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CSL-NOR형 SONOS 플래시 메모리의 멀티비트 적용에 관한 연구
김주연,안호명,이명식,김병철,서광열,Kim Joo-Yeon,An Ho-Myoung,Lee Myung-Shik,Kim Byung-Cheul,Seo Kwang-Yell 한국전기전자재료학회 2005 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.18 No.3
NOR type flash 32 ${\times}$ 32 way are fabricated by using the typical 0.35 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ CMOS process. The structure of array is the NOR type with common source line. In this paper, optimized program and erase voltage conditions are presented to realize multi-bit per cell at the CSL-NOR array. These are considered selectivity of selected bit and disturbances of unselected bits. Retention characteristics of locally trapped-charges in the nitride layer are investigated. The lateral diffusion and vertical detrapping to the tunneling oxide of locally trapped charges as a function of retention time are investigated by using the charge pumping method. The results are directly shown by change of the trapped-charges quantities.
정혜승 ( Hye Seung Jung ),이명식 ( Myung Shik Lee ) 대한당뇨병학회 2009 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.33 No.6
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by decreased insulin secretion and action. Decreased insulin secretion results from a reduction in mass and/or function of pancreatic β-cells. Apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses have been suggested as mechanisms for the changes in β-cells in type 2 diabetes; however, the underlying causes have not been clearly elucidated. Autophagy is an intracellular process that maintains cellular homeostasis through degradation and recycling of organelles. Recently, we reported reduction of β-cell mass in autophagy-deficient mice. Pancreatic insulin content was also decreased due to the decreased β-cell mass and the reduced number of insulin granules. Morphological analysis of these β-cells revealed an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, swollen mitochondria, and distended ER. Insulin secretory function ex vivo was also impaired. As a result, autophagy-deficient mice showed hypoinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. These results suggested that autophagy is necessary to maintain the structure, mass and function of β-cells. In addition, as autophagy may play a protective role against ER stress and rejuvenate organelle function, impaired autophagy may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, which have been implicated as causes of insulin resistance. Therefore, in addition to β-cell homeostasis, dysregulated autophagy may possibly be involved in insulin resistance. (Korean Diabetes J 33:453-457, 2009)
배양된 정상 갑상선세포에서 LECTIN 에 의한 HLA - DR 항원 발현에 관한 연구
박성기(Sung Ki Park),이명식(Myung Shik Lee),조보연(Bo Youn Cho),고창순(Chang Soon Koh),이문호(Mun Ho Lee),차창룡(Chang Young Cha),황응수(Eung Soo Hwang),오승근(Seung Keun Oh) 대한내과학회 1988 대한내과학회지 Vol.35 No.5
N/A Although it has been suggested that HLA-DR Ag expression in thyrocytes by nonspecific immune stimuli such as lectin may play an important pathogenetic role in autoimmune thyroid diseases, its precise mechanism has not been established. The purpose of this study is to investigate a part of the mechanism and features of lectin-induced expression of HLA-DR antigenicity in cultured normal thyrocytes. By an indirect immunofluorescence method using monoclonal anti-HLA-DR Ab, this study was performed to assess the effects of various lectins, as well as the effects of culture duration, cyclosporine, prostaglandin E₂, and gamma-interferon on HLA-DR Ag expression in cultured normal thyrocytes, and also to compare cytoplasmic and surface expression of HLA-DR Ag. The results were summarized as follows: 1) In 5 separate experiments with normal thyrocytes cultured with 10 mg/ml leucoagglutinin, HLA-DR Ag was detected on the 2nd day of culture. The expression rate increased to a maximum on the 7th to 9th day of culture and decreased thereafter. 2) The positivity of HLA-DR Ag expression by T-cell specific mitogenic lectins was 60% in the cultured cells with 2 mg/ml phytohemagglutinin, 60% in those with 10 mg/ml concanavalin A, and 50% in those with 10 mg/ml leucoagglutinin on the 7th day of culture, There were no significant changes of HLA-DR Ag expression in higher concentrations. HLA-DR Ag was expressed in 40% of cultured thyrocytes with 100 mg/ml pokeweed mitogen but HLA- DR Ag expression was not induced by lipopolysaccharide, which is not a T-cell mitogenic lectin. 3) Leucoagglutinin-induced expression of HLA-DR Ag was reduced by cyclosporine which suppresses secretion of lymphokines from T-lymphocyte, but not by prostaglandin E₂, which suppresses HLA-DR Ag expression in macrophages. 4) Gamma-interferon-induced expression of HLA-DR Ag was not reduced by cyclosporine. 5) HLA-DR Ag expression was not induced by hormones such as TSH, insulin and hydrocortisone. 6) In normal thyrocytes cultured with concanavalin A or leucoagglutinin, the HLA-DR Ag expression rates in the cytoplasm and cell surface were nearly similar. These results, that HLA-DR Ag expression was induced by T-cell mitogenic lectin but suppressed by cyclosporine (inhibitor of gamma-interferon synthesis in T-lymphocyte) and that the expression rates in the cytoplasm and cell surface were nearly similar suggest that the T-lymphocyte is involved in lectin-induced expression of I-ILA-DR Ag in cultured normal thyrocytes and that HLA-DR Ag is produced in the cytoplasm of thyrocytes.
갑상선 질환의 병력이 없는 건강검진 수진자에서 연령별 혈청 갑상선자극호르몬 농도의 정상 범위 및 불현성 갑상선기능저하증의 유병률
장혜원 ( Hye Won Jang ),이지인 ( Ji In Lee ),신현원 ( Hyun Won Shin ),김선욱 ( Sun Wook Kim ),민용기 ( Yong-ki Min ),이명식 ( Myung-shik Lee ),이문규 ( Moon-kyu Lee ),김광원 ( Kwang-won Kim ),정재훈 ( Jae Hoon Chung ) 대한갑상선학회 2009 International Journal of Thyroidology Vol.2 No.1
Background and Objectives: TThe prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and mean serum TSH are known to increase with aging. The large study on the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and the TSH distribution in Korean has been very rare. The aims of the present study are to investigate the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in Korean and to determine whether the change of the TSH distribution with aging might account for the increasing prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism with aging. Materials and Methods: We measured serum TSH, total T3 and T4 in 27,173 subjects for general medical examination in 2005 and all of them were free of thyroid disease. The distribution of TSH with aging was analyzed. Results: The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 10.1% and it increased with aging. Subclinical hypothyroidism was more common in women than in men. Mean, median and 97.5 tile of serum TSH were 2.03 mIU/L, 2.08 mIU/L and 7.03 mIU/L respectively. They increased progressively with aging. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of sublincial hypothyroidism in the elderly might result from the shift of TSH toward higher concentration with aging.