검색 증강 생성(RAG) 기술의 최신 연구 동향에 대한 조사

이은빈,배호,Eunbin Lee,Ho Bae 한국정보처리학회 2024 정보처리학회논문지. 컴퓨터 및 통신시스템 Vol.13 No.9

Large Language Model(LLM)의 급격한 발전은 자연어 처리 분야에 혁신을 불러 일으켜 이를 적절하게 활용하는 것이 중요한 주제로 떠오르고 있다. 방대한 데이터로 훈련된 LLM은 다양한 주제에 대한 텍스트 생성이 가능하여 콘텐츠 생성, 기계 번역, 챗봇 등 여러 방식으로 적용이 가능하나 특정 유형이나 전문적 지식이 부족할 수 있어 일반화하기 어렵다는 단점이 존재한다. 모델 훈련이 완료된 이후의 최신 정보로 즉각 업데이트되기도 어려우며, 모델이 실제로 존재하지 않는 정보나 오류에 대해 그럴 듯하게 답변하는 환각 현상(Hallucination) 역시 주요 문제점이다. 이를 극복하기 위해 지속적으로 업데이트되는 최신 정보를 포함한 외부 데이터베이스에서 정보를 검색해 응답을 생성하는 Retrieval-Augmented Generation(RAG, 검색 증강 생성) 모델을 도입하여 LLM의 환각 현상을 최소화하고 효율성과 정확성을 향상하기 위한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 RAG의 기본 아키텍처를 소개하고, LLM에 RAG를 적용하기 위한 연구 및 최적화의 최신 동향을 분석한다. RAG를 평가하기 위한 다양한 기법들을 소개하고, 실제 산업에서 RAG를 활용하기 위해 성능을 최적화하거나 응용한 사례들을 분석한다. 이를 바탕으로 향후 RAG 모델이 발전할 수 있는 연구 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to advance, effectively harnessing their potential has become increasingly important. LLMs, trained on vast datasets, are capable of generating text across a wide range of topics, making them useful in applications such as content creation, machine translation, and chatbots. However, they often face challenges in generalization due to gaps in specific or specialized knowledge, and updating these models with the latest information post-training remains a significant hurdle. To address these issues, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) models have been introduced. These models enhance response generation by retrieving information from continuously updated external databases, thereby reducing the hallucination phenomenon often seen in LLMs while improving efficiency and accuracy. This paper presents the foundational architecture of RAG, reviews recent research trends aimed at enhancing the retrieval capabilities of LLMs through RAG, and discusses evaluation techniques. Additionally, it explores performance optimization and real-world applications of RAG in various industries. Through this analysis, the paper aims to propose future research directions for the continued development of RAG models.

검색 증강 생성(RAG) 기술의 최신 연구 동향에 대한 조사

이은빈 ( Eunbin Lee ),배호 ( Ho Bae ) 한국정보처리학회 2024 정보처리학회 논문지 Vol.13 No.9

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to advance, effectively harnessing their potential has become increasingly important. LLMs, trained on vast datasets, are capable of generating text across a wide range of topics, making them useful in applications such as content creation, machine translation, and chatbots. However, they often face challenges in generalization due to gaps in specific or specialized knowledge, and updating these models with the latest information post-training remains a significant hurdle. To address these issues, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) models have been introduced. These models enhance response generation by retrieving information from continuously updated external databases, thereby reducing the hallucination phenomenon often seen in LLMs while improving efficiency and accuracy. This paper presents the foundational architecture of RAG, reviews recent research trends aimed at enhancing the retrieval capabilities of LLMs through RAG, and discusses evaluation techniques. Additionally, it explores performance optimization and real-world applications of RAG in various industries. Through this analysis, the paper aims to propose future research directions for the continued development of RAG models.

갈산과 타닌산의 자동산화에 미치는 식품 감광성분의 영향

이은빈(Eunbin Lee),이효원(Hyowon Lee),홍정일(Jungil Hong) 한국식품과학회 2022 한국식품과학회지 Vol.54 No.3

본 연구에서는 감광제에 의한 폴리페놀의 갈변 정도 및 폴리페놀 함량의 변화와 산화방지활성과 ROS 생성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 감광제에 의해 갈산과 타닌산의 자동산화가 현저히 가속화되었으며, 타닌산에서 그 효과가 더욱 두드러졌다. 폴리페놀 함량은 산화가 진행됨에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였으나, 감광제에 농도에 의한 유의적인 차이는 EB에 의해서만 나타났으며, ABTS라디칼 소거능 변화에서도 유사한 양상을 보였다. 갈산과 타닌산에서 ROS 생성의 증가는 명소에서 감광제 존재 하에 농도 유의적으로 증가하였다. 본 연구 결과는 폴리페놀이 감광제와 함께 빛에 노출 시 폴리페놀의 산화를 촉진시키며, 식품의 가공 및 저장 시 이들의 상호작용을 통한 품질저하 및 생리활성 변화에 주의할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. Polyphenols are chemically unstable, and their bioactivities are reduced through oxidation. Photosensitizers (PS) induce photo-oxidation in various food systems. In this study, effects of dietary PS such as riboflavin (Rb), erythrosin B (EB), and zinc protoporphyrin on the auto-oxidation of polyphenols, gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA) were evaluated under a fluorescent light. The formation of oxidation products from GA and TA increased in a PS concentration- and irradiation time-dependent manner. In addition, Rb and EB induced significant reduction in the polyphenols contents and ABTS radical scavenging activity of GA and TA under light. PS significantly enhanced the amount of reactive oxygen species generated from GA and TA. Therefore, the interaction of polyphenols with PS under light results in acceleration of polyphenol oxidation. This phenomenon should be carefully considered during food processing and storage.

Chord-BERT 사전학습 모델 기반의 음악 화성 생성

이은빈(Eunbin Lee),안창욱(Chang Wook Ahn) 한국정보과학회 2022 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.06

팬데믹 시대 재판의 대응과 과제

이은빈 ( Lee Eunbin ),김성화,서용성 사법정책연구원 2022 연구보고서 Vol.2022 No.6

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first identified in late 2019, has spread across the world and affected many key aspects of life, including politics, the economy, social policy, and culture. To prevent the spread of the virus, which is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets of infected people, citizens are required to wear face masks in all public areas, to maintain social distance, and to avoid confined and crowded places. The contagious nature of COVID-19 has impeded physical courtroom access for all parties, forcing the justice system to find alternatives for hearing cases. This research is intended to examine problems of trial proceedings faced by the justice system in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to offer suggestions for maintaining judicial functions if the COVID-19 pandemic is further prolonged or if a future pandemic disrupts the world again. The right of access to courts is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution of Korea to all citizens. Thus, trials are a part of basic procedural rights, and the courts are required to take measures to ensure that a trial can be held in any situation. In 2020, when COVID-19 became prevalent, Korean courts took measures to prevent large numbers of people from gathering in closed courtrooms. One such measure was to manage, or change, trial dates more flexibly in accordance with the government's phased social distancing measures. This led to trial delays, a decrease in the total number of trials conducted, and an increase in the backlog of long-term undecided cases. In addition, citizen participation in trials has significantly decreased. With this background in mind, this research conducts comparative research on measures taken by courts in the United States, Germany, and Japan to respond to COVID-19, which may shed light on measures that could be taken by Korean courts. Some important findings have already emerged. Countries including the United States, Germany, Japan, and others have transitioned from a physical to virtual courtroom by adopting video trials. The United States has actively used video trials in various litigation procedures even before COVID-19 emerged. Germany and Japan have actively been using video trials after the COVID-19 emerged. In the United States, jury trials are also conducted by video trials. In-depth, academic discussions concerning video trials have been conducted in the United States and Germany; some useful implications can be drawn from those discussions. In addition, the United States and Japan established a so-called Continuity of Court Operations Plan (COOP) before the COVID-19 outbreak to prepare for a pandemic situation, and they have implemented these plans in response to COVID-19. Germany has not only utilized video trials, but also supplemented physical courtroom facilities to prevent the spread of COVID-19 during in-person trials, such as installing courtroom ventilation systems and providing larger courtrooms. Taking lessons from measures implemented in other countries, this research offers suggestions for Korean courts in preparation for a prolonged pandemic situation. First, a Continuity of Court Operation Plan (COOP), which includes the newly adopted video trial systems and work-from-home policies, should be established to maintain judicial functions in preparation for a long-term pandemic. It is also necessary to establish a safe physical work environment from infectious diseases. For example, windows should be installed in the courtroom to facilitate ventilation. In addition, a voice recognition system that automatically converts speech into text should be introduced in a courtroom to ease the difficulties of communication due to face masks and sneeze guards installed to keep the virus from spreading. Since work-from-home may be necessary to protect the safety of court officials and judges in a situation in which an infectious disease is prevalent, material and institutional support for working from home efficiently is required. It is also required for the Korean judiciary to acknowledge that video trials can be suitable alternatives to in-person trials in a pandemic situation. With the amendments of Civil Procedure Act and the Criminal Procedure Act, video trials have been introduced into the civil and criminal proceedings in Korea; the requirements and scope of implementation of video trials are still limited. This research therefore suggests that the Korean Judiciary is required to support video trials, including supporting the development of ways to conduct virtual trials online by which judges and parties can fully engage in the judicial process. Furthermore, this research proposes to amend the law to ease the requirements for opening video trials and to expand the range of trials that can be held virtually so that citizen participation trials, which are criminal trials, can also be held virtually. Lastly, institutional support is needed to facilitate access to justice for digitally marginalized groups. The Judiciary is required to ensure the safety of all people involved in the judicial process and to help prevent the spread and transmission of infectious diseases while continuing fair and speedy trials. This research, which examines challenges faced by Korean courts during the COVID-19 pandemic, offers suggestions and hopefully paves the way in continuing judicial functions even in times of a new pandemic.

법률서비스 보험제도 연구

이은빈 ( Lee Eunbin ),서용성 사법정책연구원 2020 연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.14

When legal conflicts arise, we ask a legal expert to weigh in, or resort to a civil suit. As a result, legal expenses such as litigation costs and attorney’s fees incur. Legal services insurance is a system that guarantees coverage of the cost of legal services, such as litigation costs, attorney’s fees, etc. that arise to resolve legal conflicts. It is similar to the health insurance that guarantees medical expenses when diseases and injuries occur.  People protect and realize their own rights through legal services. As protection and realization of rights are requirements to live with human dignity, those who are unable to afford to pay for legal services shall be provided with them. The state provides litigation aid and legal aid system as part of the social security system to ensure that the underprivileged receive legal services.  When a legal conflict occurs to the middle-income households, they may not benefit from litigation aid or legal aid programs, but must pay litigation costs or attorney’s fees at their own expense. In the capitalist economy, legal services insurance is a way to reduce costs and efficiently obtain legal expenses against this risk.  Legal services insurance is an indemnity insurance and a cost insurance (passive insurance). Legal services are usually characterized as credence goods. Since legal services users do not have adequate expert knowledge or information about legal services, there is an asymmetry of information between them and legal services providers. From the standpoint of law and economics, it is deemed similar to the cause of principal and agent prob lem, resulting in moral hazard and adverse selection. These problems are almost the same as those that arise with health insurance, hence the solutions discussed in health insurance issues may have great implications in solving the problems of legal services insurance.  Legal services insurance is mainly active in Germany, the United States, and Japan, and its characteristics have to do with each of the country’s civil lawsuit system. In Germany, litigation costs and attorney’s fees are enacted as rules in civil procedures, which activates insurances protecting rights that pays out insurance benefits against insurance risks incurring legal expenses. Meanwhile, in the U.S. civil procedures, litigation costs are low and attorneys provide services on a contingency fee basis. Accordingly, insurances are not designed to cover litigation costs nor attorney’s fees, but structured to provide legal services in the ordinary and comprehensive scheme. Furthermore, as welfare system for workers developed, legal services insurance for mutual benefit, adopted by organizations, such as labor unions, has evolved. In Japan, attorney’s fees insurance has become widely popular recently. Japanese legal services insurance distinguishes the contingency liability from the general liability. The Japan Lawyers Association actively responds to attorney’s fees insurance, and introduces attorneys through the Legal Access Center. In this way, legal services insurance in Germany, the U.S., and Japan is protecting rights and enhancing access to justice.  Domestic insurance companies in Korea have sold legal services insurance as a stand-alone product since 2009, but it is currently unavailable due to the decline in sales. There are several reasons for poor sales results: a lack of product and legal awareness; low insurance premiums that make it difficult to sell legal services insurance as a stand-alone product; and the fact that there exist many insurance products that cover legal conflicts, considering them as an insurance risk, etc.  Considering that there has been a considerable increase in the number of Korean lawyers and civil cases on the merits, the preconditions for legal services insurance have been satisfied, and the national concern and need for drivers insurance, which is a criminal defense expenses insurance against traffic accidents, is on the rise, it is time to discuss the problems and improvements in implementing legal services insurance. abuse of legal services, thereby warding off moral hazard; and as regards the coverage, guarantee the legal costs to resolve common legal issues, providing insurance products to protect especially the rights of the aggrieved party. To disseminate legal services insurance, it is necessary to adopt it as part of the terms or as a special agreement of an auto insurance or a liability insurance that are commonly accepted already.

코로나19(COVID-19)로 인한 대학의 비대면 교육환경에서 교수자의 개입과 학습몰입이 학습만족도 및 학습지속의향에 미치는 영향

이은빈(EunBin Lee),이대영(DaeYeong Lee),주민호(Min-Ho Joo) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.15

목적 본 연구의 목적은 코로나19(COVID-19)로 인한 대학의 비대면 교육환경에서 교수자의 개입과 학습몰입이 대학 학습자들의 학습만족과 학습지속의향에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하고, 변인 간 차이를 살펴봄으로써 효과적인 비대면 수업을 위한 전략을 제시하고자 한다. 방법 이를 위하여 전국 소재 대학생 262명을 대상으로 비대면 교육환경에서 교수자의 개입과 학습몰입, 학습만족도와 학습지속의향을 묻는 문항으로 구성된 설문을 2주간 배포⋅수집하였다. 해당 자료는 데이터 코딩 및 데이터클리닝 작업을 거쳤으며, 신뢰도 및 타당도 검정을 수행한 뒤, 다중회귀분석과 변인감소법을 통해 변인 간의 관계를 규명하였다. 결과 학습만족도에 대한 다중회귀분석 및 변인감소법 결과 유의한 변인으로 교수설계자, 상호작용 촉진자, 학습몰입 변인이 도출되었으며, 학습지속의향에 대한 다중회귀분석 및 변인감소법 결과 유의한 변인으로는 교수설계자 변인과 학습몰입이 도출되었다. 상호작용 촉진자 변인은 종속변인에 따라 유의성이 엇갈렸으며, 학습정보 제공자 변인은 어느 종속변인에도 유의하지 않은 변인으로 도출되었다. 결론 학습성과에 대해 교수설계자 변인과 학습몰입이 가장 높은 영향력을 가진 주요 변인으로 도출되었다. 즉, 비대면 교육환경 또한 대면수업 환경과 마찬가지로 교수설계모형에 입각한 수업을 구성하여야 하며, 학습자의 몰입을 저해하는 비대면 학습 환경 특성 및 방해요소들을 극복하고 몰입을 유지시킬 수 있는 다양한 방법을 구사할 필요가 있다. 또한, 교수자는 학습자의 인지부하를 고려하여 중요 학습정보만 제공하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. Objectives The purpose of this study is to present strategies for effective non-face-to-face instruction through examination of the impact of instructors’ facilitation and learning flow on university students' learning satisfaction and persistence in a remote learning environment due to Covid-19. Methods A survey regarding instructors’ facilitation, learning flow, learning satisfaction and learning persistence was conducted among 262 university students nationwide for two weeks. The results went through data coding and cleaning as well as series of reliability and validity tests. Furthermore, the relationship between the variables was investigated through multiple regression analyses and variable reduction methods. Results The results of multiple regression analysis and variable reduction methods for learning satisfaction have shown/proven that instructional designers, interaction facilitators, and learning flow variables were the significant variables. As for learning persistence, instructional designer and learning flow were the significant variables under the same procedure. The significance of the interaction facilitator variable had different results according to the dependent variable, and the learning information provider variable was derived as a variable that was not significant to any dependent variable. Conclusions Instructional designer variables and learning flow were derived as the major variables with the strongest influence on the learning outcomes. In other words, non-face to face instructional environment should organize classes based on the instructional design model, and it would be necessary to use various methods to overcome the characteristics and obstacles of the remote learning environment that hinder learners' attention. In addition, it would be desirable for instructors to provide only the important learning information in consideration of the learner's cognitive load.

카로티노이드류 색소의 피부 및 면역 세포 증식과 염증조절 활성

이은빈(Eunbin Lee),홍정일(Jungil Hong) 한국식품과학회 2022 한국식품과학회지 Vol.54 No.5

본 연구에서는 식품 중에 다양한 색소로 이용되는 annatto (norbixin), bixin, crocin 과 lutein 등의 카로티노이드가 각종 피부세포의 성장 및 염증에 미치는 영향과 단핵구 세포의 면역조절 활성을 검토하였다. Norbixin과 bixin 은 피부의 탄력을 유지시키는데 중요한 역할을 수행하는 진피층 fibroblast의 활성과 증식을 촉진하였고, 각종 자극이나 건선 등으로 유발될 수 있는 keratinocyte의 과다증식을 억제하였다. Lutein을 제외한 3종의 카로티노이드는 PMA에 의해 유도된 keratinocyte에서 염증성 cytokine 발현을 유의적으로 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. Lutein의 경우 fibroblast의 증식 억제 및 장기간 처리에 의한 keratinocyte의 증식 유도 현상을 보였으며, 특히 단핵구의 대식세포로의 분화과정을 효과적으로 저해하였다. 본 연구에서는 카로티노이드에 의한 피부세포의 성장 및 염증활성 조절, 그리고 단핵구 분화 등 면역세포 활성화에 미치는 영향 등을 평가하였으며, 카로티노이드 식품 색소성분들의 피부용 제제로의 활용을 위한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Carotenoids have shown various beneficial health effects in humans. In this study, the effects of dietary carotenoids, including norbixin (annatto), bixin, crocin, and lutein, on skin cell proliferation and inflammation, and monocyte differentiation were investigated. None of the carotenoids affected the growth of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) during 24 h, whereas annatto and bixin stimulated proliferation of human dermal fibroblast (HDF). Long-term treatment (7 d) of annatto and bixin inhibited keratinocyte growth, whereas lutein enhanced keratinocyte growth. All carotenoids, except lutein, decreased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, in phorbol-12- myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated keratinocytes. However, bixin and lutein inhibited PMA-induced HaCaT growth. Monocyte (THP-1) differentiation induced by PMA was also inhibited by the carotenoids, and lutein showed the strongest inhibitory effect. These results suggest that carotenoids modulate the proliferation and inflammatory responses of skin cells and monocytes.

Differential Privacy를 보장하는 PATE 기반 합성곱 신경망에서 Teacher 수가 미치는 영향 분석

이은빈(Eunbin Lee),유민서(Minseo Yoo),배호(Ho Bae) 한국정보과학회 2023 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2023 No.6

법률서비스 보험제도 연구

이은빈(Lee, Eunbin) 사법정책연구원 2020 사법정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.2020 No.-

우리에게 법률 분쟁이 발생하였을 때 법률전문가의 도움을 받아 이를 해결하거나 민사소송을 통해 이를 해결하기 위하여 소송비용, 변호사보수 등의 법률서비스비용이 발생한다. 법률서비스보험은 법적으로 분쟁을 해결하기 위해 발생하는 소송비용, 변호사보수 등 법률서비스비용을 보장하는 보험이다. 법률서비스보험은 질병이나 상해가 발생한 경우 의료서비스를 받는 비용을 보장하는 건강보험과 유사하다. 국민은 법률서비스를 통해 자신의 권리를 보호할 수 있고, 권리보호는 인간다운 생활을 위한 필요조건으로, 법률서비스의 대가를 지불할 수 없는 국민도 법률서비스를 제공받아야 한다. 국가는 경제적으로 취약한 국민도 법률서비스를 받을 수 있도록 사회보장제도의 일환으로 소송구조제도와 법률구조제도를 두고 있다. 중간소득층 국민은 법률 분쟁이 발생한 경우 소송구조제도나 법률구조제도를 이용할 수 없고, 자신의 부담으로 소송비용이나 변호사보수를 지급하여야 한다. 자본주의 경제체제에서는 이러한 위험을 대비하여 비용 부담을 경감하고, 효율적으로 분쟁해결비용을 조달하는 방법으로 법률서비스보험을 두고 있다. 법률서비스보험은 손해보험이고, 비용보험(소극보험)이며, 법률서비스라는 신뢰재를 담보하는 보험이다. 법률서비스의 이용자는 법률서비스에 대한 전문적인 지식이나 정보를 충분히 가지지 못하여 법률서비스의 공급자와 사이에 정보의 비대칭이 발생하게 된다. 이는 법경제학적 관점에서 주인과 대리인 문제의 원인인 정보의 비대칭 문제와 같다고 볼 수 있고, 이로 인하여 도덕적 해이와 역선택이 발생하게 된다. 이는 유사한 보험인 건강보험에서 발생하는 문제점과 유사하여 건강보험에서 논의되는 해결방안이 법률서비스보험의 문제점을 해결하는데 큰 시사점을 줄 수 있다. 법률서비스보험이 활성화되어 있는 독일, 미국, 일본을 중심으로 법률서비스보험을 살펴보면, 각 나라의 법률서비스보험에 나타나는 특징은 그 나라의 민사소송제도와 관련되어있다. 독일의 민사소송절차에서는 소송비용과 변호사보수가 법정화되어 있어 법률비용을 발생시키는 보험사고에 대하여 보험금을 지급하는 구조의 권리보호보험이 활성화되어 있다. 한편 미국의 민사소송절차에서는 소송비용이 저렴하고 성공보수방식의 변호사보수제도로 인해 소송비용이나 변호사보수를 부담하는 보험이 아니라 일상적이고 포괄적인 법률문제에 대한 법률서비스를 제공하는 구조의 법률서비스보험이 활성화되어 있다. 여기에 근로자를 위한 복지제도가 발전하면서 노동조합 등 단체에 의한 공제형 법률서비스보험이 발전하게 되었다. 일본은 최근 변호사비용보험이 널리 보급되고 있다. 일본의 법률서비스보험은 우발적 사고와 일반 사건을 구분하여 보상하고 있고, 한편 일본 변호사연합회는 법률접근센터를 통하여 변호사를 소개하는 등 변호사비용보험에 적극적으로 대응하고 있다. 이와 같이 독일, 미국 및 일본의 법률서비스보험은 국민의 권리를 보호하고 사법접근성을 향상시키는 역할을 하고 있다. 국내의 보험사들은 2009년부터 법률서비스보험을 단독상품으로 판매하였으나, 판매실적부진으로 현재 모두 중단된 상태이다. 판매부진의 원인은 보험상품과 소송에 대한 인지도가 낮고, 보험료가 낮아 단독상품으로 판매가 어려우며, 법률분쟁 대상 자체를 보험사고로 담보하는 보험상품이 다수 존재한다는 점 등이다. 현재 국내의 변호사의 수가 크게 증가하고 있고, 민사본안사건도 많이 발생하고 있으므로, 법률서비스보험을 위한 전제 조건도 만족되었고, 교통사고에 대한 형사적 법률서비스 보험인 운전자보험에 대한 국민적 관심과 필요성도 증가하고 있어 법률서비스보험의 활성화를 위하여 문제점과 개선방안에 관한 논의가 필요하다. 보험가입자와 관련하여 보험사고에 대기기간을 설정하여 보험가입자의 역선택을 방지하고, 법률서비스의 남용을 방지하기 위해 자기부담금을 설정하여 도덕적 해이를 방지하며, 보장내용과 관련하여 포괄적 법률문제에 대한 법률서비스비용을 보장하고, 특히 피해자의 권리보호를 위한 보험상품을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 법률서비스보험의 활성화를 위하여 단독상품보다는 이미 널리 보급되어 있는 자동차보험, 배상책임보험의 기본담보의 일부 또는 특약으로 법률서비스보험을 도입하는 것이 필요하다. 법률서비스보험이 널리 보급되게 되면, 국민은 적은 비용으로 자신의 권리를 보호하고 실현할 수 있고, 국민이 변호사에게 쉽게 접근할 수 있게 되어 법률서비스시장이 확대되며, 소송절차가 법률전문가에 의하여 진행됨으로써 사법제도가 합리적·효율적으로 운영될 수 있고, 국민의 사법접근성이 향상되어 사법적 복지국가를 실현할 수 있게 된다. When legal conflicts arise, we ask a legal expert to weigh in, or resort to a civil suit. As a result, legal expenses such as litigation costs and attorney’s fees incur. Legal services insurance is a system that guarantees coverage of the cost of legal services, such as litigation costs, attorney’s fees, etc. that arise to resolve legal conflicts. It is similar to the health insurance that guarantees medical expenses when diseases and injuries occur. People protect and realize their own rights through legal services. As protection and realization of rights are requirements to live with human dignity, those who are unable to afford to pay for legal services shall be provided with them. The state provides litigation aid and legal aid system as part of the social security system to ensure that the underprivileged receive legal services. When a legal conflict occurs to the middle-income households, they may not benefit from litigation aid or legal aid programs, but must pay litigation costs or attorney’s fees at their own expense. In the capitalist economy, legal services insurance is a way to reduce costs and efficiently obtain legal expenses against this risk. Legal services insurance is an indemnity insurance and a cost insurance (passive insurance). Legal services are usually characterized as credence goods. Since legal services users do not have adequate expert knowledge or information about legal services, there is an asymmetry of information between them and legal services providers. From the standpoint of law and economics, it is deemed similar to the cause of principal and agent problem, resulting in moral hazard and adverse selection. These problems are almost the same as those that arise with health insurance, hence the solutions discussed in health insurance issues may have great implications in solving the problems of legal services insurance. Legal services insurance is mainly active in Germany, the United States, and Japan, and its characteristics have to do with each of the country’s civil lawsuit system. In Germany, litigation costs and attorney’s fees are enacted as rules in civil procedures, which activates insurances protecting rights that pays out insurance benefits against insurance risks incurring legal expenses. Meanwhile, in the U.S. civil procedures, litigation costs are low and attorneys provide services on a contingency fee basis. Accordingly, insurances are not designed to cover litigation costs nor attorney’s fees, but structured to provide legal services in the ordinary and comprehensive scheme. Furthermore, as welfare system for workers developed, legal services insurance for mutual benefit, adopted by organizations, such as labor unions, has evolved. In Japan, attorney’s fees insurance has become widely popular recently. Japanese legal services insurance distinguishes the contingency liability from the general liability. The Japan Lawyers Association actively responds to attorney’s fees insurance, and introduces attorneys through the Legal Access Center. In this way, legal services insurance in Germany, the U.S., and Japan is protecting rights and enhancing access to justice. Domestic insurance companies in Korea have sold legal services insurance as a stand-alone product since 2009, but it is currently unavailable due to the decline in sales. There are several reasons for poor sales results: a lack of product and legal awareness; low insurance premiums that make it difficult to sell legal services insurance as a stand-alone product; and the fact that there exist many insurance products that cover legal conflicts, considering them as an insurance risk, etc. (...)