Hybridizing Genres and Cultural Ambivalence in Chang-rae Lee`s Native Speaker

이정화 ( Jung Hwa Lee ) 한국영미문화학회 2009 영미문화 Vol.9 No.3

This essay examines the thematic continuum between Chang-rae Lee`s reworking of generic conventions of the bildungsroman and the spy novel in Native Speaker. Reading Native Speaker as a novel not only about Asian American inclusion but also about Asian American authoring, I posit that Lee courts the mainstream American reading public by tactfully mixing conventions of the bildungsroman and the spy novel. Appropriating the two genres, Lee enacts a literary equivalent of John Kwang`s political project that privileges heterogeneity and hybridity. The bildungsroman, a representative Asian American literary expression, has tended to articulate Asian American integration into the nation, often subscribing to the `model minority` myth. Native Speaker uses a major staple of the bildungsroman by following how Henry makes sense of his childhood to construct a public identity. Unlike conventional bildungsromans, however, Lee presents Henry`s coming-to-terms with society as something to be undone rather than something to be accomplished by the end of the novel. Native Speaker problematizes successful cultural bildung by describing Henry`s spying as a function of his successful American education. Lee exploits the familiar trope of the inscrutable Asian spy by casting a Korean American spy as his protagonist, but he complicates the old association between the Asian spy and the `yellow peril`; Distinguishing Henry from stereotypical Asian agents as well as conventional spies, Lee opposes the logic behind the `yellow peril` in favor of a principle of hybridity. Appropriating as well as disrupting cultural expectations of Asian Americans and the literary conventions that code such expectations, Lee suggests "a double articulation" (in the Bhabhaian sense) as a viable strategy for Asian American authorship.

A case of lung abscess caused by Burkholderia cepacia in healthy child

이정화,이소희,홍성진,최영철,황은구,Lee, Jung Hwa,Lee, So Hee,Hong, Seong Jin,Choi, Young Chil,Hwang, Eun Gu The Korean Pediatric Society 2007 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.50 No.1

B. cepacia는 그람 음성 호기성 세균으로서 주로 면역 기능 저하 환자들에서 기회 감염의 중요한 원인균으로 알려져 있다. 이 세균은 매우 병원성이 강하여 침습적인 괴사성 감염을 일으키며 사망에까지 이르게 할 수 있다. B. cepacia는 여러 항생제에 높은 저항성을 보이므로 한 가지 항생제의 단독 요법보다는 여러 항생제의 병용용법을 사용해야 한다. 저자들은 건강한 소아에서 자연 발생한 B. cepacia에 의한 폐농양을 경험하였고 meropenem과 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 병용 요법과 수술적 치료를 통해 성공적으로 치유한 1례를 보고하고자 한다. Burkholderia cepacia is a Gram-negative aerobic bacillus known to cause opportunistic infections in the immune-compromised hosts. This microorganism is strongly virulent and causes a necrotising invasive infection that may lead to death. As B. cepacia is highly resistant to various antimicrobials, combination antimicrobial therapy must be used instead of monotherapy. We report a successful treatment of lung abscess that was naturally caused by B. cepacia in a healthy child, through combination antimicrobial therapy of meropenem and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and operative management.

간 이식 소아에서 발생한 이식 후 림프 증식 질환: 단일 기관에서의 21년 경험

이정화,고재성,서정기,이남준,서경석,이건욱,강경훈,Lee, Jung-Hwa,Ko, Jae-Sung,Seo, Jeong-Kee,Yi, Nam-Joon,Suh, Kyung-Suk,Lee, Kuhn-Uk,Kang, Gyeong-Hoon 대한소아소화기영양학회 2009 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.12 No.2

Purpose: To analyze the clinical spectrum of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after liver transplantation in children. Methods: From January 1988 to June 2009, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 8 PTLD cases among 148 pediatric patients underwent liver transplantation. The age at transplantation, time of presentation after transplantation, clinical manifestations, histologic diagnosis, results of EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) assessments, managements and outcomes of PTLD were investigated. Results: The prevalence of PTLD in liver transplant pediatric recipients was 5.4% (8 of 148). The mean age of patients was 25.4${\pm}$21.3 months (range 10 to 67 months). Seven of 8 patients (87.5%) underwent liver transplantation before 1 year of age. The common clinical presentations were persistent fever (8 of 8, 100%) and bloody diarrhea (6 of 8, 75%). PTLD was diagnosed with gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies in five patients and surgical biopsies in three. Histologic findings showed early lesion in three patients, polymorphic in two, and monomorphic in three. Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma were found in two of 3 monomorphic patients. Seven of 8 patients were found with EBV-positive. Eight patients were treated with dose reduction of immunosuppressants and infusion of ganciclovir. Rituximab was added to four patients. PTLD were successfully managed in all patients except one who died of sepsis during chemotherapy. Conclusion: Major risk factor of PTLD was to undergo liver transplantation before 1 year of age. Continuous monitoring for EBV viral load and gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy may be useful to early detection of PTLD. 목 적: 간 이식 소아에서 발생한 PTLD의 경험을 통해 발현 양상, 발병 위험 인자, 진단 방법, 치료 및 예후에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인들을 알아보았다. 방 법: 1988년 1월부터 2009년 6월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 간 이식을 받은 소아 148명 중 PTLD로 진단된 8명의 환아들을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 하였다. 이식당시 나이, 이식 후 PTLD 증상이 나타날 때 까지의 기간, 임상적 증상, 조직학적 소견, EBV 검사 결과, 치료 및 경과에 대해 조사하였다. 결 과: 간 이식 후 PTLD의 유병률은 5.4%였고, 발생시기는 조기 PTLD가 6명(75%), 후기 PTLD가 2명(25%)이었다. 대상 환아의 간 이식 당시 나이는 평균8.1${\pm}$4.4개월로, 12개월 미만이 7명(87.5%), 12개월 이후가 1명(12.5%)이었다. PTLD 진단 시 주증상은 발열, 설사, 혈변이었고 모두 장이나 장간막 림프절 침범이 있었다. 3명은 개복 수술로 5명은 상부 위장관 내시경이나 대장 내시경을 통한 조직 검사로 진단되었다. 조직학적 진단은 early lesion이 3명, polymorphic PTLD 2명, monomorphic PTLD 1명, Burkitt 림프종 1명, B 세포 림프종이 1명이었다. EBV는 7명에서 양성을 보였다. 치료는 전례에서 1차 치료로 면역억제제를 중지하고 항바이러스제(ganciclovir)를 투여 하였다. 4명의 환아들에서 rituximab을 추가하였고 Burkitt 림프종과 B 세포림프종으로 진단된 환아들은 각각 항암 치료를 병행하였다. B 세포 림프종으로 진단되어 치료 중에 패혈증으로 1명이 사망하였으며 나머지 7명은 호전되었다. 결 론: 1세 미만에 간 이식을 받은 경우가 PTLD 발생의 주요한 위험 인자였으며, EBV viral load의 지속적인 감시와 위장관 내시경을 통한 조직 검사가 PTLD 조기진단에 유용할 것으로 생각한다.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of 3'-Terminal Region of Human Insulin Receptor Gene

이정화,박선희,박종상,Lee, Jung-Hwa,Park, Sun-Hee,Park, Jong-Sang Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1990 한국생화학회지 Vol.23 No.3

사람 인슐린 수용체 유전자의 3'말단 부분의 5 kb를 클로닝하였다. 건조젤 하이브리디제이션을 이용하여 제한효소인 EcoRI으로 자른 사람 인슐린 수용체 유전자 중 4.5-5.5 kb를 확인하고 ${\lambda}gt$ 10벡터에 삽입시켰다. 이렇게 하여 만든 유전자 라이브러리를 카르복시 말단에 해당하는 합성 NDA로 스크린하여 표지를 내는 plague들을 pBR328에 재클로닝하였다. 부분적인 DNA의 염기서열 결정으로 클로닝한 DNA가 사람 인슐린 수용체임을 확인하였다. ExoIII nuclease로 DNA를 크기순서대로 자르는 방법을 이용하여 전사 말단 부위의 1.3 kb의 유전자 염기서열을 결정하였다. 염기서열 분석결과 인슐린 수용체 유전자는 poly(A)가 붙는 자리 앞쪽의 15 뉴클레오티드에 전통적인 AATAAA 염기가 아닌 AATATA 염기가 존재함을 알았는데 아마도 이것이 유전자 조절에 관여할 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 이 유전자는 mRNA 프로세서에 관여한다고 제안된 G/T 밀집 염기서열을 가지고 있음을 알았다. The 5 kb long 3'-terminal region of genomic DNA of Human Insulin Receptor(IR) gene was cloned. By the dry-gel hybridization, 4.5-5.5 kb long DNA of EcoRI cut human chromosomal DNA was identified and inserted into ${\lambda}gt$ 10 vector. Constructed subgenomic library was screened with synthetic 21 mer probe corresponding to the carboxy terminal. By the partial DNA sequencing about 200 bp in 5 kb genomic DNA, we found the sequence was the same as the published result. We sequenced about 1.3 kb transcription terminal region by the ExoIII deletion method. The result of the sequence analysis showed that the IR gene has AATATA sequence 15 nucleotide upstream of poly(A) site instead of the canonical AATAAA consensus sequence and this may play a role in gene regulation and that in poly(A) downstream region the IR gene has the T-rich, G/T cluster sequence, which was proposed as a element of mRNA processing.

사람 인슐린 수용체 유전자의 3 ' - 말단 부위의 클로닝과 염기서열 결정

이정화,박선희,박종상 ( Jung Hwa Lee,Sun Hee Park,Jong Sang Park ) 생화학분자생물학회 1990 BMB Reports Vol.23 No.3

총정맥영양(TPN)과 관련된 미량원소의 결핍

이정화,Lee, Jung Hwa 대한소아소화기영양학회 2008 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.11 No.suppl1

Trace elements compose a very small portion of the body, however they have a variety of essential functions. Various diseases are caused by trace element deficiencies, and sometimes they can be fatal. Long-term TPN is a risk factor of trace element deficiency, and trace elements need to be checked regularly while receiving TPN. It is important to provide sufficient requirements of trace elements regarding the clinical features and the problems of trace element excess or deficiency. Moreover extensive studies to establish the efficiency of examining human hair and nails, recent method to determine the trace elements, are required.

일부 남자 고등학생의 치과치료 공포감과 구강건강 삶의 질에 관한 연구

이정화 ( Jung Hwa Lee ),이영애 ( Yeong Ae Lee ),김영선 ( Young Sun Kim ) 한국치위생학회(구 한국치위생교육학회) 2014 한국치위생학회지 Vol.14 No.6

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the fear of dentist care, subjective recognition of dental health, and quality of life in the male high school students and to analyze the influencing factors on dental health care. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was filled out by 243 special high-school in Deagu province from March 3 to March 14, 2014. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects(5 questions), subjective recognition of health and activities to improve health(6 questions), dental fear(20 questions), oral health related quality of life(16 questions). The instrument for dental fear was adapted from measured by Berggren Dental Fear Survey(DFS). A total of 20 DFS questions included treatment avoidance(8 questions), stimulus reaction(6 questions), and physiological reaction(5 questions) and score by Likert 5 scale. Cronbach alpha was 0.974 in the study. Oral health related quality of life was measured by 16 questions of CPQ11-14 for the adolescents by Lau. CPQ11-14 consisted of oral symptoms(4 questions), functional restriction(4 questions), and emotional wellbeing(4 questions). The instrument was score by Likert 5 scale and Cronbach alpha was 0.9354 in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program for ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: Fear of dentist care showed significant differences in treatment avoidance factor(p<0.001), stimulus reaction factor (p<0.05), and physiological reaction factor(p<0.001). The factors depended on subjective recognition of health and health-improving activities and differences in treatment avoidance factor(p<0.05) and physiological reaction factor(p<0.01). The dental symptoms factors showed significant differences in health recognition(p<0.001), interest in health(p<0.001), alcohol drinking status(p<0.001) and regular meal(p<0.001). While function limit factors showed differences in health recognition (p<0.001), interest in health(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.001), alcohol drinking(p<0.001) and regular meal(p<0.001). Mental and social stabilities factors showed significant differences in health recognition(p<0.001), interest in health(p<0.001) and alcohol drinking status(p<0.001). Among the factors influencing on the quality of life in dental health, interest in health(p<0.005), alcohol drinking(p<0.005) and physiological reaction in the midst of fear of dentist care(p<0.001) were the significant impact factor. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop a continuous and systematical program of dental health and dental care by experts so that the students can reduce the fear of dentist care by regular dental checkup and preventive treatment and care.

중년여성의 규칙적 등산활동 여부에 따른 피부 및 체형관리 행동 비교

이정화 ( Jung-hwa Lee ),한채정 ( Chae-jeong Han ) 한국미용학회 2015 한국미용학회지 Vol.21 No.5

This aim of this study is to investigate the behaviors of skin care and body management according to regular mountain climbing in middle-aged women. The study subjects were 578 middle-aged men with age 40~60`s (non-climbing group, n=280; climbing group, n=298), and were asked to fill out a questionnaire by self-recording method. In the results, the skin care behavior showed that for the skin type, ‘dry skin`` is the highest, ‘wrinkle and pigmentation’ is the main problem of skin. 48.2% of non-climbing group and 44.0% of climbing group answered that didn`t take care of their skin. The satisfaction of skin was significantly higher in climbing group than in non-climbing group. In self-perceived body shape on the body management, 82.5% of non-climbing group and 84.5% of climbing group were answered ‘normal’ or ‘plump’. Also, abdomen was the region of body management in both group. The highest reason of no body management was ‘no time’ (31.5% in climbing group and 40.8% in non-climbing group). 88.9% of non-climbing and climbing group answered that the chief factor of body management is ‘one`s will and effort``. In conclusion, the behaviors of skin care and body management, especially satisfaction of skin, body management status and the region of body management, were different according to regular mountain climbing. Further research is needed to determine the effect of positive internal and external responses applied regular climbing status in more scientific and systematic way on skin care and body management in middle-aged women.

한국어 학습자를 위한 효과적인 토론 수업 방안 - 모국어 화자와 한국어 학습자 토론 담화 분석을 중심으로 -

이정화 ( Lee Jung-hwa ) 국제어문학회 ( 구 국제어문학연구회 ) 2010 국제어문 Vol.48 No.-

본고는 한국어 말하기 교육에서 토론 수업의 중요성을 밝히고 효과적인 토론 수업 방안을 모색하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 한국어 학습자의 학습 동기 별 토론 교육에 대한 학습자 요구를 조사한 결과 학습 동기에 따른 차이 없이 모든 학습자가 토론 교육에 대한 중요성을 고루 인식하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 학문 목적으로 한국어를 배우고 한국의 대학에 재학 중인 한국어 학습자들을 대상으로 한 조사를 통해 학문 목적 학습자에게 토론 교육은 대학 학습 기술 개발을 위해서도 필수적임을 밝혔다. 본고의 최종적인 목표라 할 수 있는 효과적인 토론 수업 모형을 개발하기 위해 한국어 모어 화자와 한국어 학습자 토론 담화를 녹취, 비교 분석하였다. 두 집단의 토론 전략과 토론 표현 사용 양상을 검토한 결과 지금까지 한국어 학습자 토론 교육에서 강조되어 왔던 토론 표현의 지나친 사용이 오히려 토론의 자연스러운 전개를 저해하고 있는 것으로 관찰되었다. 두 집단의 토론 담화에서 보이는 가장 큰 차이는 주장과 반론을 전개하기 위해 사용하는 전략이다. 모어 화자들이 반론에서 자주 사용하는 상대 주장의 인용이나, 상대의 동의를 구하는 질문 등이 한국어 학습자에게는 거의 나타나지 않는다. 반면에 한국어 학습자의 토론은 주장과 반론의 발전적 전개가 아닌 주장의 나열인 경우가 많아 주장과 반론 전개에 대한 연습이 필요하다. 이를 위해 토론 전 단계 수업으로 모범 토론 비디오 파일을 제공하고, 주장과 반론 전개 연습을 위한 시간을 마련해야 함을 주장하였다. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of classroom debate in Korean speaking classes and propose the effective way of classroom debate. I researched learners` needs in Korean language classes according to their learning motives. Regardless of learning motive, every Korean learner recognizes “debate” in speaking class as a very important way of language learning. Especially, the learners who have and academic motives or learners in university realize the importance of debating skill and want to develope the skill for academic purpose. To develope an effective classroom debate model, I recorded debate discourses in both native Korean class and Korean class as a foreign language. After comparing the groups, two meaningful differences are found in using debate expression and debate strategy. Firstly, in Korean classes, too many debate expressions have been used and the excessive usage of the conventional expressions hinders students from developing natural debates. Secondly, unlike native Korean speakers, Korean learners hardly use debate strategies such as quoting others` arguments, questioning to get others` agreement, and so on. So to improve classroom debate situation and help students to learn more effectively, I proposed the following; we should provide students the examplary video files in the pre-debate stage, and students should have enough time to practice making arguments and counterarguments.

중년여성의 갱년기 증상과 삶의 질의 관계에 대한 인지기능의 매개효과

이정화(Lee, Jung Hwa),김경혜(Kim, Kyung-Hae),김경덕(Kim, Gyung-Duck) 한국산학기술학회 2014 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.15 No.7

본 연구의 목적은 중년여성의 갱년기 증상, 인지기능, 삶의 질의 정도를 규명하고, 삶의 질에 미치는 직?간접 효과를 파악하여, 중년여성의 삶의 질 향상에 기초자료를 제공하기 위함이다. 자료 수집은 2014년 3월 2일부터 3월 10일까지, A시와 Y시에 거주하는 지역사회 중년여성 204명을 대상으로 설문조사하였다. 연구결과, 중년여성의 갱년기 증상은 14.64/46점, 인 지기능은 65.66/240점, 삶의 질 정도는 100.64/188점으로 나타났다. 갱년기 증상과 인지기능은 순상관관계로 나타났으며, 갱년 기 증상과 삶의 질과는 역상관관계로 나타났다. 매개효과를 경로분석을 한 결과 갱년기 증상이 인지기능 및 삶의 질에 직? 간접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 중년여성의 삶의 질 향상을 위해서는 갱년기 증상의 정도를 감소시키는 중재와 동시에 중년여성을 위한 인지기능 증진 프로그램이 적용되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to extend the understanding and knowledge by examining the effect of climacteric symptoms and the cognitive function on QoL(Quality of life) of middle aged women. This study was conducted from March 2nd to March 10th, 2014. The data was collected by self-report questionnaires from 204 middle aged women. There was a significantly positive correlation between the climacteric symptoms and cognitive function.A significantly negative correlation was observed between the climacteric symptoms and QoL. The climacteric symptoms were a direct predictor and an indirect predicator of QoL mediated by the cognitive function. The study suggests that nursing intervention is needed to manage the climacteric symptoms and cognitive function for improving the QoL of middle aged women.