포스터 전시 발표 : 혈액종양,감염 ; Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) 환자에서 발생한 혈전증 3례

이근욱,김대영,윤탁,김상일,박숙련,백지연,최인실,오도연,윤성수,이종석,박선양,김병국,김노경 대한내과학회 2003 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.65 No.10

중거리 탄도 미사일 조약(INF Treaty): 미소 냉전 종식의 상징에서 미중러 전략경쟁의 도화선으로

이근욱 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2021 국제지역연구 Vol.30 No.2

INF Treaty, which was signed in 1987, was a critical milestone in terminating the Cold War. It banned ballistic missiles and land-based cruise missiles whose range is 500-5,500km and enabled Washington and Moscow to overcome the rivalry. However, in the mid-2000, Russia began to test the missiles which was not allowed in the Treaty; China had been deploying the very category of missiles which were banned in the Treaty, though Beijing was not a party of the Treaty. This manuscript aims to address this issue - the INF Treaty. It explores the background of the Treaty, the consequences of the Treaty termination, and the potential ramification of the intermediate range ballistic missiles in East Asia as well as in the Korean Peninsula. 1987년 12월 체결된 중거리 탄도미사일 조약(INF 조약)은 미국과 소련의 냉전을 완화시키는 과정에서 결정적으로 작용하였다. 해당 조약으로 사정거리 500~5,500km의 탄도 미사일과 지상발사 순항미사일 전량이 폐기되었다. 하지만 2000년대 중반 러시아는 INF 조약에서 금지된 사정거리 500~5,500km의 탄도미사일과 지상발사 순항 미사일을 개발하기 시작하였고, 동시에 INF 조약의 당사자가 아닌 중국은 INF 조약의 당사국이었다면 보유할 수 없는 중거리 탄도 미사일을 중심으로 자신의 미사일 전력을 구축하였다. 이에 트럼프 행정부는 2019년 INF 조약에서 탈퇴하였다. 그렇다면, INF 조약은 어떻게 체결되었으며, 어떠한 과정을 통해 위반되고 폐기되었는가? 현재 시점에서 INF 조약의 폐기는 어떠한 결과를 초래할 것인가? 그리고 이 과정에서 한국은 어떠한 상황에 직면할 것인가? 이것이 본 논문이 검토하는 사항이다.

확장억지 강화의 오랜 노력과 성과 : 새 부대에 담긴 명품 술을 위하여

이근욱 제주평화연구원 2023 JPI Peace Net Vol.2023 No.7

Immune Response and the Tumor Microenvironment: How They Communicate to Regulate Gastric Cancer

이근욱,황혜경,남기택 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2014 Gut and Liver Vol.8 No.2

Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancerrelateddeath in the world. A growing body of evidence indicatesthat inflammation is closely associated with the initiation,progression, and metastasis of many tumors, includingthose of gastric cancer. In addition, approximately 60% ofthe world’s population is colonized by Helicobacter pylori,which accounts for more than 50% of gastric cancers. Whilethe role of inflammation in intestinal and colonic cancers isrelatively well defined, its role in stomach neoplasia is stillunclear because of the limited access of pathogens to theacidic environment and the technical difficulties isolating andcharacterizing immune cells in the stomach, especially inanimal models. In this review, we will provide recent updatesaddressing how inflammation is involved in gastric malignancies,and what immune characteristics regulate the pathogenesisof stomach cancer. Also, we will discuss potentialtherapeutics that target the immune system for the efficienttreatment of gastric cancer.

Unholy Trinity in Nuclear Deterrence:Three Dilemmas of Nuclear Weapons

이근욱 국방대학교 국가안전보장문제연구소 2007 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.12 No.2

Nuclear deterrence has been an issue of great policy relevance these days, but there are few works about its mechanism in the new century. This paper explores various aspects in nuclear deterrence and examines the indeterminacy in the consequences of nuclear proliferation. The first dilemma is a credibility gap, where states cannot use the nuclear weapons because they are too destructive to use for deterrence. The second is a targeting dilemma, which is the absence of the optimal target in deterrence. Civilian targets are easy but meaningless, while military targets are useful but dangerous. The last dilemma is a stability-instability paradox. Nuclear deterrence works so well that states are more likely to fight conventional wars. Choices over these dilemmas determine nuclear postures and their consequences in the real world.

북한의 핵전력 지휘-통제 체계에 대한 예측: 이론 검토와 이에 따른 시론적 분석

이근욱 세종연구소 2005 국가전략 Vol.11 No.3

The issue of North Korea’s nuclear program requires a new discussion about the nuclear command-control structure. The structure is determined by (1) the size of nuclear arsenal, (2) external threat, and (3) civil-military relationship. North Korea will have a highly centralized command-control structure, given its small size, high level of perceived threat, and lack of civil-military trust. 북한이 핵 보유 국가라는 것은 이제 기정 사실화 하였고, 따라서 북한이 어떠한 형태의 핵전력 지휘-통제 체계를 구축할 것인가에 대한 논의가 필요하다. 이론적으로 볼 때, 군사력 지휘-통제 체계는 명령이 있는 경우에는 군사력이 항상 사용될 수 있어야 한다는 요건과 명령이 없는 경우에는 군사력이 사용되어서는 안 된다는 두 가지 서로 모순되는 요건을 동시에 충족해야 하며, 이 과정에서 최적의 해결책은 존재하지 않는다. 따라서, 핵전력 지휘-통제 체계의 형태는 각국의 핵전력의 크기 – 외부의 위협 – 민군 관계 등의 요인에 의해서 결정된다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때, 북한의 지휘-통제 체계는 상당한 권한이 위임되고 분권화된 지휘-통제 체계보다는 중앙에서 거의 모든 것을 결정하고 권한 위임이 매우 제한적인 형태를 띨 것이다.

트럼프 행정부 출범에 따른 한미간 협력과 갈등 가능성과 정책과제

이근욱 사단법인 한국국가전략연구원 2017 한국국가전략 Vol.2 No.1

The Trump Administration proposes a new policy doctrine of “America First” which emphasizes American domestic interests over considerations for its foreign interests and the interests of the allies. Washington seems to push for more security contributions by the allies and economic concessions for the U.S. trade deficits. It is highly likely that the United States will put more pressure upon South Korea with the issue of wartime operational control for more concessions by Seoul over trade and security contribution. Under the circumstances, South Korea will accept some of the U.S. “suggestions” but have to make a series of new deals over currency swap, US-ROK Nuclear Cooperation Agreements, and ROK Missile Guideline. 트럼프 행정부는 미국 우선주의(America First)를 핵심기조로 하면서 이전과는 다른 정책기조를 추진하고 있다. 특히 미국이 무상으로 공급하였던 공공재 공급 자체에 의문을 제기하고 있으며, 동맹국들에게 방위비 증액을 요구하고, 미국 국내 산업의 보호를 강조하고 있다. 향후 트럼프 행정부는 전작권 전환 등을 압박하면서, 무역수지 및 방위비 분담에서 양보를 요구할 것이다. 한국으로는 양보가 불가피하지만, 동시에 이러한 상황을 이용하여 한미원자력 협정 및 미사일 사정거리 제한 그리고 한미 통화스왑 등에서 새로운 조건을 협상해야 한다. 그리고 이러한 협상 결과가 향후 한미관계를 결정할 것이다.

Weekly Low-Dose Docetaxel for Salvage Chemotherapy in Pretreated Elderly or Poor Performance Status Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

이근욱,임주한,김지현,이춘택,이종석 대한의학회 2008 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.23 No.6

Although docetaxel monotherapy has shown clinical benefits for previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the efficacy of salvage docetaxel chemotherapy for elderly patients or patients with poor performance status (PS) is controversial. Therefore, we conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of weekly low-dose docetaxel monotherapy in these patients. Forty NSCLC patients, who had been previously treated with one or more chemotherapy regimens, received docetaxel at a dose of 25 mg/㎡ weekly on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. All patients were ≥65 yr or had a PS of grade 2 in the cases of <65 yr. Weekly low-dose docetaxel was well-tolerated. Grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicities were rare; fatigue in 3 patients (8%), anorexia in 3 patients (8%) and stomatitis in 2 patients (5%). Grade 3/4 neutropenia was noted in only one patient (3%). By intent-to-treat analysis, nine patients (23%) had partial responses and eleven patients (28%) demonstrated stable disease. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 9.9 weeks and 37.7 weeks, respectively. Weekly low-dose docetaxel therapy provides a reasonable alternative for NSCLC salvage treatment in pretreated elderly patients or in patients with a reduced PS.

A Phantom of Menace: Proliferation by North Korea and Cases Aagainst the PSI

이근욱 한국국방연구원 2006 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.15 No.4

신장이식 후 발생한 요로상피암에 대한 고찰

이근욱,나군호,양승철 대한비뇨의학회 2005 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.46 No.3

Purpose: The increased incidence of urologic malignancy, especially transitional cell carcinoma in patient after renal allograft is well known. The aim of this study was to analyze the development of transitional cell carcinoma and its management. Materials and Methods: Of 2,092 patients who underwent renal allograft at Severance hospital between April 1986 and August 2003, 10(0.48%) had urologic malignancies. The clinical variables collected were patient age, age at renal allograft, cancer diagnosis time since renal allograft, cancer site, TNM stage, pathology and grade, treatment, recurrence and follow up tool. Results: There were 6 men(median age at renal allograft 49.6, median age at cancer diagnosis 57.6) and 4 women(median age at renal allograft 54.5, median age at cancer diagnosis 62.8). There were two adenocarcinoma of prostate patients(0.10%), six transitional cell carcinoma patients(0.29%) and two squamous cell carcinoma of penis patients(0.10%). Sites of transitional cell carcinoma were bladder in five patients, renal pelvis in three patients, ureter in two patients, respectively. As a treatment, nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection for transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis or ureter, transurethral resection of bladder tumor with mitomycin C intravesical instillation for transitional cell carcinoma of bladder were done. No recurrence or metastasis was observed except transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. In four of five transitional cell carcinoma of bladder patients, multiple recurrences more than three times were observed. Conclusions: In patients after renal allograft, the transitional cell carcinoma always should be highly suspected. Aggressive follow up and management are indicated