“초기철기시대와 원삼국시대 고고학 자료의 인식”에 대한 반론

최성락(Choi, Sung-rak),강귀형(Kang, Gui-hyung) 중부고고학회 2019 고고학 Vol.18 No.1

이성주가 한반도 중남부지역의 초기철기시대와 원삼국시대 토기 양상을 전체적으로 파악하려는 것은 그 의미가 매우 크다. 하지만 호남지역에 한정하여 살펴보면 문제가 없지 않다. 그가 호남지역 원삼 국시대 취락이 극히 적다는 인식을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 오히려 타날문토기의 연대를 낮추는 것은 그 시기의 공백을 더욱 조장하는 것으로 전혀 문제의 해결에 도움을 주지 못하고 있다. 편년의 체계를 바꾸기 위해서는 이를 방증하기 위한 객관적인 자료의 제시가 필요하고, 이를 바탕으로 더 나은 문화양상을 설명할 수 있을 때 가능하다. 또 영남지역의 토기양상에 대한 그의 인식을 다른 지역에 그대로 적용할 수 없음은 분명하다. 문화의 변천은 문화권마다 다를 수 있다. 하나의 틀(모델)로 한반도 중남부지역의 전체 양상을 설명하는 것은 불가능하다고 할 수 있다. 특히 호남지역에서 토기 제작기술의 변천을 살펴보면 결코 영남지역과 동일하다고 볼 수 없다. 결국 타날문토기의 연대를 더 낮추어야 한다는 이성주의 견해는 적어도 호남지역 토기양상을 이해 하는데 적절한 주장으로 보이지 않는다. It is meaningful that Lee Sung-joo understands the pottery pattern of the early Iron Age and the proto-Three Kingdoms period in central and southern part of the Korean Peninsula as a whole. However, it can be seen that there are some problems if we limit it to Honam province. Despite his perception that the settlements of the Proto-three Kingdoms period in Honam are extremely scarce, lowering the date of the beating patterned pottery is not helping to solve the problem at all by further promoting the gap at this time. In order to change the system of the chronology, it is necessary to present objective data to prove it, and it is possible to explain the better culture based on this. It is also clear that his perception of the pottery pattern in Yeongnam province can not be applied to other regions. The changes in culture would be vary from culture to culture. It is impossible to explain the whole aspect of the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula with a single framework (model). Especially, if you look at the change of pottery production technology in Honam province, it can not be regarded as the same as Yeongnam province. In the end, Lee Seong-joo s view that the date of the beating patterned pottery should be further lowered is not at least an appropriate recognition to understand the pottery pattern in Honam province.

체계적인 식품 위해 정보 수집.공유 체계 구축 방안

최성락,Choi, Sung-Rak 동아시아식생활학회 2007 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Food safety has been a growing consumer concern over the last few decades, and remains a priority for consumers, the food industry, and regulatory agencies alike. Although consumer concern for food safety has increased, consumer confidence has decreased. The emphasis on food safety is related to that of preliminary risk management. The ability to collect and provide food risk information is a key element in enhancing the way food safety authorities protect consumers from risk. This review aims to investigate the current situations of international organizations, as well as several countries' systems for collecting and providing food risk information. Through the comparison and analysis of each system, this review proposes strategies to establish a systematic collecting of information and provision of infrastructure in Korea. To develop an information collection system suited to Korea's situation, it is necessary for Korea to strengthen interactions and cooperation with other trade partners through the enlargement of international networks. Such efforts on food risk communication should be made by providing high quality and clear information.

고고학에서 영상의 필요성과 영상고고학

최성락,조우택,Choi, Sung Rak,Cho, Woo Tack 국립문화재연구소 2009 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.42 No.3

Changes in a society and visual media has a tight relationship. Photography represented the last 20th century in the visual media; while the 21st century we live in is represented by moving image(video). The change of visual media also brought changes to the archaeological recordings. As information is gathered from the field work in archaeology, it seems that use of video recording, a reliable way of collecting and recording data, will increase. The process of archaeological excavations can be considered as a contents itself. Also, video recording has many advantages when recording environmental surrounding of the sites and artifacts, for the reservation of the scenery, and as recorded heritage of the humankind. Video recording can be a tool of conversion to public archaeology to devote to its social and academic roles. Considering all of the above, studying ways to record and preserve visual materials is essential in the field of archaeology and we should be prepared for it. We strongly propose reinstatement of the visual archaeology, which should be studied in archaeological perspective. The direction of the study of visual archaeology can be summarized into two. First is the study on the video recording during field work and the archive of video recordings. Second is the study on the media as the tool of communication. More detailed and organized research should be considered in depth in the archaeological theory and methods.

식품 위해물질의 안전관리를 위한 정책방향

최성락(Sung Rak Choi) 한국식품과학회 2006 식품과학과 산업 Vol.39 No.2

유산균 및 발아효소를 첨가한 선식 스무디의 제조와 특성

최성락(Sung-rak Choi),신지영(Jiyoung Shin),김성훈(Sung-hoon Kim),김진희(Jin-hee Kim),양지영(Ji-young Yang) 한국생명과학회 2015 생명과학회지 Vol.25 No.2

선식은 웰빙식, 건강식으로 아시아인들에게는 인기있는 식품이지만 외국인들에게는 생소한 식품이다. 이에 본 연구는 외국인들의 선호도를 높이기 위하여 선식을 스무디 형태로 제조하고, 그의 특성을 연구하였다. 효소활성을 지니는 선식 제조를 위해서 흑미와 현미는 발아시켜 사용하였는데, 실온에서 24시간 침지시킨 후, 24시간 30℃에서 발아시켰다. 알파아밀라아제 효소역가는 발아 전후로 약 13~15배 증가하였다. 현미는 발아 전 9.16 CU/g에서 152.63 CU/g로 증가하였고, 흑미는 7.47 CU/g에서 97.96 CU/g으로 증가하였다. 또한 발아현미분말을 엿기름으로 당화시킨 후, 토마토 30 g과 미강 1.5 g을 첨가하여 유산균을 배양하였다. 이때의 최고균체농도가 1.1×10<SUP>9</SUP> CFU/ml 이었고, 이를 동결건조하여 선식에 첨가하였다. 선식음료제조 후 농도가 1.3×10<SUP>5</SUP> CFU/ml로 요구르트 스무디 제조를 위한 스타터 농도로 충분하였다. 이를 이용하여 배양한다면, 선식 요구르트 스무디를 제조가 가능하다. 관능평가결과, 선식 음료의 최적 조건으로는 우유 200 ml에 선식 30 g를 혼합한 것을 가장 선호하였다. 이때의 색도는 L 값 : 63.50±0.41, a 값 : -0.35±0.06, b 값 : 8.85±0.19로 나타났고, 점도는 5.97±1.2 centipoise 이었다. Sunsik has been popular as well-being and healthy food to some Asian people, but it still has a limit to other foreigners because of its taste and appearance. This study tried to modify Sunsik into smoothie type for foreigners and investigate its physicochemical characteristics. Germinated black and brown rice was prepared. The germination condition of two cereals was steeping for 24 hr at room temperature, and then germinating for 24 hr at 30℃. After germination, the α-amylase activity of germinated grains was 13~15 times higher than before germination. The enzyme activity of brown rice was 9.16 CU/g, but germinated brown rice was 152.63 CU/g. In case of black rice, enzyme activity before germination was 7.47 CU/g, and enzyme activity after germination was 97.96 CU/g. The lactic acid bacteria was grown in 50 g germinated brown rice powder with 100 ml malt solution, 30 g tomato juice, and 1.5 g rice bran. After manufacturing beverage using milk and Sunsik and the cell count of lactic acid bacteria was 1.3×10<SUP>5</SUP> CFU/ml enough to use starter. According to sensory test, the optimal concentration of Sunsik smoothie was 30 g Sunsik in 200 ml of milk. The viscosity was 5.97±1.2 centipoise. The color of Sunsik beverage was evaluated as L value : 63.50±0.41, a value: -0.35±0.06, and b value: 8.85±0.19.

영산강유역 고대사회의 실체

최성락 ( Choi Sung-rak ) 국립중앙박물관 2011 고고학지 Vol.17 No.-

Various views exist regarding the true nature of the Yeongsan river basin. In this study, I would like to explore the internal perspective. From this point of view, identity of the ancient society is defined by the preexisting regional power. However, ancient society in the Yeongsan river basin should be named according to documented records, not by the archaeological materials; therefore, this region at the late 4th century cannot be called Mahan. All we can say is that the entity of Yeongsan river basin from late 4th to late 5th century can be seen as the Shinmi-Jegug (新彌諸國, various small countries representing Shinmi). The Jeonnam region was part of Baekje after the late 4th century, when Baekje ruled provinces with tribute (貢納的 支配). However, since archaeological facts are difficult to find, we can only infer a close relationship between Baekje and following regions; Haenam, Gangjin and Goheung, areas in the sea route from Baekje to Japan. Southern sea regional power resided between Baekje and Japan, naturally being influenced by Baekje; but Baekje had trifling influence on the Shinmi-Jegug (新彌諸國)that resided in Yeongsan river basin. After Hanseong Baekje collapsed in the year 475, Baekje’s influence to Yeongsan river basin became weak. However, in the year 498, King Dongsung’s conquest brought Yeongsan river basin under the influence of Baekje in a form of ruling by kings and lords (王侯制)rather than a form of ruling by the loyal family (擔魯制). Also, keyhole shaped tombs (前方後圓形古墳)in the late 5th century brought about armed protest of King Dongsung. Even though Baekje ruled this region at this time, the reason for lack of Baeje’s cultural elements can only be explained as a late appearance of archaeological artifacts compared to documented records. In the mid 6th century, Oh-bang-jae (五方制, five district system) began which made Yeongsan river basin become part of Baekje.

호남지역의 철기문화 : 호남지역의 철기시대 - 연구현황과 과제 -

최성락(Sung Rak Choi) 호남고고학회 2000 湖南考古學報 Vol.11 No.-

The study of the Iron Age Culture in Honam region has not yet been done enough, because sites have not been excavated enough until now, and we have not analyzed the archaeological materials except tombs, and also we have some confusion about the concept of the Iron Age. Therefore, I will consider the concept of the Iron Age and have some retrospect of researches and give some subjects for the future investgation. The Iron Age has been divided into the early Iron Age and the Proto-Three Kingdoms Age in Korean archaeology. Recently some historians criticized the concept of the Proto-Three Kingdoms Age. Instead of this Age, some scholars call the Three-Han Age(三韓時代) or the Iron Age(鐵器時代). According to Three Age System initiated by Thomsen, the Iron Age in Europe was existed between the Bronze Age and the historical Age. I think that the Iron Age is more useful in Korea until the new Age system used in the future. Recently some sites of the Iron Age in Honam region were excavated, there are features such as dwelling sites, shell mounds, pit graves, jar burials, and artifacts such as pottery, iron wares, horn implements, wooden implements, oracle bones. Dwelling patterns of the Iron Age have many differences from those of the Bronze Age. For example, the plan of dwelling has various types. The hearths also have various types, some of them developed cooking stove or cooking fireplace. Pit graves were appeared from the late Bronze Age. They have a ditch around it. The plan of ditches was changed from square to circle or ladder type. Jar burials were made of two large jars with their mouth together. After the late third century A.D., the large jar-coffins appeared in Yongsan River valley. From shell mounds, many different kinds of artifacts have been discovered, most of which are tools for fishing, hunting, and farming. Iron weapons are, however, rarely found in this region. The Iron Age culture which continued from 2nd century B.C. to the late of 3rd century A.D. can be divided into four cultural phases(table 1). <Table 1> Chronology of the Iron Culture in Honam Region ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) During the Iron Age, I believe that the coastal route, which connected from China to Korea and eventually to Japan, played an important role. The Iron Age culture in Honam region started around the founding of Wiman Chosun(衛滿朝鮮:194-108 B.C.), preceding the establishment of Lelang(樂浪). Because there are no remains that could be related to the Lelang culture among archaeological evidence from the early phase of the Iron Age culture in southern Korea. And recent studies suggest that the Iron Age had already entered the period of the complex society which there were social strata. Next, I will suggest some subjects to investigate in the future. Firstly, we have to analyze all of the archaeological material to reconstruct the Iron Age culture, and we will have concern about ecofacts as well as artifacts. Secondly, we will investigate the formation of the Iron Age culture and large jar-coffin tomb. We do not know exactly how to get the raw material of iron, how to make iron implements, and how to form the large jar-coffin tombs. Thirdly, we have to study the society and culture of the Iron Age. It is impossible to reconstruct past culture through the individual feature or artifact. We have to collect together results of individual analysis, and try to recover past culture through the archaeological theory. Fourthly, we have to study the relationship between the Iron Age and its historical background, this is, three Han(三韓) or Three Kingdom(三國). We, archaeologist should cooperate with ancient historian to study historical aspects of the Iron Age. In addition to above subjects, we try to preserve archaeological sites from destruction, because these sites are also important cultural heritage to us.

강진지역 고대문화의 고고학적 검토

최성락 ( Sung Rak Choi ) 한국고대학회 2013 선사와 고대 Vol.39 No.-

Gangjin is widely known as a place of celadon porcelain culture in the Goryeo period. However, it is still question how the ancient culture influenced the beginning of celadon culture. This report is a comprehensive study of archaeological findings to identify ancient cultures that resided in Gangjin region. Sites of the Bronze Age in Gangjin are mostly dolmens with a few dwelling sites. Bronze culture existed from early to late Bronze Age, and spread out all around the Gangji region. Although archaeological sites are not found yet, it is known that Iron Age began with exchanges made through sea routes and the society of this period is called Mahan. Three Kingdom period sites consist of dwelling sites and tombs. Tombs can be divided into two types; jar coffin tombs and stone chamber tombs. Jar coffin tombs have been discovered from surface investigation, but they have not been excavated. Wooden coffin tombs as well as Jar coffin tombs likely coexisted in Gangjin. A recent finding at Youngpa-ri in Gangjin-eup looks like a keyhole-shaped tomb. This type of tomb was probably built during late 5th century to early 6th century when Baekje`s ruling power became weak. By mid 6th century, Baekje became powerful and stone chamber tombs of its style were built. An example of this is a Baekje styled stone chamber tomb at Suyang-ri in Seongjeon-myeon. There are a few scholars who claim that ‘Chimmidarai’ was the entity of the ancient culture in Gangjin region without clear archaeological evidence. More research is needed to better understand the characteristics of the ancient culture in Gangjin region. The question of what the ancient culture of Gangjin region was and how it was related to other region still needs to be answered.

철기시대 패총의 형성 배경

최성락(Sung Rak Choi),김건수(Geon Soo Kim) 호남고고학회 2002 호남고고학보 Vol.15 No.-

During the Iron Age, The shellmounds suddenly increased in southern part of the Korean peninsular. There were some explanations why the shellmounds increased. For example, some scholars think that it had the relationship with defence village of the high land, and with cool weather, rising sea-level or population pressure. But these explanations are not enough. First of all, some reasons are considered, for example, the natural environment of the Iron Age, the position and date of the shellmounds, the disused reason of the dwelling sites and the coming routes of the Iron Age culture. The authors think that the shellmounds were formed with the beginning of the Iron Age culture. During the early Iron Age, new technology of iron manufacture was introduced through west-south sea route. So the population of coastal area increased and get the food from the sea. This is the first reason of the shellmound`s appearance. The other side, during the 2nd∼3rd century A.D., the weather became cool and the resources become short. At same time many troubles occurred among groups and finally the shellmound were also increased and were made in high land. This explanation is only a hypothesis. If the chronology of shellmound through the excavated artifacts and the Iron Age culture will be researched in detail, the better explanation would be possible.

영산강유역 고분연구의 검토 -고분의 개념, 축조방법, 변천을 중심으로-

최성락 ( Sung Rak Choi ) 호남고고학회 2009 호남고고학보 Vol.33 No.-