한국교회 초기 선교의 한 유형

정미현(Meehyun Chung) 연세대학교 신과대학(연합신학대학원) 2015 신학논단 Vol.80 No.-

This article aims to illuminate the life and work of Lillias Horton Underwood. In contrast to her huge achievements she has not been well-introduced by Korean Christianity. This is an attempt to commemorate her and her achievements. The role of Lillias Horton was not limited just to serving as a mother and a wife to Horace Grant Underwood. However she dedicated most of her life to supporting her husband"s project and son"s education. These efforts contributed a lot for the foundation of the further development of Korean Christianity in medical missions, education and church planting. In this article the author analyses the life and work of Lillias Horton primarily through her major books and to illustrate and systematize her work according to a threefold mission work; namely, health care, education and evangelism. This article is composed by five parts: first, the life and work of Lillias Horton Underwood; second, the mission of diversity in health care, evangelism, and education; third, her relationship with Empress Myungsung; fourth, the Christian thought of Lillias Horton Underwood; fifth, the issue of orientalism. This lays the ground for further research; for example analyzing her articles, letters and reports and exploring certain collaborations between the indigenous Korean women and American female missionaries, and making comparison with other contemporary female missionaries so on. This article aims to illuminate the life and work of Lillias Horton Underwood. In contrast to her huge achievements she has not been well-introduced by Korean Christianity. This is an attempt to commemorate her and her achievements. The role of Lillias Horton was not limited just to serving as a mother and a wife to Horace Grant Underwood. However she dedicated most of her life to supporting her husband"s project and son"s education. These efforts contributed a lot for the foundation of the further development of Korean Christianity in medical missions, education and church planting. In this article the author analyses the life and work of Lillias Horton primarily through her major books and to illustrate and systematize her work according to a threefold mission work; namely, health care, education and evangelism. This article is composed by five parts: first, the life and work of Lillias Horton Underwood; second, the mission of diversity in health care, evangelism, and education; third, her relationship with Empress Myungsung; fourth, the Christian thought of Lillias Horton Underwood; fifth, the issue of orientalism. This lays the ground for further research; for example analyzing her articles, letters and reports and exploring certain collaborations between the indigenous Korean women and American female missionaries, and making comparison with other contemporary female missionaries so on.

기독교 신학의 비주류 전통 다시보기: 생태여성신학의 함의

정미현 ( Meehyun Chung ) 한국조직신학회 2015 한국조직신학논총 Vol.41 No.-

In the Christian tradition, there were two kinds of streams: The mainline stream emphasizes the institutional authority of the church based on the sinfulness of the human being. But in this stream there was a lack of femininity and ecological sensitivity. Women, body and nature are negatively considered. The subline stream, on the contrary, has sensitivity to women, body and nature in organic relationships. For this paper, in order to reveal the hidden subcultures within Christian tradition, related to femininity-friendly, body-friendly and eco-friendly thoughts, I attempt to investigate Celtic spirituality, medieval mysticism and Moravian tradition. Pelagius, Hildegard of Bingen and Comenius are three major examples out of this tradition. In spite of different theological approaches about salvation, some commonalities can be evaluated positively. That means that a creation-centered spirituality, cosmic Christology, gender justice approach could be positively considered. These elements can be updated and applied for contemporary theological debate regarding eco-feminism. Facing the ecological crisis of the contemporary very urgently requires a paradigm shift. Repentance and metanoia based on humble self-reflection on human misery and the ecological crisis is necessary. Due to gratitude for salvation which is given to us as a gift through the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ we can break the bondage of an unjust chain. It could be recovered through a wholesome relationship between God, human and nature. It means to live with responsibility and a proper ethical manner. Eco-feminist theology thus corrects shady details of the Christian tradition, and explores how to erupt a creation centered spirituality in a Christian tradition. It could be combined with a creation centered inclusive idea of salvation. Today``s era requests us to reevaluate the Christian tradition and reestablishment of this tendency. It implies breaking andro-centric, individualistic and abstract ideas of salvation and to move toward creation-centered inclusive salvation, which is underscored in WCC document of 2013 as well.

츠빙글리와 재세례파의 교회와 국가에 대한 이해와 그 현대적 적용

정미현 ( Chung Meehyun ) 한국조직신학회 2021 한국조직신학논총 Vol.62 No.-

This article looks at the relationship between Zwingli's Reformation and Anabaptists in the 16th century in light of their respective positions and circumstances toward the church and the state. In terms of content and methodology, this paper is largely divided into two categories: first, an understanding of Zwingli and the Anabaptists, and second, a modern application of the reformed tradition. The first part can be organized in three directions. First, it examines the historical context of the Zwingli Reformation and the birth of the Anabaptists, second, it attempts to examine the positions of mainstream Zwingli and non-mainstream Anabaptists on the issue of infant baptism, and third, it elaborates the relationship between church and state. Methodologically, we will look at essential materials of Zwingli, representative documents of the Anabaptists and responses from Zwingli. Finally, we aim to maintain a healthy relationship between the church and the state. We will reflect on the content grafted to the Barmen confession by Karl Barth and its application to the current context. The Anabaptist leaders were originally colleagues and disciples of Zwingli, but seeing that the pace and method of his reform was moderate, they wanted more radical, speedy and responsive reform. Their radical separation of the state, Church and society led to the violation of the laws and regulations of the Zurich city authorities, and they were ultimately executed by public authority. Zwingli's assertion of self-righteous truths was by no means intolerant of the Anabaptists. However, the Zwingli mainstream's passion for truth has limitations that can be abused or distorted. It is difficult to generalize now about Anabaptists since they developed in various ways since that time. But in order to reflect on Zwingli's passion for truth and social reform through church reform, an understanding of Anabaptists and their relationship is indispensable. Mutual understanding and cooperation with the Anabaptists, who have continued a peaceful and eco-friendly way of life, will be more necessary in the twenty-first century where conflict and ecological destruction has grown.

캄보디아의 고등교육 현황과 발전과제 : 정보 제공 플랫폼 개발을 통한 학습기회 증진 모색

정미현(Meehyun Chung),박지원(Jiwon Park),최수용(Suyong Choi),김유희(Yuhee Kim),윤세미(Semee Yoon) 국제개발협력학회 2020 국제개발협력연구 Vol.12 No.4

연구목적: 본 연구는 현 캄보디아 고등교육 현황을 이해하고, 정보 공유 플랫폼 을 통한 고등교육 기회 확대에 기여하고자 한다. 연구의 중요성: ‘고등교육에 대한 정보 격차’가 고등교육의 기회를 불평등하 게 만드는 요인 중 하나로 판단하였고 이를 해결하게 위해 고등교육 정보 제공 플랫폼을 개발하고자 한다. 이를 통해 궁극적으로 고등교육에 대한 접근성을 높이는 데 기여하고, 고등교육에 대한 정보 격차를 해소하고 고등교육 기회의 불평등을 개선한다. 연구방법론: 본 연구는 문헌연구과 사례 분석을 통해 진행했다. 이를 위해 고등교육 접근성이 낮은 캄보디아를 선정하였고, 관련 면담과 설문자료를 활용 했다. 연구결과: 본 연구에서는 고등교육의 필요성, 장학금 제도, 시설 제원 제도, 도시생활, 전공, 진로설계등에관한내용을다루는플랫폼개발을위한프레 임워크를 제시한다. 현지 기반 연구에 의하면 캄보디아 고등교육 접근성에 있 어서 성별에 따른 불평등 보다는 경제적 여건과 지역간 차이가 더 심각한 문제 로 거론되었다. 결론 및 시사점: 현지에서 졸업생, 재학생, 고등학교 졸업생을 대상으로 연구 한 결과, 효과적인 정보 전달 플랫폼이 유용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 사용자들 의 필요를 충분히 경청함으로써, 다양한 정보를 통합한 접근하기 쉬운 플랫폼 에적합한요소를파악할수있었다. 이를기반으로한플랫폼은학생들이서로 정보를 공유하는 요소를 포함함으로써 캄보디아의 ‘모든 사람을 대상으로 포용 적이며 잘 높은 교육을 보장하고 평생 동안의 학습을 장려’하는 것을 목적으로 하는 지속가능발전목표 4번째 목표인 양질의 교육(Quality Education) 달성에 기여하고자 한다. Purpose: This project aims to promote equality in higher education through facilitation of information sharing in Cambodia. Originality: Although the importance of higher education has been emphasized all over the world as a driving force of economic development, higher education in Cambodia still needs improvement, as shown by the low take-up rate reported by UNESCO. Methodology: This study examines how to reduce inequality of opportunity and enhance accessibility in higher education in Cambodia through mixed methods approach, using both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Result: Therefore, this paper provides a framework for the development of an online information-sharing platform about higher education and ultimately to contribute to the achievement of 4th Sustainable Development Goal on Quality Education. Survey results indicate that respondents perceived regional inequality in higher education to be more serious than gender inequality. The economic burden was another obstacle that hinders pursuing higher education. Conclusions and Implication: The development of an accessible information-sharing platform to address the inequality of opportunity in higher education was shown to have potential to reduce lack of information caused by geographical and economic factors. An integrative platform will be developed to contain information about scholarship programs, majors, related career paths, and living facilities. This study provides background user analysis research to empathize deeply with users, rather than focusing on just the solution delivery. Going forward, the platform may be the main element of a virtuous reinforcing feedback loop, through which students themselves share information with others within the platform.

에라스무스의 시각으로 본 결혼에 대하여

정미현(Meehyun Chung) 한국기독교학회 2015 한국기독교신학논총 Vol.98 No.-

기독교 인문주의자 에라스무스(1466/1468??1536)는 신학적으로 가톨릭과 개신교 사이의 중간 지점에 위치하여 있는 사상가로서, 그는 혁명보다 오히려 변화를 불어넣고 싶어했던 인물이었다. 지금까지의 에라스무스에 대한 연구는 그의 생애, 사역과 특별히 자유의지론을 중심으로 한 그의 신학 사상에 집중되어 있었다. 여성과 결혼에 대한 그의 사상은 당시 인문주의와 종교개혁의 과도기에 굉장히 중요한 가치를 지니고 있었으나, 지금까지의 국내 학술 연구에서 크게 주목받지 못했었다. 이것이 본 논문의 출발점이다. 따라서 본 논문은 결혼에 대한 그의 사상의 내용과 의미를 검토하기 위한 목적을 지녔다. 먼저 결혼에 대한 에라스무스의 일반적인 생각을 고찰하고, 이 주제와 관련하여 구체적으로 그의 저서에 드러난 내용을 살펴보고자 한다. 세부적으로는 그의 주요 저서 가운데에서 우신예찬, 결혼예찬, 결혼에 대한 대화집, 결혼관 등을 검토하였다. 그는 르네상스와 종교개혁의 과도기에 근대를 향한 새로운 시대사조를 열어주었고, 이 주제에 관한 새로운 통찰과 인식을 하도록 도왔다. 에라스무스는 또한 중세 가톨릭교회와 성직자들의 성적인 타락과 중세기적 수도원주의의 문제에 대한 비판도 주저하지 않았다. 그에게도 여전히 여성, 젠더, 결혼에 대한 몇 가지 시대적 한계와 진부함이 보인다. 그렇지만 그는 결혼, 독신 문제와 성에 대한 성찰을 할 수 있도록 새로운 신학적 통찰력의 내용을 제시하였으며, 구체적인 변화를 가져올 수 있도록 이끌었다. 그것은 사람들과 문화의 내용과 생각을 바꾸도록 해주는 선구적인 시도였다. 그의 인문주의적 정신과 태도는 이러한 새로운 차원의 내용을 받아들이고 열어줄 수 있게 도왔다. 에라스무스는 사회변혁보다는 변화를 가져온 사람이라고 불리지만 그럼에도 불구하고 금욕주의 전통에 대한 그의 사상이나 결혼, 이혼과 연관된 성서 해석에서 상황적, 해석학적으로 새로운 주석의 방법을 시도하였고, 관습과 가톨릭적 전통에 얽매이지 않았다. 따라서 몇 가지 시대적 한계를 보인다고 할지라도 그의 사상은 여성의 권리, 여성의 권익 보호와 문화적 변화를 가져올 수 있는 통찰력을 전해주는 시도였다. 이러한 기초 연구를 바탕으로 향후 기독교 인문주의자들과 종교개혁가들의 결혼관에 대한 비교 연구나, 에라스무스의 사상에 영향을 받은 문학작품들 사이의 비교연구가 시도될 수 있고, 더욱 면밀하게 고찰될 수 있겠다. While the Christian humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466/1468??1536) took an intermediate position between the Catholic and Protestant ones, he wanted to bring about change, rather than revolution. Although many previous studies elaborated on his work and life, his view and thought on women and marriage has been largely unreflected in academic research in Korea. That is the entry?point for this article. This article proposes to investigate the content and meaning of his thought regarding marriage. In this paper, the author illuminates his thoughts regarding this subject in general, examine and evaluate the contents of his writings in particular. Concretely his thoughts can be found in texts such as the Praise of Folly, the Praise of Marriage, his so?called “matrimonial colloquies,” the Institution of Christian Matrimony and so forth. He achieved in the transition period of the Renaissance and the Reformation era toward modernity the beginning of anew stream and brought new insight and perception into this issue. He was not hesitant to make critical comments toward the late medieval Catholic Church and the sexual corruption of clergy and life in the monastery in general. He even showed several cliches regarding women, issues of gender and marriage. He opened up the new insights into theology of marriage, celibacy and sexuality in Christianity. It was a rather pioneering attempt to bring certain changes of content and thought to people and culture. His humanistic spirit and behavior made it possible to accept and to open up this new dimension. Erasmus was called a person who brings about change rather than social reformation. Nevertheless Erasmus had reviewed the ascetic tradition of Christianity and the Bible verses regarding marriage including divorce. He opened up the way for situational and hermeneutic analysis and to tried to find out the true meaning of marriage instead being of stuck on old customs and catholic tradition. He even showed some limits of his times, but his ideas have given insight into the rights of women, protection of women and he started certain cultural changes. Based on this study, further comparisons among Christian humanists and reformers regarding issues of marriage and comparison of literature which are affected by his thought could be made and intensified.

릴리어스 호튼 언더우드의 선교 사역과 여성의식

정미현 ( Meehyun Chung ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2015 동방학지 Vol.171 No.-

This paper was written to investigate the issue of women``s consciousness and women``s rights as seen by Lillias Horton Underwood (1851-1921). To this end, it considers her major books, articles, reports, and letters. The article provides an example of how a 19th-century American Caucasian woman carried out her mission and combined her awareness of gender justice with her various missionary endeavors. It critiques some of her attitudes from a post-colonial point of view, and also analyzes them in a neutral way. Underwood fought for the rights of female missionaries and the recognition of their work. She was neither an imperialistic superior charity-giver to poor Koreans, nor a deliverer of Western Christian culture upholding the American supremacy of humanitarian help. She showed her sisterhood in her solidarity with the activities of Korean women. While serving, she was impressed and inspired by the courage of devout women in Korea. She was also the beneficiary of their various experiences. There has been a certain lack of progress in women``s liberation related to national independence, and a lack of a systematized women``s liberation movement. It is our responsibility to develop gender justice in her footsteps. This study offers further detailed research; for example, by analyzing her works in comparison with those of other contemporary female missionaries, exploring her collaborations with indigenous Bible-Women, and so forth.

용병제도를 통해 본 츠빙글리 종교개혁의 사회 경제적 배경

정미현 ( Meehyun Chung ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2015 유럽사회문화 Vol.0 No.15

This paper was written for the purpose of investigating the issue of mercenary as seen by Huldrich Zwingli. This article examines the Swiss situation in the Reformation as a background for understanding view Zwingli as a reformer. The Reformation was fully aware of the problem of human oppression and economic exploitation. Zwingli began the Reformation in 16th century in Zurich, Switzerland, by witnessing the reality of young people being paid to fight in wars as troops who belong to different foreign countries and kill each other. He observed the devastation and the immorality of war while he accompanied soldiers as a priest. He realised the corruption of payments for mercenaries and criticized the unjust economic structure of the Swiss Confederation which depended on foreign forces. It promoted the vicious circle of poverty rather than economic growth. Based on this collective responsibility he attempted to combine social structural reforms and religious reforms based on the lines of ethics and communal goodness. Speaking with a nationalistic perspective, he urged informing ordinary people about the reality of the problem and kept criticizing corrupt church leaders and the minority ruling class who promoted this system of mercenaries and pension. He tried to get people to listen to the Word of God humbly and to restore sacred labor for sustainability. The structure and content of the paper is organized as follows: First, it introduces the mercenary system with a focus on the situation, context and the emergence of Zurich and Bern. Secondly, it examines fasting rules of the Catholic church and criticizes the hypocrisy of the Catholic church. Thirdly, it investigates two major documents of Zwingli which are directly related to the problem of mercenaries. Swiss people adapted positive values out of this negative historical event and experience and created diplomatic neutrality for a foreign policy. And also they used and promoted faithfulness as a national-image of Switzerland. How Zwingli`s thought is interpreted as a comparative study in the Catholic point of view and how the Catholic theologians evaluate the mercenaries might be a subject for further research.

Mission Work of Lillias Horton Underwood and Orientalism

Meehyun Chung(정미현) 장로회신학대학교 세계선교연구원 2017 선교와 신학 Vol.42 No.-

본 논문은 한국 최초 미국 여성 의료 선교사였던 릴리어스 호튼 언더우드(1851-1921)의 저술과 활동을 후기 식민지주의적 담론에 붙이고 어느 정도 미국 우월주의적 시각의 관점이 있는지 중립적 시각을 견지하여 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 선교활동에 대한 연구는 여전히 남성 중심적이다. 따라서 전문 여성인력으로서 릴리어스 호튼 언더우드의 다중적 선교사역을 중심으로 살펴본다는 것 자체가 중요하다. 본 논문은 크게 두 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 첫 부분은 릴리어스 호튼 언더우드의 생애와 사역이고 두번째 부분은 그녀의 저작에 어느 정도 오리엔탈리즘의 관점이 들어 있는지 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위한 방법으로 릴리어스 호튼 언더우드의 주요 저서와 글들, 미국 북장로교회 선교본부에 보냈던 편지와 보고서 등을 연대기적 순서를 따르지 않고 주제에 따라 임의로 선택하여 살펴보고자 한다. 그녀와 동시대에 활동했던 여성선교사들과 한국인 여성 조력자들에 관련된 비교 연구는 향후 연구과제로 남겨둔다. This paper examines the work of Lillias Horton Underwood (1851-1921), a US medical missionary in Korea, from the perspective of American supremacy for placing her writings on mission into postcolonial discourse and evaluating them in a neutral way. Research on mission work is still male dominated. Thus, it places Lillias Horton in the foreground as a professional female missionary who achieved comprehensive work in her missionary undertakings. It comprises two major parts: first, her life and work’s introduction, and, second, her major writings elaborated from the orientalistic perspective. Methodologically, it examines Lillias Horton’s major books and writings, including letters and reports to the Board of Foreign Mission of the Presbyterian Church in the US as random selections without considering chronological progress of her work. It conducts further research, including a comparison with other contemporary female missionaries or authors and collaboration with native women.

“제 1의 종교개혁”운동 이탈리아 왈도파의 발전과정과 그 의의

정미현 ( Chung Meehyun ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2016 유럽사회문화 Vol.0 No.17

In the history of Christianity there were many kinds of forerunners of reformation. One of example was the Waldensian Movement in Italy which could be considered as "The First Reformation". They were faithful Christians in the Medieval ages who were focussed on gospel, struggling against material and spiritual corruption of the established Roman Catholic Church. Even though they were accused of heresy and suffered under harsh persecution they never gave up their sincerity of faith and practice of love as a Christian ethic in Italy where Catholic Church dominated with an absolute majority. This article shows that the Waldensian Movement is today working as dialectical ecumenical movement. This article deals with the development of the Waldensian movement and seeks for its implications. This article is composed in three parts:1. Eruption and early formation of the Waldensian movement in comparison with St. Francis, 2. Persecution and development of the Waldensians and the contents of their confession, 3. Recognition of the Waldensians and the current mission of the Waldensian community for social outreach. This example shows how the term of heretic was misused in Christian history. Prior to judging another, self-reflection and self-criticism of the established Church is very much needed. To reform the established church is very much required than ever before in Korea. The Waldensian case shows us the transformation of the reformed oriented Christian community in spite of their numbers. The case of the Waldensians who served as a creative minority will help us to find a way for the renewal of our contemporary Church and society in a constructive way.

기본소득 담론에 대한 생태여성신학적 접근

정미현(Chung, Meehyun) 서강대학교 생명문화연구소 2021 생명연구 Vol.61 No.-

2021년 현재 우리 사회에는 기본소득 도입의 당위성, 타당성, 효율성에 대한 다양한 논의가 이어지고 있다. 21세기 한국교회를 위하여 기본소득 담론을 생태여성신학과 연계하여 고찰하며 공유부 가운데 특히 탄소세 도입의 타당성을 점검하고자 하는 이 논문은 세 부분으로 구성되었다. 첫째로 기본소득과 공유부 이론의 의미를 기독교적 관점에서 재구성하고자 한다. 둘째로 생태 여성신학과 기본소득 재원 마련의 한 축을 이루는 공유부 이론의 상관관계를 밝히기 위하여 생태여성신학을 주도하는 지구 북반구와 남반구의 대표적 여성신학자의 이론을 소개하고자 한다. 셋째로 기본소득 담론이 이상적 차원에 머물지 않도록 공유부 이론이 구체화된 탄소세 도입의 사례와 의미를 소개하며 생태여성신학적 측면에서 긍정하고자 한다. 요약하면 생태여성신학적 논의는 경제정의의 측면에서 기본소득 담론과 그 재원 마련의 한 방법으로 부각된 공유부 이론과 연결될 수 있다고 보겠다. 인간 중심적 구원론 이해에 머무르는 종래의 신학적 담론을 교정하며 생태여성신학은 전 우주적 구원의 지평을 보게 한다. 그래서 온 피조물의 상호 연관성, 내적 의존성에 관심을 두어 하나님, 인간과 자연과의 관계성 회복에 중점을 둔다. 공유부 이론의 한 축으로써 탄소세의 법제화와 도입은 이러한 생태 감수성을 육화시키는 제도이므로 생태여성신학적 시각에서도 뒷받침 될 수 있겠다. As of 2021, discussions continue over the justification, validity, and efficiency of introducing basic income continue in our society. This thesis, which aims to examine and get closer to a discussion of basic income and common wealth in terms of eco feminism for Korean churches in the twenty-first century, is composed of three parts. First, I reconstruct the theory of basic income and commonwealth from a Christian perspective. Secondly, in order to reveal the correlation between ecofeminist theology and the theory of commonwealth that forms an axis of funding for basic income, I introduce the theories of two leading female theologians in the northern and southern hemispheres. And thirdly, in order to prevent the discourse on basic income from remaining at the level of ideas, I propose introducing a carbon tax in terms of commonwealth and explore its legitimacy from a perspective of Ecofeminist theology. In summary, I claim that the ecofeminist theology discourse can be combined with the theory of commonwealth, which has emerged as a perspective of economic justice and a method of financing basic income. This essay remedies the conventional theological discourse that stays within the understanding of anthropocentric soteriology. Ecofeminist theology allows us to see the horizon of universal salvation by focusing on restoring the relationship between God, humans and nature by paying attention to the interrelationship and inner dependence of all creation. The legalization and introduction of a carbon tax as an axis of the theory of the commonwealth instills this ecological sensibility and can therefore be supported and grounded within a perspective of Ecofeminist theology.