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미국의 인도-태평양 소다자주의 안보 전략 - 위협균형 이론을 중심으로 -
조현덕 ( Cho Hyun-deok ) 대한정치학회 2023 大韓政治學會報 Vol.31 No.2
미국은 중국을 동아시아 및 서태평양 일대의 ‘규칙에 기반한 질서’를 변경하고자 하는 도전 세력으로 규정하고 있다. 중국이 추진하고 있는 일대일로와 진주목걸이 전략은 중국이 더 이상 평화로운 부상(peaceful rising)을 택하지 않음을 의미한다. 본 논문은 왈트(Walt)의 위협균형 이론(Balance of Threat Theory )을 토대로 미국이 중국의 부상을 위협으로 간주한다는 것을 확인한다. 이에 따라, 미국은 인도·태평양 역내의 균형과 영향력을 강화하기 위해 ‘인도-태평양 전략’을 추진하고 있다. 2017년 QUAD 2.0이 재출범했다. 미·중 양국에서 헤징 전략을 추진하던 중견국가(middle powers) 호주와 인도는 QUAD에 재참여하면서, 미국의 인도-태평양 전략에 동참하는 모습을 보여주고 있다. 일각에서는 2021년 9월 출범한 AUKUS에 대해 미국의 ‘최상위 동맹체’로 간주하고 있다. 본 논문은 미국이 AUKUS, QUAD 및 Five Eyes 등 소다자주의 안보 협의체를 활용하여 스크럼 전략을 추진하고자 한다고 본다. 이는 미국이 인도-태평양 역내에서 전통적으로 중시하였던 양자 동맹(bilateral alliances) 기조에서 새로운 형태의 변화를 추구하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본 논문은 미국의 인도-태평양 전략과 연계한 스크럼 전략을 네트워크화시키고, 스크럼 전략의 효용성과 한계를 분석·도출하고자 한다. The United States regards China as a contender that challenges a ‘rule-based order’ in East Asia and the West Pacific. China’s One Belt, One Road and String of Pearls signified the termination of a peaceful rise. This paper confirms that the U.S. considers China’s rise as a threat, based on Walt’s Balance of Threat Theory as developed from Waltz’s Balance of Power Theory. Accordingly, the U.S. administrations have implemented the ‘Pivot to Asia’ and ‘Indo-Pacific Strategy’ to maintain balance and leverage in the Indo- Pacific region. In 2017, the U.S. re-established QUAD to play a critical role in containing China. The middle powers of Australia and India previously promoted hedging between the U.S. and China. With the establishment of QUAD 2.0, the two middle powers have demonstrated that they are inclined to partake in the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy. AUKUS was founded in September 2021 and is regarded by some as America’s ‘most important allied entity.’ This paper suggests that the U.S. will promote the ‘scrum strategy’, which consists of AUKUS, QUAD, and Five Eyes. It also implies that the U.S. is looking to complement the traditional framework of bilateral alliances within the Indo-Pacific region. This paper aims to interconnect both the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy and the scrum strategy, and then analyze the effectiveness and limitations of the scrum strategy.
악성 질 흑색종 광범위 국소 질 및 직장 절제술의 시도
서명덕(Myeong Deok Seo),이영희(Young Hee Lee),정소용(So Yong Jung),이종민(Jong Min Lee),박찬용(Chan Yong Park),최유덕(Yu Duk Choi),조현이(Hyun I Cho) 대한산부인과학회 1999 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.42 No.8
Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina is an exceedingly rare entity, accounting for about 3% of all primary vagina1 malignant tumors and 0.3% of all melanoma. The overall 5-year survival in patients with primary vaginal melanoma is notoriously poor, estimated to be between 13% and 19%. A case of primary malignant melanoma of the vagina treated with the wide local excision of vagina and rectum was presented with a brief review of literature.
잉어의 생체 내 대사체 변화에 미치는 플록세틴 영향규명 연구
정인영 ( In-young Chung ),박유미 ( Yu-mi Park ),김상민 ( Sang-min Kim ),김일규 ( Il-gyu Kim ),도영선 ( Young-sun Do ),김석만 ( Suhkmann Kim ),한상범 ( Sang Beom Han ),조현덕 ( Hyun-deok Cho ),석광설 ( Kwang-seol Seok ) 한국환경분석학회 2017 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.20 No.1
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of fluoxetine, one of the most frequently prescribed antidepressant drugs, on Cyprinus carpio by comparing the variations in its metabolite concentrations after exposure to the drug, using NMR and LC/Orbitrap MS. Three experimental reactors were employed, and the total experimental period was 14 days. Cyprinus carpio were acclimatized for 3 months in the laboratory and then subjected to the study. One reactor was used as a 14-day control, and the others were exposed to fluoxetine at 10 ng/L and 10 μg/L for 7 days and depurate for 7 days. The variations in metabolite concentration after exposure were analyzed by NMR and LC/Orbitrap MS. Before exposure, the concentration trends of fluoxetine and its main metabolite, norfluoxetine were almost the same in blood and liver samples of Cyprinus carpio. However, after the depuration period, the concentrations of norfluoxetine in the liver and blood samples were higher than those of fluoxetine. The concentration of the remaining norfluoxetine in the liver sample was higher than that in the blood sample. This means that the liver mainly metabolized pharmaceuticals. The main change in the concentrations of metabolites of Cyprinus carpio was shown in amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, glutamate, tyrosine, and valine; organic acids such as acetate and formate; creatine; and glucose. Although after the depuration period, the control, and 10 ng/L and 10 μg/L exposure groups had overlapping results, the exposure and control groups could be classified clearly after 14 days. These results are expected to contribute to identifying the effects of environmental pollutants by tracing metabolite changes and building a chemical metabolite database.