「영어: 영국의 국가 교육과정」에 대하여

임지룡 ( Ji Ryong Lim ) 한국어교육학회 2002 국어교육 Vol.- No.108

` 기쁨 ` 과 ` 슬픔 ` 의 개념화 양상

임지룡(Ji Ryong Lim) 국어학회 2001 국어학 Vol.37 No.-

이 글은 인지언어학의 체험주의 관점에서 사람의 기본 감정에 속하는 `기쁨`과 `슬픔`의 개념화 양상을 규명한 것이다. 이를 위해서 신체화 및 일상적 체험에 관한 `기쁨`과 `슬픔`의 언어 자료를 중심으로 환유 및 은유적 양상을 분석하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 `기쁨`과 `슬픔`의 언어적 대립 양상을 검토하고 언중의 심상 측정을 통해 언어적 대립 양상의 심리적 타당성을 검증하였다. 이 과정에서 `기쁨`과 `슬픔`에 관한 언어 표현의 구조와 의미는 자의적인 관계에 있는 것이 아니라, 신체의 생리적 체험 및 정신의 심리적 반응과 긴밀히 동기화되어 있음을 밝혔다.

원형이론과 의미의 범주화

임지룡 ( Ji Ryong Lim ) 국어학회 1993 국어학 Vol.23 No.-

20세기의 국어 어휘와 어휘연구

임지룡(Lim Ji-Ryong) 국어국문학회 2009 국어국문학 Vol.- No.152

Taking as its basis a survey of the 20th century Korean lexicon, this paper explores its lexical properties through examination of its lexical character, its extralinguistic background and various lexical aspects, and provides an overview of important achievements in lexical studies through the construction and arrangement of lexical data and through the examination of lexical studies. The major results are as follows: First, three main properties of the 20th century Korean lexicon were found: (1) Although it consists of native words, Chinese words, and foreign words from the West, native words are conspicuous for the motivation process of forming words, and highly developed in terms of symbolic words and sense words. (2) Changes in politics and social structures in the 20th century are reflected both directly and indirectly in the Korean lexicon. (3) Complex aspects have appeared due to the expansion of the lexicon, the mass production of new words including foreign words, differentiation between North Korea and South Korea and between old and young generations, and the appearance of an Internet vocabulary in the lexicon of young generations. Second, three significant achievements in 20th century studies on the Korean lexicon were identified: (1) Following on the construction of a lexical database, standard words were established, dictionaries were written, frequencies of words were examined, and basic words were chosen. (2) The government and various civil organizations have focused on lexical purification, with satisfactory results. (3) Books on lexicology and lexical history were published, research on lexical fields and lexical relations was activated and methodologies for lexical education were explored. Lastly, the 20th century Korean lexicon evolved complex and diverse features in response to the demands of the times. On the one hand, lexical studies during this time showed great development and produced significant results, both in quantity and quality. On the other hand, problems continued to exist in areas such as: (ⅰ) limitations in awareness of the importance of the lexicon; (ⅱ) objectives, targets and methodologies of lexical studies; and (ⅲ) lack of research scholars in this field. These problems remain to be addressed by the 21st Korean lexicon.

감정의 그릇 영상 도식적 양상과 의미특성

임지룡(Lim Ji-Ryong) 국어학회 2010 국어학 Vol.0 No.57

이 글은 인지언어학적 관점에서 소설 텍스트의 감정 말뭉치(NECK)를 대상으로 8가지 기본 감정의 그릇 영상 도식적 작용 양상을 탐색하고 그 의미특성을 밝힌 것으로, 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘그릇 속의 액체’에 기초한 8가지 기본 감정 표현에는 56개의 서술어가 141회 사용되었다. 둘째, 감정의 그릇 영상 도식은 그릇 속에서 액체의 ‘담김 → 가열 → 솟아 넘침→ 폭발 → 평정’의 5단계 시나리오로 전개된다. 그 중 ‘미움, 슬픔, 기쁨’이 감정 시나리오의 가장 원형적 사례이며, ‘화’는 ‘넘침’의 과정이, ‘두려움, 긴장’은 ‘가열’의 과정이, ‘사랑’은 ‘폭발’의 과정이, ‘부끄러움’은 ‘솟아 넘침ㆍ폭발ㆍ평정’의 과정이 각각 결여되어 있다. 셋째, 이러한 유형별 감정 시나리오의 실행 정도는 자의적 현상이 아니라 동기화되어 있다. The purpose of this study is to explore the container image-schematic working aspects of eight basic emotions and to reveal their semantic properties based on the corpus of emotions in the texts of modern Korean novels, from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The results of this study fall into three main categories. First, 56 predicates are used a total of 141 times to express the eight basic emotions using the metaphor of liquid in a container. Second, these container image schemas of emotions are developed in a five-phase sequence: ‘being filled → heating → overflowing → exploding → calming’. The prototypical instances of this emotional scenario are ‘hatred’, ‘sadness’ and ‘joy’. ‘Anger’, on the other hand, lacks the phase of overflowing, ‘fear’ and ‘tension’ lack the phase of heating, ‘love’ lacks the phase of exploding, and ‘shyness’ lacks the phases of overflowing, exploding, and calming. Third, the performing degree of each emotional scenario is not random but motivated.

The Grammar Discourse Relationship of Korean, German, and English

임지룡(Ji Ryong Lim),김영순(Young Soon Kim) 국제한국어교육학회 1999 한국어 교육 Vol.10 No.2

해석 작용의 양상과 의미 특성 - 담화 층위를 중심으로 -

임지룡(Ji-Ryong Lim) 한국중원언어학회 2020 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.55

This paper explores aspects and semantic properties of construal operations at the discourse level. Findings are as follows: First, construal refers to the choice of conceptualizers that grasp a situation in an alternative way and express it in a language. Second, linguistic construals are part of the cognition process and are similar to the conceptualization of visual perception. Third, construal operations at the discourse level are activated in aspects, such as ‘salience’, ‘roundaboutness’, ‘efficiency’, ‘viewpoint’, and ‘consideration’. Fourth, ‘salience’ refers to a speaker’s cognitive tendency and subjectivity. ‘Roundaboutness’ is a strategy that considers speakers and listeners for the situation. ‘Efficiency’ refers to the economical efficiency of the description of a situation and is related to the maxim of quantity. ‘Viewpoint’ refers to the speaker’s perspective of a situation and is divided into a multiple viewpoint and an opposite viewpoint. ‘Consideration’ is a strategy that develops the situation from the speaker’s viewing arrangement. Fifth, construal operations at the discourse level are more abundant and dynamic than those at the lexical and sentential levels. And ‘language’, ‘meaning’, and ‘construal’ are closely connected.

한·중 언어를 통해 바라본 분류사의 의미 특성

임지룡(Lim, Ji-Ryong),리우팡(Fang Liu) 언어과학회 2017 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.80

The aim of this study is to analyze the semantic characteristics of classifiers through Korean and Chinese. The semantic characteristics of classifiers are investigated from two aspects: semantic categories and categorization aspects. In brief, classifiers of a language generally have a good orderly semantic category system and many of them can present dynamic categorization aspects. Classifiers of different languages can have generally corresponding semantic category systems and largely similar categorization aspects. The detailed semantic aspects of classifiers in different languages always are different. From the perspective of cognitive linguistics, the commonalities are seen to derive from common natural and cultural experiences, along with the cognitive abilities shared by all human beings. The peculiarities on the other hand, emanate from differences in cognitive tendencies and cultural experiences.

`두려움`의 문화적 변이 양상

임지룡(Lim, Ji-Ryong) 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.74

The purpose of this paper is to reveal semantic characteristics of `fear` according to cultural variations, from the perspective of Cognitive Corpus-based Contrastive Approaches. The results are as follows: First, five of the cultures considered show many commonalities in physiological metonymy, in terms of bodily experience, while there are also peculiarities, due to socio-cultural contexts. The Chinese, English, and Korean language are detailed in physiological responses. Second, seven cultures show more peculiarities than commonalities in the source domains of conceptual metaphors of `fear`. This is due to the difference of cultural backgrounds or cognitive beliefs. Chinese, English, and Korean have a variety of source domains and the working of conceptual metaphors are very active. Third, the cognitive models of the scenario of `fear` in four cultures reveal cultural characteristics. The `fright model` is universal, while the `fight model` appears both in Polish and Korean. The `frozen model` appears only in Korean. In conclusion, Korean culture shows evidence of conforming to a dynamic cognitive model.

감각어의 의미 확장 양상과 특성

임지룡(Lim, Ji-ryong) 국어교육학회 2017 국어교육연구 Vol.63 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to explore the aspects and properties of semantic extension of sense words on the basis of embodiment. The results are as follows. First, sense words encompass sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell as basic channels of human cognition. They consist of sense verbs and adjectives relating to body part nouns of sense organs such as ‘eye, ear, skin, tongue, and nose’. Second, the prototypical meaning of sense words is a verb or an adjective used primarily as an expression about the five senses. Extended meanings are subjective, metaphorical, psychological, and abstractive, related to the worlds of sentiment, mind, thought and judgment. In this case, semantic extension is based on embodiment, and its main mechanism is conceptual metaphor. Third, the activation degree of sense verbs and adjectives with extended meanings is ‘sight〉hearing〉touch〉taste〉smell’. This is motivated by the importance and sensitiveness of sense organs. In particular, the sight verb ‘boda’ has superiority in that its frequency is highest among the sense verbs, as is the number of its kinds of semantic extension. Fourth, in the polysemous use of sense words, the frequency of the prototypical meaning is highest in ‘boda’, ‘matda’, ‘balgda’, ‘huida’, ‘geomda’, ‘bulgda’, ‘pureuda’, ‘sikkeureobda’, ‘ttatteushada’, ‘dalda’, ‘sseuda’, ‘jjada’, etc. The frequency of the extended meaning is highest in ‘deutta’, ‘neukkida’, etc. This reveals that the frequency of the prototypical meaning is not always higher than that of the extended meaning.