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이태화(Tae hwa Lee) 판소리학회 2022 판소리연구 Vol.53 No.-
이 글에서 문제 제기한 쟁점은 크게 세 가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 이동백의 판소리 스승으로 알려진 김정근과 김세종은 사실 이동백의 음악에 큰 영향을 주지 않았을 가능성이 높으며, 특히 김세종은 직접적인 스승이 아니었을 가능성도 있다. 둘째, 이동백 자신이 구술한 여러 기록에서 비합리적 정황이 자주 등장하는 이유는 자신과 인연이 닿은 당대의 권세가들을 강조하느라고 구체적인 시공간의 정보를 간과했기 때문이라 할 수 있다. 셋째, 통정대부라는 명예직을 제수받은 일은 이동백의 인생에서 중요한 계기가 되었고, 그로 인해 신분제에 대한 모순된 가치관이 드러나기도 했다. 정확한 정보가 아닐 수 있음에도 세상에 나오는 순간 일단 확정되는 설명들. 그리고 머지않아 후속 연구자들이 별 문제의식 없이 수용하게 될지도 모를 연도나 수치들. 게다가 증언이기 때문에 우선 신뢰해야 하는 구술들. 이미 당사자를 다시 만나 바로잡을 수 없게 된 그것들은, 해당 연구 영역에 새로 합류하는 연구자들에 의해 매번 일정한 재검토의 대상이 되어야 한다. 위대하거나 유명한 인물이라는 가치에 눌려 합당하지 않아 보이는 상황들을 간과해서는 안될 것이며, 그것을 적당히 미화하는 일은 더더욱 위험하다. 아직은 단순한 문제 제기에 지나지 않는 쟁점들을 후속 연구로 심화할 계획이나, 이 분야의 신뢰도 높은 자료가 드물다는 것을 알기에 막연한 염려가 앞선다. 음악적 비교 연구를 필자가 감당할 수 없는 점이 무엇보다 아쉽다. 유관 분야의 다른 전공 연구자들도 이 글의 문제 제기를 검토해 주기를 바란다. This article examines certain questions raised by reviewing the biography of Lee Dong-baek, which is often accepted without question because it was written based on his testimony. Lee Dong-baek enjoyed the greatest popularity among the Japanese colonial era's Pansori master singers, and there are very many related extant materials and sound sources. However, there are many differences in the contents of articles written based on interviews with Lee in his old age. Although this is often true of figures from an era when records were not thorough, in the case of Lee Dong-baek, most of the information is from Lee Dong-baek himself, which can indicate a more complex story. It is necessary to understand all the facts and point of interest properly separately, but when integrating them into secondary data, a willingness not to insist upon conclusive finality is needed. This is because the unconfirmed narrative information is confusing not only regarding him but also his colleagues' activities, and further hinders the organization of historical trends in this field. The issues raised in this article can be summarized into three main categories. First, it is highly likely that Kim Jeong-geun and Kim Se-jong, known as Lee Dong-baek’s Pansori teachers, did not have a significant influence on Lee Dong-baek's music, especially because, Kim Se-jong was not a direct teacher. Second, the reason why irrational circumstances often appear in various records dictated by Lee Dong-baek himself is that he overlooked specific times and time information to emphasize the powerful people of the time who had a relationship with him. Third, receiving the honorary position of the Tongjeongdaebu(通政大夫) was an important opportunity in Lee Dong-baek's life, and therefore, he revealed contradictory values about the status system. Explanations are often confirmed as soon as they appear in the world, even though they may not be accurate information, as well as the years and figures that subsequent researchers may soon accept without hesitation. Besides, because it is a testimony, the phrases must be trusted first. We are already unable to correct them because we cannot meet him again. They must be subject to constant review each time new researchers join the research area. We should not overlook situations in which the value of a great or famous person does not seem reasonable, and it is even more dangerous to glorify them properly. It plans to deepen issues that are still nothing more than simply raising problems in follow-up studies, but vague concerns precede knowing that reliable data in this field are scarce. Above all, it is regrettable that I cannot handle the comparative study of music. I hope other researchers in related fields will also consider raising the issues raised in this article.
이태화 ( Tae Hwa Lee ),이천준 ( Chun June Lee ),김흥열 ( Heung Yeol Kim ),김원규 ( Won Gue Kim ),김성한 ( Sung Han Kim ) 대한주산의학회 2008 Perinatology Vol.19 No.2
Down syndrome is a chromosome related desease that shows mental retardation, growth retardation and many other signs such as defects in the face, hands and skin. Down syndrome is very uncommon in dizygotic twins, especially in twins with different sex. This twin`s chromosomal analysis shows both twins with trisomy 21, but the parents` chromosomal analysis is normal. A 30 year old infertile woman who became pregnant via ICSI(intracytoplasmic sperm injection) has shown dizygotic twins with different sex to have Down syndrome and therefore it is being reported along with simple documents.
이태화(Lee Tae-hwa) 고려대학교 한국학연구소 2005 한국학연구 Vol.22 No.-
17세기 이후, 조선에서는 신분 및 직역상 중간에 속했던 중인들의 활동이 다방면에서 부각되기 시작하였다. 그 가운데에서도 왈자는 문화ㆍ예술에 관한 시정의 풍속을 매우 잘 보여주는 흥미로운 집단이다. 왈자는 당시의 중간계층을 곧장 이르는 명칭이 아니며, 특정한 직업이나 계층의 부류를 일컫는 말도 아니다. 다양한 계층의 시정인들이 일정한 공통적 성향을 바탕으로 형성한 집단이며 왈자라는 말은 바로 그 공통성을 상징하는 용어라 할 수 있다. 왈자 집단은 비교적 상층에 속하는 무반 관리에서부터 시정의 상인들에 이르기까지 매우 다양한 부류의 사람들로 구성되어 있었으며, 궁궐이 있고 물산의 유통이 활발했던 서울지역에서 특히 왕성하였던 집단이라 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 그들의 공통적인 성격 가운데 유흥적ㆍ폭력적 면모를 주로 살펴보았다. 왈자들의 이러한 성격은 권력에 밀착되어 일정한 위세를 부릴 수 있었던 그들의 사회적 위치나, 다양한 직책에 있었음에도 자주 무리를 이루어 놀음판을 즐길 수 있었던 등의 경제적 기반과 긴밀히 연결된 것이었다. 한편 왈자들은 후대로 올수록 그들 스스로 혹은 시정에서 막연히 지칭하던 협객 등의 이미지에는 적합하지 않은 집단으로 변한 것으로 보인다. 그러나 향락적이고 폭력적인 성향이 점차 커졌음에도 그들이 여전히 조선 후기의 문화ㆍ예술을 주도했던 세력이었으리란 짐작에는 변함이 없다. 앞으로 더욱 다양한 시각으로 왈자 집단의 행적과 성격을 살펴야 할 것이다. Since 17th century, group of Jung-in(中人, people of middle class) in Joseon Dynasty started to be prominent in various social fields. Wal-Ja(曰者) among them was a very interesting group representing popular customs of its society about the culture and art of urban areas(市井). Wal-ja was neither a word directly referring to middle class nor a name for a specific group of a certain occupation or a status. It could mean a group of various urban people formed by their sharing traits and could be regarded as a symbolic word for their commonness. A group of Wal-Ja was constituted of many different kinds of people ranging from the military nobility with a relatively high-rank to the merchants of a market and it was especially prosperous in Seoul with the loyal palace where the circulation market was active. In this paper, we generally looked through their merrymaking and violent characteristics in their commonness. This characteristic of Wal-ja was deeply related to their economic basis as well as their social status. This was why they could command influential power backed by powerful people and in spite of different groups, they could get along with each other, frequently gathering together and playing around. On the other hand, as time went on, the notion of Wal-ja had been changed to the image of a chivalrous person(俠客) in the past. Though their pleasuring and violent natures grew greater, they must have been important features in leading and developing the culture and art of late Joseon Dynasty period. We need to do more research about Wal-ja's achievements and characteristics from various points of view.
20세기 초 판소리 공연 환경의 변동과 서민 향수층의 행방
이태화 ( Lee Tae-hwa ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2019 민족문학사연구 Vol.69 No.-
Changes in the performance environment do not simply mean the movement of places, but also the expansion of possible space. Similarly, the audience for the performance does not fluctuate, but rather becomes wider and thicker. However, the unique characteristics of Pansori performance culture have changed depending on which space or audience influence more, and most of the discussions on Pansori history have also focused on the traces related to it. However, the Pansori audience needs to discuss the issue with a two-way approach. Those from the king to the middle class who can invite artists with a certain amount of remuneration can be called the Leading audience. On the other hand, people below the working class who listen to rumors and go around looking for performances are a Follow-up audience. Of course, the latter will be much larger, and they will be the foundation of the Pansori audience, a folk art. However, in records prior to the 20th century, the onlookers exist, but rarely are described in detail. This is the same in the early 20th century, when newspapers and magazines began to be published commercially. In this paper, I put the Hyeopryulsa(協律社)’s Huidae(戱臺) of the 1900s and the Gwangmudae(光武臺) of the 1910s at the center of the discussion, and looked at the appearance of plebeian audience of Pansori. As a result of the review, it was difficult to find concrete aspects of the city’s ordinary citizens enjoying traditional entertainment, including Pansori, because the theater was largely established as a cultural space for members of the upper class society. It could be because the recorders at that time did not pay much attention to the area, or because there were not many notable specialties in reality. In the 1910s, the business of the theater, which was aimed at a large number of urban residents, began to take full swing. However, this was also a time when Pansori secularization was active. In other words, theater culture as a whole has become the center of popular culture, but the Pansori or old drama that is carried on in it has entered into a recession that will accelerate in the future, along with the damage to its traditional character. When we agree with the reality that Pansori has become a heritage to protect, not a performance to visit and enjoy, the beginning of such a change came from the threshold of the theater in front of the audience. In the early part of the 20th century, when the tide of modernization was rapidly rising, Pansori chose secularization to cope with new and curious attractions, thereby reducing the chance for ordinary people to appreciate traditional pansori.
이태화(Lee, Tae Hwa) 한국구비문학회 2020 口碑文學硏究 Vol.0 No.59
본고의 문제의식은 판소리를 전공하는 대학생들이 학교 안팎에서 각각의 스승을 사사하는 상황에 관한 인식을 확인하려는 데에서 출발했다. 그러나 스승에 의한 구속력이 거의 사라진 현대 판소리계의 분위기 안에서, 적극적으로 다양한 배움을 추구하게 된 지금의 학생들에게 학교 안팎의 스승을 구분하는 것은 중요한 문제가 아니었다. 그보다는 재학 중의 교육체계가 학습 의지를 충족시키지 못하거나 졸업 후를 대비한 실전 감각을 충분히 키워 주기 어려운 데에서 오는 불안감이 예상보다 매우 크게 포착되었다. 영남권 학생들의 가장 큰 고충은 일주일에 1시간 내외로 수강하는 판소리 전공실기 이외에는 판소리 관련 강의를 거의 접할 수 없다는 점이다. 공통필수에 해당하는 음악 이론 강의들을 제외하면, 전공 학점을 채우기 위해 타 전공의 강의들을 비자발적으로 수강하는 실정이다. 대체로 기악 전공의 관현악 관련 강의들에 참여하는데, 이 문제는 판소리 전임교수의 지도 아래 다양한 강의를 실험적으로 운용하는 소수의 대학교를 제외하면 전국 대부분의 학교에서 공통적으로 겪는 고충이다. 호남권 대학교의 판소리 교육은 기본적인 여건에서 영남권과 뚜렷이 구분된다. 전통음악 공연을 위한 시설과 단체 등의 인프라가 잘 구축되어 있고, 무엇보다 학교 안팎에서 인연 맺을 수 있는 스승의 풀이 넓다. 그러나 판소리 전공 전임교수를 보유한 전남대를 제외하면 또 사정이 다르다. 그럼에도 판소리 전공생이 정기 연주회나 창극 공연에 참여하는 점에서는 영남권에 비해 좋은 환경을 갖추고 있다. 수도권 학교들의 상황을 통해서는 학생들의 연주회 참여가 학업 성취도에 큰 영향을 끼친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 영남권 학교들과 달리 수도권 학교들에서는 전임교수가 없어도 학과의 정기 연주회에 참여하는데, 그것이 커리큘럼과 자연스럽게 연계되는가의 여부에 따라 만족도의 차이가 드러났다. 인터뷰 결과를 분석한 결과, 쟁점은 해묵은 문제들을 다시 주목하는 데에 이르렀다. 제보자들은 공통적으로 창극이나 창작 학습이 커리큘럼에 포함되기를 원했다. 따라서 판소리 전공 전임교수와 판소리 전문 교육기관의 필요성을 재검토해야 했고, 판소리를 교육함에 있어서 창극 교육의 비중을 어떻게 인식해야 하는가의 문제도 좀 더 현실적으로 검토해야 했다. 이 문제를 풀어 나가기 위해서는, 진로를 고민하는 학생들의 불안감과 요구를 학교 안팎의 시스템에 반영하는 것이 무엇보다도 먼저 고려되어야 한다. This study’s critical approach began by identifying students majoring in Pansori, both inside and outside university, and studying their respective teachers. However, for current students, who actively sought diverse learning, it was not important to distinguish teachers inside and outside the university. In the atmosphere of the modern Pansori field, the binding force of teachers has almost disappeared. Rather, students were found to experience more anxiety than expected because the educational system during university did not meet the will to learn or it was difficult to have a good sense of practice in preparation for after graduation. The greatest problem for students in the Yeongnam region is that they have little access to Pansori-related lectures other than Pansori major practice, which lasts about an hour a week. Except for the music theory classes that must be taken, other majors are involuntarily taking classes to obtain their major credits. Generally, they participate in orchestral lectures in instrumental majors, which is a common grievance in most universities across the country. Only a handful of universities experimentally operate various lectures under the guidance of a full-time professor of Pansori. Pansori education at universities in the Honam region is clearly distinguished from the Yeongnam region under basic conditions. The facilities and organizations for traditional music performances are well established and there is a wide pool of teachers who can connect inside and outside the university. Except for Chonnam National University, which has a full-time professor of Pansori, the situation is different. Nevertheless, students majoring in Pansori participate in regular concerts and Changgeuk performances, which is a better environment than those in the Yeongnam region. The situation at universities in the Seoul metropolitan area confirmed that students participation in concerts had a significant impact on their academic performance. Unlike universities in the Yeongnam region, those in the metropolitan area participate in regular concerts of departments without full-time professors, and the difference in satisfaction was revealed depending on whether they were closely linked to the curriculum. An analysis of the interview results revealed the issue of re-attaching old problems. In common, informants wanted Changgeuk or creative learning to be included in the curriculum. Therefore, the need for a full-time professor and an educational institution specializing in Pansori had to be reviewed, and the question of how to recognize the weight of Changgeuk education in providing education on Pansori had to be more realistic. To solve this problem, reflecting the anxiety and needs of students agonizing over their careers in the university s education system and public support system should be considered a priority.