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Formalin Application for the Treatment of Radiation- Induced Hemorrhagic Proctitis
이선일,박윤아,손승국 연세대학교의과대학 2007 Yonsei medical journal Vol.48 No.1
Radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis (RIHP) is a serious complication of pelvic irradiation, and a 4% formalin solution has been used for 20 years in treating this sequelae. The first case involving formalin application for treatment of RIHP in Korea was reported in 1996, but there are no additional studies beyond this date. Our study reviews the use of formalin instillation and selective application. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the outcome of such treatments, beginning with the first case at our hospital. From 1996 to 2005, five RIHP patients had received formalin treatment for RIHP symptoms intractable to other medical treatments. All treatments were performed by a single surgeon in the operating room, under spinal anesthesia or intravenous sedation. The mean duration of symptoms before treatment was 15.6 months (which was longer than in other studies), and the transfusion before treatment varied from once per month to twice per week. Using sigmoidoscopy, 100ml of a 4% formalin solution was instilled directly (or by using a formalin-soaked gauze) and irrigated for five minutes. Formalin-soaked cotton was then applied selectively to focal remnant lesions. Four patients improved after the first treatment, but one patient received the treatment twice because of recurrent symptoms. Complications after treatment included perianal pain (one case), and aggravated incontinence (one case), which improved three months after conservative management. In conclusion, the formalin combination application method in our study is comparable to other formalin treatments for intractable RIHP. Key Words: Radiation-induced hemorrhagic proctitis, formalin
Kinetic Responses of Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission to Increasing Urea Application Rate
이선일,임상선,이광승,곽진협,정재운,노희명,최우정 한국환경농학회 2011 한국환경농학회지 Vol.30 No.2
BACKGROUND: Application of urea may increase CO_2 emission from soils due both to CO_2 generation from urea hydrolysis and fertilizer-induced decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing urea application on CO_2 emission from soil and mineralization kinetics of indigenous SOC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Emission of CO_2 from a soil amended with four different rates (0, 175, 350, and 700 mg N/kg soil) of urea was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment for 110 days. Cumulative CO_2 emission (Ccum) was linearly increased with urea application rate due primarily to the contribution of urea-C through hydrolysis to total CO_2 emission. First-order kinetics parameters (C0, mineralizable SOC pool size; k, mineralization rate) became greater with increasing urea application rate; C0 increased from 665.1 to 780.3 mg C/kg and k from 0.024 to 0.069 day-1, determinately showing fertilizer-induced SOC mineralization. The relationship of C0 (non-linear) and k (linear) with urea-N application rate revealed different responses of C0 and k to increasing rate of fertilizer N. CONCLUSION(s): The relationship of mineralizable SOC pool size and mineralization rate with urea-N application rate suggested that increasing N fertilization may accelerate decomposition of readily decomposable SOC; however, it may not always stimulate decomposition of non-readily decomposable SOC that is protected from microbial decomposition. BACKGROUND: Application of urea may increase CO_2 emission from soils due both to CO_2 generation from urea hydrolysis and fertilizer-induced decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing urea application on CO_2 emission from soil and mineralization kinetics of indigenous SOC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Emission of CO_2 from a soil amended with four different rates (0, 175, 350, and 700 mg N/kg soil) of urea was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment for 110 days. Cumulative CO_2 emission (Ccum) was linearly increased with urea application rate due primarily to the contribution of urea-C through hydrolysis to total CO_2 emission. First-order kinetics parameters (C0, mineralizable SOC pool size; k, mineralization rate) became greater with increasing urea application rate; C0 increased from 665.1 to 780.3 mg C/kg and k from 0.024 to 0.069 day-1, determinately showing fertilizer-induced SOC mineralization. The relationship of C0 (non-linear) and k (linear) with urea-N application rate revealed different responses of C0 and k to increasing rate of fertilizer N. CONCLUSION(s): The relationship of mineralizable SOC pool size and mineralization rate with urea-N application rate suggested that increasing N fertilization may accelerate decomposition of readily decomposable SOC; however, it may not always stimulate decomposition of non-readily decomposable SOC that is protected from microbial decomposition.