현대중국어 관형어와 구조조사 ‘的’의 기능

정현애 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2011 東洋學 Vol.49 No.-

관형어는 명사중심어를 수식하는 문장성분인데 현대중국어에서는 어떤 성분이 직접 명사중심어를 수식하기도 하고 구조조사 ‘的’와 연결돼 수식하기도 한다. 형태적 차이는 필연적으로 의미적 차이와 관련된다는 도상성의 원리에 입각해 관형어의 유형별 의미차이를 확인한 결과, 명사중심어를 직접 연결하는관형어는 중심어의 종(種) 분류, 내적 속성을 표시하는 데 반해 ‘的’를 통해 연결되는 관형어는 명사중심어의 실제적이고 객관적인 상태를 기술하고 있음을 발견했다. 수식어와 중심어가 직접 연결된 유형은 하나의 덩어리처럼 긴밀히 결합해 문장 내에서 하나의 개념을 표시하지만 ‘的’에 의해 분리된 수식어와 중심어는 의미적으로도 서로 대등한 관계를 형성하며 문장 내에서 각각의 독립적 의미를 나타낸다는 차이가 있다. 이로써 구조조사 ‘的’는 명사성분 중심어를 직접 수식하지 못하는 형식을 중심어와 ‘연결’시키는작용과 함께 관형어의 의미가 중심어에 종속되지 않도록 ‘분리’시키는 작용을 담당한다는 것을 알았다.

Nomogram to Predict Treatment Outcome of Fluoropyrimidine/ Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

정현애,Antoine Adenis,이지연,박세훈,맹치훈,박실비아,안희경,심영목,Nicolas Penel,임영혁 대한암학회 2013 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.45 No.4

Purpose The degree of benefit from palliative chemotherapy differs widely among patients with metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (MESCC). The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a prognostic nomogram to predict survival and aid physicians and patients in the decision-making process regarding treatment options. Materials and Methods Clinicopathologic variables and treatment outcomes of 239 patients who were diagnosed with MESCC and received either fluorouracil/cisplatin (FP) or capecitabine/cisplatin (XP) as first-line chemotherapy were reviewed. A nomogram was developed as a prognostic scoring system incorporating significant clinical and laboratory variables based on a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. An independent series of 61 MESCC patients treated with FP served as an independent data set for nomogram validation. Results No difference in response rate was observed between the FP group (44.8%) and the XP group (54.2%). Similarly, no significant differences in median progression-free survival and median overall survival were observed between regimen groups. Multivariate analysis showed that poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] status≥2), weight loss (10% of the weight loss for 3 months), low albumin level (≤3.5 g/dL), and absence of previous esophagectomy at the time of chemotherapy were significantly associated with low OS in both groups (p<0.05). Based on these findings, patients were classified into favorable (score, 0 to 90),intermediate (91-134), and poor (>135) prognostic groups. The median survival for those with a favorable ECOG was 13.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.8 to 18.6 months), for intermediate 11.2 months (95% CI, 8.7 to 11.9 months), and for poor, 7.0 months (95% CI, 3.6 to 10.0 months). External validation of the nomogram in a different patient cohort yielded significantly similar findings. Conclusion The nomogram described here predicts survival in MESCC patients and could serve as a guide for the use of FP/XP chemotherapy in MESCC patients.

방위사 上과 里의 사용에 작동하는 중국인의 인식 비교

정현애 한국중국학회 2022 중국학보 Vol.100 No.-

As one of the tools in Chinese language to satisfy the place feature required by a syntactic structure, a localizer is a key learning element which Korean learners should be mindful of. Of the localizers, 上(shang) and 里 (li) have been causing leaners' confusion for they have their own mutual sharing usages which would distinguish them from other localizers, and that is what has made them the object of interest even to researchers. As far as the existing research results are concerned, what usages the two localizers would share is the main topic of summaries. Despite 上(shang) is generally combined with flat-shaped reference while 里(li) usually works with 'bowl'-shaped references, they possibly get compatible when 里(li) is combined with two-dimensional zone-shaped references of distinct boundaries. Multiple studies have been pointing the idea out, but no empirical research has been carried out which would discuss if users actually treat the two localizers at an equal ratio or if users tend to go for a certain localizer of the two. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze examples of corpus references, and confirmed how 广场 the popular two-dimensional reference object and 手 the other reference object would be combined with the localizers. The findings reported that Chinese speakers mainly use the localizer 上(shang) when a space presents a present impression of an event occurrence and/or when a space works on an effect in contrast with other subjects. It was learned that 里 (li) is often taken when speakers purposedly try to separate the inside from the outside which have occurred by boundaries. Of the two, the usage of 上(shang) is demonstrated based on the unique basic property which is to stir up a reference object itself in the head, and on that note, this study is anticipated to be a significant beginning to explain a wider application of 上(shang). 중국어에서 방위사는 통사구조가 요구하는 처소성을 충족시키기 위한 장치 가운데 하나로서 한국인 학습자가 주의해야 하는 학습 포인트이다. 그 가운데에서도 上과 里는 다른 방위사들과 달리 서로 공유하는 용법이 있어 학습자의 혼란을 야기하고 연구자들에게도 주요 관심 대상이 되고 있다. 기존의 연구 결과는 두 방위사가 어떤 용법을 공유하는지에 대한 개괄이 주를 이룬다. 평면 형태의 참조물과 주로 결합하는 上, ‘그릇’ 형태의 참조물과 주로 결합하는 里이지만 분명한 경계선을 갖는 2D의 구역 형태의 참조물과 결합할 때 호환 가능해진다. 많은 연구들이 이 부분을 지적하지만 과연 사용자들은 두 방위사를 비슷한 비율로 동등하게 대하는지, 아니면 특정 방위사를 선택하는 경향이 있는지를 밝힌 실증적인 연구는 진행되지 않았다. 이에, 본고에서는 말뭉치 자료의 실례를 분석하기로 하고 대표적인 2D 형태의 참조물 广场, 기타 참조물 手와 방위사의 결합 양상을 확인해 보았다. 분석한 결과, 중국어 화자들은 공간이 사건(event) 발생의 현장성을 나타낼 때, 다른 대상과 대비되는 효과를 나타낼 때 방위사 上을 주로 사용했다. 里는 경계선을 통해 생긴 안팎을 구분하려는 의도일 때 주로 사용되었다. 이 중에서 上의 용법은 머릿속에서 참조물 자체를 환기시키는 방위사 上의 특수한 기본 속성을 바탕으로 발휘되는 것이어서 上의 확장의미를 설명하는 데 중요한 단초가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

논문(論文) : 현대중국어 동사카피구조 사용조건 -정도보어문장을 중심으로

정현애 한국중문학회 2013 中國文學硏究 Vol.0 No.52

動詞拷貝結構是能使賓語和補語共現於一個句子的形式之一, 與把字句和話題化有着密切的關係, 於是學習者應予以注意。 情態補語句的動詞拷貝結構與話題化、把字句有何語義上的區別 說話者用情態補語句的形式來陳述對於在‘V得’前面的成分進行觀察的結果, 旣‘V得’前面出現的成分則是說話者所關心的對象。 在話題化形式與把字句裡, 說話者陳述的對象均是賓語, 區別在於主體行爲的有意和無意。 據此類推, 動詞拷貝結構是說話者以動作的主體和他的行爲爲對象進行陳述的形式。 總而言之, 句子裡出現的所有成分都表達出自己的存在意義, 動詞拷貝結構的前一動詞也不例外, 幷非爲了解決‘賓補爭動’矛盾而出現的。

Changes in the Mean Corpuscular Volume after Capecitabine Treatment are Associated with Clinical Response and Survival in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer

정현애,김현준,맹치훈,박세훈,이지연,박준오,박영석,임호영,강원기 대한암학회 2015 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.47 No.1

Purpose Capecitabine is known to increase mean corpuscular volume (MCV). To define the incidenceof capecitabine-induced macrocytosis and its association with chemotherapy outcomes,we investigated data of 89 patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) who were enrolledin a randomized chemotherapy trial involving capecitabine. Materials and MethodsChemotherapy-naïve AGC patients were treated with capecitabine (1,000 mg/m2/day ondays 1-14) plus cisplatin (75 mg/m2 on day 1), with or without epirubicin (50 mg/m2 on day1). Complete blood counts including MCV were measured at baseline and on day 1 of each3-week chemotherapy course. Macrocytosis was defined as a MCV increase > 10 fL frombaseline. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used for analysis of the impactof clinical and MCV values on chemotherapy outcomes. ResultsAt baseline, the mean MCV was 88.2 fL (normal range, 80 to 100 fL). During chemotherapy,MCV increased in a dose-dependent manner with a mean increase of 11.3 fL. MCV elevationafter capecitabine treatment in 74 patients (90%) and 44 patients (42%) developed macrocytosis. Results of multivariate analysis showed that development of macrocytosis wasindependent of baseline hemoglobin level, liver metastasis, performance status, or liverfunction. The number of chemotherapy cycles showed strong association with developmentof macrocytosis and hematologic adverse events. In addition, a significant association wasobserved between macrocytosis and clinical response or survival. ConclusionMacrocytosis developed with more frequent and prolonged use of capecitabine. It is possiblethat association with treatment outcomes warrants further investigation.

현대중국어 동사중첩형식의 문법의미 고찰

정현애 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2016 東洋學 Vol.64 No.-

Reduplication is a universal phenomenon commonly found in lots of languages of the world. In Chinese, also, reduplication is a phenomenon that occurs widely in various part of speech, particularly, reduplication of verb is a linguistic phenomenon where many researchers have paid attention. There are hundreds of theses on grammatical meaning of verb reduplication, however relatively influential opinion could be summarized as follows. 1. Short time, 2. Attempt, 3. Convenience. However, while explaining by combining various grammatical meanings which have no semantic association in a grammatical form, verb reduplication form, there’s a lacking in explanation. Here, this research extracted example sentences from the existing research data and analyzed them on the whole, and found out a new fact that has not been suggested yet. Reduplication of modern Chinese verb acts to generate movement quantity concept that did not exist in the basic form. This movement quantity indicates proper quantity that the subject could subjectively control, not indicating whether the quantity increased or decreased compared to the basic form. Since the subject could control the action, discretion of the subject is more enhanced in the sentence where verb reduplication was used, on the contrary, verb reduplication could be adopted in the context of exerting discretion of the subject. When defining grammatical meaning of verb reduplication form as ‘to indicate intentional action that is performed as much as the quantity that the doer determines proper in the situation that the subject of action is under control’, it is possible to explain the syntactic limitation that verb reduplication form could not adopt quantity phrase objective, conversion unavailability of 把 phrase and 被 phrase where verb reduplication form was used in the predicate, and the phenomenon that modifier that indicates unintentionality and verb reduplication form could not be written in common, etc. 중첩은 세계의 수많은 언어에서 공통적으로 발견되는 보편적인 현상이다. 중국어에서도 중첩은 여러 품사에 걸쳐 두루 일어나는 현상으로서 특히 동사의 중첩은 많은 연구자들이 주목해왔다. 동사중첩의 문법의미에 대해서는 지금까지 이루어진 수많은 연구를 통해 ‘짧은 시간’, ‘시도’, ‘편안함’ 등으로 설명되고 있다. 하지만, 동사 중첩이라는 한 가지 문법 형식이, 서로 의미적 연관성이 없는 여러 가지 문법의미로 설명된다는 것에 대해 전면적인 수용과 지지를 보내기에는 부족한 부분이 있다. 이에 본고에서는 기존연구 자료에 사용된 동사중첩 형식 예문을 추출하여 면밀히 분석하였고 지금까지와는 조금 다른 새로운 사실을 발견하였다. 현대중국어 동사의 중첩형은 기본형일 때에는 없었던 동작량 개념을 생성하는 작용을 한다. 이 동작량은 기존의 연구에서 말하는 것처럼 기본형일 때에 비해 양이 늘었는지 줄었는지를 표시하는 것이 아니라 주체가 주관적으로 통제할 수 있는 적정량을 나타낸다. 주체가 상황을 통제할 수 있기 때문에 동사 중첩형이 사용된 문장에서 주체의 재량권은 한층 강화되고 역으로 주체의 재량권이 발휘되는 맥락에서 동사 중첩형식을 사용할수 있다. 동사 중첩형식의 의미를 ‘행위자가 상황을 통제하는 가운데’ 행하는 ‘동작의 적정한 양’을 표시하는 것이라고정리할 수 있고, 이는 동사 중첩형식이 수량구 목적어를 취할 수 없는 통사적 제한, 술어에 동사 중첩형이 쓰인 把자문과 被자문의 변환 불가 현상, 비의도성을 나타내는 수식어와 동사중첩형식이 공기할 수 없는 현상 등을 통해 증명된다.

시간의 공간은유 한(韓),중(中) 대조 -한국어 앞/뒤와 중국어 전(前)/후(後)를 중심으로-

정현애 한국중국언어학회 2013 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.49

時間是人類認知中的壹個基本槪念。由於時間的抽象性,我們對時間的理解和槪念化幷不是純時間的,而是借助較爲具體的槪念以隱喩的方式實現槪念化。語言中最普遍存在的是空間-時間隱喩。對韓語和漢語進行對比硏究的結果表明,表示空間語義的詞語"앞"、"뒤"、"前"、"後"紛紛能表示過去和未來,却呈不對稱性。人類對空間"前"、"後"的認知經驗不同,就能解釋空間-時間隱喩的不對稱性。"前"是[+可視]、[+已然]、[+청楚]的空間,"後"是[-可視]、[-已然]、[-청楚]的空間。對空間"前"的認知經驗投射到"(已然的)過去"和"(可預測的)未來"時間槪念,幷對空間"後"的認知經驗投射到"未來"時間槪念。特別是中國人主要以自己的位置爲參照點去認知空間,幷把此壹認知經驗直接投射到時間槪念。

화장실 안전손잡이 위치에 따른 앉은 자세에서 일어서기 비교

정현애,손유나,이지훈,김희동 대한고유수용성신경근촉진법학회 2019 PNF and Movement Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the optimal positions of safety grab bars for effective sit-to-stand (STS) movement by comparing the results of the STS movement while using a safety grab bar installed under two different conditions: the height of the grab bar installation was determined by (1) the Building Act and (2) the principle of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF). Methods: A total of 50 undergraduate students participated in this study, and they were required to perform an STS movement twice under each condition. A baropodometric platform for sitting and a Biorescue (RM Ingenierie, France) were used to collect and analyze changes in the center of pressure (COP) on the left and right sides before and after performing the STS movement. The average completion time for the STS movement was also measured for analysis. Moreover, the participants were asked to express their individual subjective preferences regarding the two positions of the grab bars. Results: The COP changes were significantly smaller when performing the STS movement with the grab bar installed at the height determined by the PNF principle than the Building Act (p<0.01), and the difference in the completion time of the STS movement was not statistically significant between the two conditions. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the principle of PNF can be useful for planning therapeutic exercise as well as for proposing the optimal grab bar position for older adults and those with health-related issues when performing the STS movement. In addition, this may serve as a basic rehabilitation technique for maintaining remaining functions and providing functional efficiency.

The Role of Brain Radiotherapy Before First-Line Afatinib Therapy, Compared to Gefitinib or Erlotinib, in Patients with EGFR-Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

정현애,박세훈,이세훈,안진석,안명주,선종무 대한암학회 2023 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.55 No.2

Purpose Brain metastasis is common in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at initial presentation. A previous study showed that brain radiotherapy (RT) before first-generation (first-G) EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy is associated with longer overall survival than TKI therapy alone. However, there is no data regarding the role of additional brain RT before afatinib therapy. Materials and Methods Between October 2014 and June 2019, EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients with brain metastases who started first-G EGFR-TKIs (gefitinib or erlotinib) or afatinib as first-line therapy were retrospectively analyzed. This study compared overall survival and intracranial progression-free survival (PFS) between patients who received EGFR-TKIs alone and EGFR-TKIs with brain RT and either a first-G EGFR-TKI or afatinib, respectively. Results The median follow-up duration was 29.6 months (range, 1.5 to 116.9 months). In the first-G EGFR-TKI group (n=155), 94 patients (60.6%) received the first-G EGFR-TKI alone and 61 patients (39.4%) received brain RT prior to their first-G EGFR-TKI. In the afatinib group (n=204), 126 patients (61.8%) received afatinib alone and 78 patients (38.2%) received brain RT prior to afatinib. There was no difference in overall survival rates between the groups with RT (35.6 months: 95% confidence interval [CI], 27.9 to 43.3) and without RT (31.4 months: 95% CI, 23.9 to 38.9) in the afatinib group (p=0.58), but there was a significant difference in overall survival in the first-G EGFR-TKI group in a manner favoring additional brain RT (41.1 months: 95% CI, 30.5 to 51.7 vs. 25.8 months: 95% CI, 20.1 to 31.5; p=0.02). Meanwhile, median intracranial PFS was not different between patients who received EGFR-TKI therapy alone vs. EGFR-TKI therapy with brain RT in both the first-G EGFR-TKI (p=0.39) and afatinib (p=0.24) groups. Conclusion Afatinib therapy alone showed comparable survival outcomes to those of afatinib with brain RT. The current study suggests that brain RT could be an optional, not mandatory, treatment modality when afatinib therapy is considered in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC.

구조조사 ‘地’의 사용 규칙에 관한 소고

정현애 담화·인지언어학회 2023 담화와 인지 Vol.30 No.3

This study examined the rules for using adverbs and the structural particle ‘de’ in modern Chinese. The Chinese language belongs to an isolating language, so the sentence component and the role within a sentence are decided by word order and position within the sentence instead of morphological markers, and an adverb also gets its role through the position between subject and predicate. However, not every type of adverb acquires its qualification as an adverb just for its ‘position’. In this case, it requires the use of the structural particle ‘de’. Under the hypothesis in which there must be differences between a component that would become an adverb just for being placed in the position, and a component that would become an adverb by combining with ‘de’, this study observed some example sentences in children’s novels that could reflect the current language phenomena and the rules for using ‘de’ explained in existing research. This study verified the rules for using ‘de’ with the ‘distance’ between components. For example, an adjective(phrase) taking up a great part of adverb showed a semantically close/distant relationship with the predicate; a verb(phrase) showed the simultaneity in the section occupied by the action of adverb and predicate in the time axis; and a noun showed the aspect of adding other components shown in proportion to the semantic distance. In other words, the ‘distance between components in proportion to close/distant relationship’ that could be explained as iconicity, is shown through the use of ‘de’.