Assessing Speaking Skills in Virtual Reality: Impacts and Implications

이아름 한국영어교육학회 2025 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.80 No.2

The semi-direct speaking test format has limitations, particularly due to its lack of situational authenticity and contextualized input. To address this issue, virtual reality (VR) can be integrated into speaking proficiency tests to enhance authenticity. In this study, a newly designed VR speaking test was administered, and test-takers’ performances were compared with those on a conventional computer-delivered speaking test. Additionally, test-takers’ perceptions of the VR-based speaking test were examined through a post-test questionnaire. The results revealed a statistically significant difference in mean scores between the two test formats, indicating that the VR-based test enhanced test-takers’ speaking performance. More specifically, a one-way MANOVA showed that test-takers performed better on nearly all scoring criteria in the VR mode compared to the computer-delivered mode, except for completion and fluency. Furthermore, the 32 test-takers who participated in the VR test highlighted the highly contextualized settings and immersive experience as the most distinctive and positive aspects of using VR in speaking assessments.

A Study on HMD-based Virtual Reality Listening Tests and Test-takers’ Perceived Levels of Presence

이아름 한국멀티미디어언어교육학회 2022 멀티미디어 언어교육 Vol.25 No.1

Virtual reality (VR) technology has gradually become recognized as an emerging sector showing great potential to be utilized across various fields. Its practicality has been discussed in several studies, but few studies have been conducted on the use of VR to test English listening ability. Thus, in the present study, an immersive VR listening test was developed to measure English listening proficiency, and the correlation of scores from the newly developed VR test with another validated listening test (TOEIC) was investigated by conducting a non-parametric Spearman’s rank test. The study further explored test-takers’ perceived levels of presence on an immersive VR listening test, given that presence levels are considered one of the most critical factors for the VR experience. Data were collected from 17 tertiary-level test-takers. Each test-taker underwent two different types of VR tests while wearing HMDs (Head-mounted displays): 360-degree immersive videos and a total-immersive listening task. Through test score comparisons and the analysis of responses from presence questionnaires, the VR listening test and TOEIC listening test scores showed a positive, moderate correlation. In addition, the study found that the test-takers experienced similar levels of presence regardless of test type. The study also discusses implications for language assessment and pedagogy, as well as study limitations.

얌빈 추출물이 함유된 마스크 팩의 피부개선효과

이아름,김혜옥,송원정,민유홍,노성수 한국피부과학연구원 2017 아시안뷰티화장품학술지 Vol.15 No.2

Purpose: We had previously demonstrated that yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) extracts have anti-oxidant and anti-melanogenic effects. Accordingly, the present study explored skin improvements resulting from the use of a mask pack containing yam bean extracts. Methods: Subjects included 15 women in their 20s who met the selection and exclusion criteria. Subjects applied the mask pack three times a week for 5 weeks. To determine the effects of the mask pack on the skin, we measured oil, moisture, and melanin content as well as erythema of the facial skin once a week for 5 weeks (i.e., a total of five measurements). Results: After using the mask pack for 5 weeks, the moisture and oil content of the facial skin increased. In addition, the erythema and melanin content significantly decreased. Furthermore, the subjects were highly satisfied with the improvement in skin conditions such as dryness and skin tone. Conclusion: Our results indicate that a mask pack containing yam bean extracts has beneficial effects on facial skin, and it should be considered for use in new functional cosmetics. 목적: 이전 연구에서 우리는 얌빈 추출물이 항산화 효과와 항 멜라닌 생성 효과가 있음을 보고하였다. 따라서 본 논문의 목적은 얌빈 추출물이 함유된 마스크 팩의 피부개선 효과를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 방법: 연구대상자는 선별 기준을 충족한 20대 여성을 대상으로 하였다. 15명의 연구대상자들은 얌빈 추출물 함유 마스크 팩을 5주간 주 3회 10 min 이상 부착하였다. 그 후 피부의 유수분량, 홍반량, 멜라닌량, 주관적인 피부상태개선 여부를 조사하였다. 결과: 얌빈 추출물이 함유된 마스크 팩을 5주간 사용한 결과, 유수분 함량이 대체적으로 증가되었고, 특히 홍반량, 멜라닌량은 유의하게 개선된 것을 확인하였다. 설문조사를 통한 주관적인 피부상태 또한 건조함을 느끼는 증상과 색소침착에 관한 항목에서 높은 만족도를 나타내었다. 결론: 본 연구는 얌빈 추출물이 함유된마스크 팩의 사용이 피부의 유수분량 및 홍반량, 멜라닌량을 개선한다고 판단되며, 얌빈 추출물이 임상적으로도 우수한 미용 소재임을 시사한다.

국내 경쟁의 Competitive Actions 패턴 분석 : Display 산업 내의 삼성과 LG의 사례를 중심으로

이아름 이화여자대학교 스크랜튼대학 스크랜튼학부 2014 ATE Vol.4 No.-

수감 중 가족과의 접촉에 따른 영향에 대한 탐색적 연구

이아름,이동훈,한영옥 한국법무보호복지학회 2016 법무보호연구 Vol.2 No.

본 연구는 수형자들이 수감 중 가족과의 접촉이 가져오는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라에서 실시하고 있는 수형자 대상의 수감 중 가족과의 접 촉의 방법으로는 접견, 서신/전화, 귀휴, 가족만남의 집·날, 가족사랑캠프 등을 살펴 보았다. 기존의 국내외 연구들을 통해 수감 중 가족과의 접촉이 수감으로 인해 떨어 져 있는 가족과의 해체를 막고, 수형자에 가족구성원으로부터 얻게 되는 심리적 안 정감이 수감생활이나 출소 후 사회복귀 성공적으로 할 수 있도록 돕는 요인임을 확 인하였다. 더 나아가 수감 중 가족과의 접촉이 빈번하고 정기적일수록 재범률 또한 낮아짐을 선행연구들을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 긍정적인 영향에도 불구하고 수감 중 가족과의 접촉을 어렵게 하는 방해요소로는 가족의 입장에서는 경제적 어려 움과 낙인감, 수형자의 입장에서는 수감사실을 가족에게 알려야 하는 부담감이 있으 며, 수감 중 가족과의 접촉을 높이기 위해 수형자가 수감 된 초기부터 가족과의 접 촉을 원활히 할 수 있도록 수감사실을 다루는 법 등에 대해 제시할 것을 제안하였 다. 본 연구는 수감 중 가족의 접촉을 한 수형자를 대상으로 직접적으로 연구한 것 이 아닌 국내외 연구를 통해 거시적인 관점으로 수감 중 가족과의 접촉에 대한 영향 들을 조망한 것을 한계점으로 제시하였다. This study explores to effect of having contact with family to the prisoner during the incarceration. For this, this study examines the ways of contact between prisoners and their family such as interview, letter/phone, being released before the expiration of their sentences, house of family meeting, day of family meeting and family love camp which is implemented in the Korea. Through the previous studies, this study identifies prisoners’contact with their family during the incarceration prevents the family dissolution, and the psychological stability from the family is the effective factor for the prisoner’s successive translation. Also, a recidivism decreases as family contact is frequent and regularity is verified. In spite of these positive effects, there are barriers of family contact; the financial difficulty, stigma for prisoner’s families member, and prisoner’s burden that notifies the family member of his or her incarceration. To increase the family contact during the incarceration, suggesting way of treating incarceration is recommended. Limit of this study is that is not conducted directly from the prisoner, instead it prospects the effects of family contact with macroscopic view through the review of previous studies.

동아시아 전쟁 관련 기념관의 전시 내러티브와 역사교육적 의미

이아름,박현숙 한국역사교육학회 2019 역사교육연구 Vol.- No.35

The objective of this study is to look into the stories described through the exhibition narratives of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall. In an exhibition, historical relics are carefully selected and arranged to deliver the intended messages. Since those selected relics could be understood in various ways according to the context, it is important to analyze the exhibition narratives as those selected relics could be understood in various ways according to the context. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum chose to display the cruelty of the war and the damages caused by the atomic bomb. Thus the display emphasizes the importance of peace while avoiding the responsibility of the outbreak of the war. In historical context, its narrative only indicates how much damage Japan suffered from the atomic explosion in Hiroshima, separating the brutality of the invasion from the damage. On the other hand, Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall proves that the massacre is an indisputable historical fact, to contradict the ‘rightwing organizations’ of Japan who denies the happening of the massacre. Also, it functions as the place to educate the Chinese nationalism. This study tries to extract historical consciousness embedded in the exhibition narratives. Here, four types of Jörn Rüsen’s distinction of historical consciousness; traditional, exemplary, critical, genetic is employed. Neither the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum nor Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall applies merely a single type of historical consciousness Rüsen suggested. The two memorial museums display various ways of historical awareness by using diverse narratives that show the four types of historical consciousness. This is because the views understanding of the past warfare and damages changed over time. History education is not about delivering the facts of the past but guiding the public to have the right view about the past which is based on selfunderstanding. Because of the experience of the war in the 20th century, the view of selfunderstanding of each of East Asian countries was altered. As a result, the view of each other also differed, which reflected on the exhibition of memorial museums. As time passes, the concern of improper history awareness is raised due to gradual loss of actual experience and memory. Especially, for three countries in East Asia who suffered extreme conflicts, the memories of the past is still a key factor of the conflicts of today. In the current situation, the responsibility of passing down the memory of the past and raising critical historical consciousness by education is being emphasized. Accordingly, memorial museums should be the means to understand common history and to achieve a futureoriented reconciliation between the related countries. The memorial museums carry war memories that are not restrained to history of a single country. In the light of current international conflicts regarding past memories, it is of great importance to pay attention to the memorial museums that represent the contemporary history of three East Asian countries. 본고는 동아시아 역사 갈등의 대표적인 주제인 아시아태평양전쟁의 기억을 담고 있는 기념관의 전시 내러티브를 분석하였다. 그 중에서 히로시마 평화기념자료관과 난징대학살기념관의 전시 내러티브를 분석하고, 그 역사교육적 의미를 살펴보았다. 히로시마 평화기념자료관은 전쟁의 비참함, 원폭으로 인한 피해를 선택하여 전시하고 있으며, 평화에의 소중함을 강조하고 있었다. 반면, 전쟁 발발 책임에 대해서는 회피하고 있다. 피폭과 피폭 이후의 히로시마에 초점을 맞추면서 피폭 이전의 히로시마와 원폭이 투하되게 된 원인을 찾을 수 있는 큰 맥락으로서의 사건인 아시아태평양전쟁은 배제되어 있다. 난징대학살기념관은 방대한 자료와 그 동안의 연구 성과를 통해 난징대학살이 역사적 사실임을 보여주며 난징대학살을 허구라고 부정하는 일본에 대응하고 있다. 그리고 난징대학살기념관은 ‘애국주의 교육기지’로 지정되어 중국의 항전기억을 통한 애국주의의 함양에 이바지하고 있다. 한편, 뤼젠이 분류한 4가지(전통적, 전형적, 비판적, 발생적) 역사의식 유형을 통해 전시를 살펴보았을 때, 히로시마 평화기념자료관과 난징대학살기념관은 여러 내러티브를 통해 다양한 역사인식을 보여주고 있었다. 이러한 인식은 과거 전쟁과 피해에 대한 관점에 따라 현재를 이해하는 방식이 달라지면서 나타나게 된 결과이다. 특히, 두 기념관은 전통적, 전형적 유형의 역사의식이 더욱 두드러지게 나타나고 있었다. 20세기 전쟁이라는 극단적인 갈등을 겪은 동아시아 3국의 과거사는 단순히 역사적 사실에 그치지 않고 현재에까지 갈등의 원인이 되고 있다. 이러한 현실에서 역사교육은 소통의 창구가 되어야 한다. 그리고 전쟁 기념관은 과거의 역사를 이해하고 미래지향적인 화해로 나아갈 수 있는 매개체가 되어야 한다. 전쟁 기념관과 같이 기억의 사회적 재생산 장치가 가지는 의미는 한 국가에 국한되지 않는다. 그 전쟁을 경험했던 여러 나라들과 연관된 초국가적인 문제이므로, 동아시아 3국의 기억을 재현하는 기념관에서의 역사교육에 주목할 필요가 있다고 생각된다.

고학년 초등학생의 공격성과 언어폭력성이사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험에 미치는 영향

이아름,이윤주,양현일 한국상담학회 2014 상담학연구 Vol.15 No.6

The aim of this study is to explore upper elementary students' cyber bullying and bullied experience according to their socio-demographics and how two variables-aggression and verbal aggression- affect their cyber bullying and bullied experience. We surveyed 522 fifth and sixth grade elementary students in three different elementary schools in one metropolitan city and two cities. Among those who surveyed, we selected 112 students who has experienced the cyber bullying or bullied experience. The findings are as follows. First, the data indicates that male students tend to be more victimized than female students while no sex difference was found in terms of cyber bullying. Also, fifth grade students rather than sixth grade students, those who use SNS rather than those who do not use, and students who use an internet more than 3 hours tend to be cyber bullying and bullied more often. Moreover, a tendency that students who witness cyber bullying scenes more often either bully other students or are bullied. Second, aggression was found to be the key emotional feature affecting the students who have cyber bullying or bullied experience. Considering the sub-variables of aggression, behaviour aggression and hostility were positively correlated to the cyber bullying and bullied experience. Third, abusive language, a sub-variable of verbal aggression was negatively correlated to cyber bullied experience while it is positively correlated to the cyber bullying experience. The implication of this study is to provide the basic understanding of cyber bullying and bullied experience, suggesting cues for how to approach this issue in the perspective of counseling. 본 연구에서는 고학년 초등학생의 인구사회학적 배경별 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험의 차이를 살펴보고, 공격성과 언어폭력성이 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 1개 광역시와 2개 시에 소재한 3개 초등학교의 5, 6학년 552명을 대상으로 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험, 공격성, 언어폭력성을 묻는 설문을 실시하였다. 연구대상자 중 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험이 있다고 응답한 122명의 설문결과를 추출하여 분석하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사이버 불링 피해경험은 여학생이 남학생보다 더 많은 것으로 나타났고, 사이버 불링 가해경험에서는 성차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 6학년보다는 5학년이, SNS를 사용하거나, 사용시간이 길수록(3시간 이상) 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사이버 불링을 목격한 경험이 있는 학생일수록 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 공격성이 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험자들에게 가장 큰 영향을 미친 정서적 특성으로 나타났다. 공격성의 하위변인을 살펴볼 때, 행동적 공격성과 적대감이 사이버 불링 피해 및 가해경험에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 언어폭력성의 하위변인 중 욕설이 사이버 불링 피해경험에 부적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 반면 사이버 불링 가해경험에서는 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 사이버 불링 개입방법에 대한 필요성과 고학년 초등학생의 공격성과 언어폭력성을 적절히 표출할 수 있도록 돕기 위한 상담적 개입의 기초를 제안하는데 의의가 있다.

Test-takers’ Performance and Perceptions in Total-Immersive Virtual Reality Paired Speaking Tests

이아름 한국멀티미디어언어교육학회 2023 멀티미디어 언어교육 Vol.26 No.3

This study investigated university students’ performance and perceptions of taking paired English speaking tests in fully immersive virtual reality. A total of 36 college students at an advanced level were recruited to participate in either face-to-face (N = 20) or fully immersive VR speaking tests (N = 16), designed to explore test-takers’ speaking abilities. The students were asked to perform two decision-making tasks and fill out a questionnaire asking about their preference for the test mode and perceived levels of presence after completing the tasks. The study revealed no statistically significant difference in the students’ speaking abilities between the two testing modes, suggesting that the VR paired speaking test format could potentially serve as an alternative to the face-to-face paired speaking test. In relation to the analysis of questionnaire items, the students demonstrated a high level of immersion in the virtual environments. Despite their preference for the face-to-face testing mode, they reported that the VR test could potentially replace the face-to-face speaking test. The semi-structured interview data gathered from three participants further revealed that the students, however, reported some discomfort with the paired speaking test itself due to pairing up with the other person. Furthermore, this study presents the limitations of the study and suggests implications for speaking assessments and future studies.

총담관낭종과 동반된 췌담관 이상합류의 영상학적 소견

이아름,이혜경,박성진,이범하,문종호,홍현숙,김대호 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2008 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.14 No.1

Purpose: This retrospective study was designed to classify choledochal cysts and an anomalous union of pancreaticobilary duct (AUPBD) on the basis of imaging features and to evaluate associated findings. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients with choledochal cysts (23 female, 8 male; mean age, 46.1 years) were classified according to the types of Todani and Komi classification based on the findings of CT, MRCP and ERCP in a hospital. Two radiologists reviewed and classified the types of choledochal cysts, AUPBDs and associated findings. Results: The most common type was IVA in 14 patients according to Todani classification. Type IA, IC, III, IB and V were as follows. According to the Komi classification, the most common type was Ia in 9 patients, and type IIb, Ib, IIa, IIIc2, IIIc3 were as follows. The associated abnormal findings were GB cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, ampulla of Vater cancer, and stones. Conclusion: The most common types of the choledochal cyst and an AUPBD are type IVA in Todani and Ia in Komi classification. GB cancer is the most common associated malignancy. MRCP and coronal reformatted images of MDCT are very useful modality in evaluating the AUPBD.

에스틸 보이스 트레이닝(Estill Voice Training) 훈련이 배우의 음성 공명 개선에 미치는 영향: EVT를 적용한 실험 분석 사례를 중심으로

이아름,조준희 한국예술교육학회 2024 예술교육연구 Vol.22 No.1

Actors should be able to resonate voice with an understanding of how the voice sounds and how it is transmitted in specific space. Particularly understanding the nature of resonance in voice can be a means to enhance the effectiveness of dialogue delivery. The vocal training models for actors vary widely, ranging from the established Bel Canto technique developed in the 18th century to Seth Riggs's Speech Level Singing (SLS), Cicely Berry's Voice Work, the Alexander Technique, and Estill Voice Training (EVT). Among them, one vocal model that can provide objective evidence regarding resonance training and its effects is Estill Voice Training (hereafter EVT). The characteristics of the EVT model, derived through the preliminary research by the researcher, are as follows. Firstly, EVT involves simultaneous visual, auditory, and kinesthetic senses, al - lowing analysis from various perspectives. Secondly, such training with multiple senses concurrently mini - mizes misunderstandings and confusion regarding the voice, leading to a shortened practice period. The re- searcher judged that, based on these characteristics, EVT could be utilized to improve vocal resonance. This study involves the process and conclusion of utilizing the EVT model as a training tool to en- hance the vocal resonance of actors. To improve resonance, basic knowledge is required about how sound is generated, how it is controlled by which muscles, and how sound is heard and perceived. Therefore, participants in the study focused on training to separate and control larynx structures re- lated to resonance after initiating their learning about the principles of voice production. Throughout the training process, their voices were objectively recorded and analyzed. The research results confirmed that the independent control of two laryngeal structures was specifically improved for all participants. In conclusion, participants gained the ability to selectively use their desired vocal tones by fulfilling proper movements of the velum and aryepiglottic sphincter(AES), contributing to the functionality of resonance. The researcher concluded that the EVT model, based on vocal science, will play a crucial role as an effective vocal technique in shortening actors' vocal training periods in the future.