moved to the palace shortly after the death of the king, and the maidens who served them also shaved their hair and became nuns. When the concubines set up the Buddhist temple in the detached palace, the count officials criticize it and asked for their prohibition. After the Imjin War, Neo-Confucianism deepened, while the number of concubines decreased, and the Jasugung and Insugung were closed in the second year of King Hyunjong. After that, Sukjong provided a house outside the palace and let the concubines live there with their son. So the concubines left the detached palace and resided with their son’s family. In short, the concubines of the former king lived individually with their son’s family in a private house away from the collective life of state administration in the palace. 조선 전기 선왕의 후궁들은 재혼이 허락되지 않았으며, 아들들과 사가에서 살지 못하고, 국가에서 마련해준 공가인 궁가에 함께 모여 살았다. 태종이 죽자 세종이 부왕의 후궁들을 위해 의빈궁을 설치한 이후, 선왕의 후궁을 위해 자수궁, 영수궁, 수성궁, 창수궁, 정청궁, 인수궁 등이 설치되었다. 후궁의 궁가는 후궁들이 죽으면 곧 폐지되어, 중종대 이후에는 자수궁과 인수궁만 유지되었다. 선왕 후궁들은 품계에 따른 대우를 받았다. 국가로부터 의식주와 관련된 물품을 제공받고, 안전과 시위, 궁궐 유지를 위해 궁녀와 환관, 노비 및 여러 인력을 제공받았다. 그런데 자수궁과 인수궁은 불사 기능이 강화되어 비구니사찰이 되어 갔다. 이곳에 불당을 설치하고 불사를 크게 행하자 대간들은 이를 금지할 것을 청하고, 나아가 궁가를 폐지할 것을 요청하였다. 임난 이후 성리학이 심화되어 가는 한편 후궁들의 수도 줄어들어 자수궁과 인수궁에 사는 후궁이 없어지자 궁가는 현종 2년에 혁파되었다. 이후 숙종은 자신의 후궁들을 위해 궁밖에 사저를 마련해 줌으로써 후궁방에 거처하게 되었다.