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曺佐鎬 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 1975 大東文化硏究 Vol.10 No.-
The most important of all the civil examinations in the Yi dynasty was the regular one given triennially, the so-called Siknyun examination (武年試). And the most important of the Siknyun examinations was the higher civil examination, the Munkwa (文科). Accordingly, the Munkwa examination had great influences on the science and literature of those days. The Munkwa, therefore, gives many important data in understanding the bureaucratic organization of the Yi dynasty. The Siknyun-Munkwa (武年文科) of the Yi period originally came into being by succession and complement of the Chinsa examination (進士試) of the Koryo period. The difference between them was as follow. Firstly, while the Chinsa examination of the Koryo period selected successful candidates through a two-round examination, the first (初試) and the second (覆試), the Siknyun-Munkwa of the Yi period selected them through a three-round examination, the first (初試), the second (覆試) and the third (殿試). The third round examination was given before the King. The fact that the third round examination was added to the Siknyun-Munkwa means that the right to endow the qualification of government official was transferred from the Board of Rites (禮部) to King himself. It also means that the power of King was so far strengthened. Secondly, there were many improvements in the method of examination; the Siknyun-Munkwa was given at regular intervals triennially. The first was given one year before the triennial year, the second and the third were given in spring of triennial year; moreover, both the first and the second were given in two different places, not because the applicants were too numerous, but because impartiality might be secured by separating examinees from their relative examiners. In the Siknyun-Munkwa examination, every examinee was tested in Chinese classics (經學) in the first place, literary art in the second place, thesis about current events in the third place. But the most serious problem aroused in those processes was how to test the Chinese classics. Some maintained a written examination, others maintained an oral examination. Consequently the method of examination had been altered several times till the 25th year of Sejong. Since that time it was fixed to the oral examination, which was to make the examinee recite the text of the Four Books and the Three Classics (四書三經), and to ask him about it's real meaning. This stimulated many candidates not to understand the real meaning of it, but to recite it. In consequence of such phenomena, many abuses were brought about.
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曺佐鎬 동국역사문화연구소 1957 동국사학 Vol.5 No.-
高麗史를 읽노라면 누구라도 南班이란 말에 부디치게 될 것이다. 얼핏보아 이것이 東班 (文班) 西班(武班)에 ?한 班利이며 李朝時代의 南行과 같은 것이라고 생각 될 것이다. 李朝時代의 南行은 朝會 其他의 俵式때 北座南面하는 國王을 中心으로 交班이 東쪽에 서고 武班이 西쪽에 서는데 ?하여 南쪽에 서서 北向하는 것으로, 科學에는 合格하지 못하였으나 學識과 德行이 兼情하다 하여 現職官吏의 推薦을 받아 官吏가 된 이른바 隱逸之土나 父祖의 功?에 의하여 官吏로 登用된 이른바 ?仕들이 屬하는 班列이었다. 그러면 麗代의 南班도 이와 같은 것이었을가? 率直히 말하여 筆者도 오랫동안 그렇게 믿어왔다. 그러나 이에 ?한 史料를 檢討하는 동안에 疑心을 품지 않을수 없게 되어 이 小論을 草하기로 하였다. 허나 워낙 史料가 적어 이 小論이 頭蛇民에 그칠 것을 미리 말해둔다.
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